為什么美國作為一個移民國家卻會產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的反移民情緒?

aregalsonofