New data on health across the U.S. shows that high housing costs are harming Americans’ health – and that some communities are affected more than others.

美國各地最新的健康數(shù)據(jù)顯示，高昂的住房成本正在損害美國人的健康，一些社區(qū)受到的影響比其他社區(qū)更大。

The 2019 County Health Rankings, an annual collaborative report from the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, shows that 11 percent of U.S. households are severely burdened by housing costs. This means that more than 800,000 households spend at least half of their income on housing.

威斯康辛大學(xué)人口健康研究所和羅伯特·伍德·約翰遜基金會(huì)聯(lián)合發(fā)布的《2019年縣健康排行榜》顯示，11%的美國家庭承受著沉重的住房負(fù)擔(dān)。這意味著80多萬家庭將至少一半的收入用于住房。

In communities with high housing costs, residents rate their health as lower, are less likely to be able to purchase enough quality and nutritious foods, and have higher rates of child poverty. As a health researcher, this is a theme that I have seen in studies over and over again.

在住房成本高的社區(qū)，居民認(rèn)為他們的健康水平較低，購買足夠優(yōu)質(zhì)營養(yǎng)食品的可能性較小，兒童貧困率較高。作為一名健康研究者，這是我在研究中反復(fù)看到的一個(gè)主題。

The most burdened households
While many communities face high housing costs, these burdens are not universally shared. Renters are more likely than house buyer to spend more than half of their paycheck on housing. The cost of renting has been increasing in the past few years.

負(fù)擔(dān)最重的家庭
雖然許多社區(qū)面臨著高昂的住房成本，但這些負(fù)擔(dān)并不是普遍分擔(dān)的。租房者比買房者更有可能把他們工資的一半以上花在住房上。租房的成本在過去幾年日益提高。

There are also racial differences. More than 1 in 10 white households spend more than half of their income on housing, with a median income of US$56,000. But among households headed by blacks, the median income is $33,000 – and about 1 in 4 black households experience these housing costs burdens.
Another key finding from the County Health Rankings report is that segregated communities with more households headed by black residents are twice as likely to face severe housing cost burdens than white households.

此外還有種族差異。超過十分之一的白人家庭將其收入的一半以上用于住房，平均收入為5.6萬美元。但在以黑人為戶主的家庭中，平均收入為3.3萬美元——大約四分之一的黑人家庭承受著這些住房成本負(fù)擔(dān)。
縣健康排名報(bào)告的另一個(gè)重要發(fā)現(xiàn)是，黑人家庭較多的隔離社區(qū)，面臨嚴(yán)重住房成本負(fù)擔(dān)的可能性是白人家庭的兩倍。
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Why are black Americans more likely to spend so much of their incomes on housing? One reason is that black neighborhoods were targeted in a process called redlining, especially between the 1930s and 1965. Banks and other lenders excluded black communities from favorable loans and charged higher interest rates on mortgages, leading to higher housing costs – even when homes were valued less than similar homes in white communities.

為什么美國黑人更有可能把這么多收入花在住房上呢? 其中一個(gè)原因是，黑人社區(qū)在一個(gè)被稱為“經(jīng)濟(jì)歧視”的程序中成為目標(biāo)，尤其是在上世紀(jì)30年代至1965年間。銀行和其他貸款機(jī)構(gòu)將黑人社區(qū)排除在優(yōu)惠貸款之外，并收取更高的抵押貸款利率，這導(dǎo)致了更高的住房成本——即使在白人社區(qū)的房屋價(jià)值低于同類房屋時(shí)也是如此。

Redlining is not explicitly practiced in the same way today, but its damage and discrimination remains – such as how banks targeted black homeowners with subprime loans. The consequences of this became clear in the 2008 recession, when black homeowners suffered worse outcomes compared to white homeowners. These practices led to higher foreclosure rates and steeper declines in home values during and after the recession, limiting opportunities for black communities to build wealth through homeownership.

如今，“經(jīng)濟(jì)歧視”并沒有以同樣的方式得到明確實(shí)施，但其損害和歧視依然存在——比如銀行如何以次級(jí)貸款針對(duì)黑人房主。在2008年的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退中，這一現(xiàn)象的后果變得很明顯，當(dāng)時(shí)黑人房主比白人房主遭受的后果更糟糕。在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期間和之后，這些做法導(dǎo)致了更高的止贖率和房價(jià)的急劇下跌，限制了黑人社區(qū)通過自有住房積累財(cái)富的機(jī)會(huì)。
（注：購房者按期還款給放貸的機(jī)構(gòu)，這個(gè)過程稱為‘贖回’。如果出現(xiàn)購買者因故不能按期還貸，超過期限的房屋便被‘止贖’，停止贖回。房屋便歸放貸機(jī)構(gòu)所有）

Effects on health
There is a powerful relationship between housing and health. When people pay too much for housing, they must make tough choices between paying their rent or mortgage or paying for food, medicine and other resources that support their health. In 2015, households that are burdened by housing costs spent 53 percent less on health care, food and transportation combined, compared to households that do not spend more than half of their income on housing.

對(duì)健康的影響
住房和健康之間有很強(qiáng)的關(guān)系。當(dāng)人們?yōu)樽》扛冻鎏鄷r(shí)，他們必須做出艱難的選擇，是支付房租、抵押貸款，還是支付食品、藥品和其他維持他們健康的資源。2015年，住房成本負(fù)擔(dān)沉重的家庭在醫(yī)療、食品和交通方面的支出加起來，比住房花費(fèi)不超過收入一半的家庭少53%。

To afford housing, some families spend less on food, do not buy enough food, or buy less nutritious and cheaper food. These families may also live in homes with structural deficits and other inadequacies, where they are at higher risk for health conditions like lead paint poisoning and asthma.

為了負(fù)擔(dān)得起住房，一些家庭在食物上花費(fèi)更少，沒有購買足夠的食物，或者購買營養(yǎng)更少和更便宜的食物。這些家庭也可能是生活在結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷和其他不足的家庭，在那里他們面臨著更高的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如鉛涂料中毒和哮喘。

Research shows that segregated communities are more likely to be exposed to more threats to their health. For example, a study published in March showed that black and Hispanic populations are exposed to 56 percent and 63 percent more air pollution compared to white residents, even though white residents are more likely to contribute to pollution.

研究表明，種族隔離的社區(qū)更有可能面臨更多的健康威脅。例如，今年3月發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，與白人居民相比，黑人和西班牙裔居民受到的空氣污染分別高出56%和63%，盡管白人居民更有可能造成污染。

Segregated communities are also less likely to have resources in their communities that promote health and help prevent chronic diseases, like obesity and diabetes. Even if black families were not overly burdened by housing costs, they still are more likely to need to leave their own neighborhoods to access fresh and nutritious foods, quality health care services and places to exercise. And black residents living in segregated neighborhoods are also more likely to die prematurely.

隔離社區(qū)在其社區(qū)中也不太可能擁有促進(jìn)健康和幫助預(yù)防慢性疾?。ㄈ绶逝趾吞悄虿。┑馁Y源。即使黑人家庭沒有過多的住房負(fù)擔(dān)，他們?nèi)匀桓锌赡苄枰x開自己的社區(qū)，去獲得新鮮和營養(yǎng)豐富的食物、優(yōu)質(zhì)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)和鍛煉場(chǎng)所。生活在種族隔離社區(qū)的黑人居民也更有可能過早死亡。

I recently co-authored a paper, led by University of Maryland professor Caryn Bell, that shows that counties with 9 percent or more black residents are more likely to have resources that compromise health, such as fast food restaurants, and less likely to have resources that promote health, such as grocery stores. Research has shown that this is important, due to the relationship between access to health-promoting resources, like grocery stores, and lower obesity rates.

最近，我與人合著了一篇由馬里蘭大學(xué)教授卡琳·貝爾領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的論文，該論文顯示，黑人人口比例在9%或以上的縣，更有可能擁有危及健康的資源，比如快餐店，而擁有促進(jìn)健康的資源的可能性則較小，比如雜貨店。研究表明，這一點(diǎn)很重要，因?yàn)殡s貨店等促進(jìn)健康的資源與較低的肥胖率之間存在聯(lián)系。
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A growing problem
As housing costs have risen, incomes have not kept pace. Additionally, affordable housing is not available to everyone who needs it. The National Low Income Housing Coalition reported in March that only 37 affordable homes exist for every 100 extremely low-income renter households. No state has enough homes for every extremely low-income renter household, which are the majority of households that are severely housing cost burdened.

一個(gè)日益嚴(yán)重的問題
隨著住房成本的上升，人們的收入沒有跟上步伐。此外，并不是所有需要經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房的人都能買得起。全國低收入住房聯(lián)盟在3月份報(bào)告中說，每100個(gè)極低收入租房家庭中，只有37個(gè)負(fù)擔(dān)得起住房。沒有一個(gè)州能為每一個(gè)極低收入的租房者家庭提供足夠的住房，他們是住房成本負(fù)擔(dān)嚴(yán)重的大多數(shù)家庭。

Incomes are stagnating while housing costs, especially renting, continue to rise. As these two forces combine to limit opportunity, more U.S. residents are at risk of becoming burdened by their housing costs and damaging their health, especially low-income and black Americans.

收入停滯不前，而住房成本尤其是租房成本，卻在繼續(xù)上漲。由于這兩股力量結(jié)合在一起限制了機(jī)會(huì)，越來越多的美國居民面臨著住房成本增加、健康受損的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，尤其是低收入和黑人居民。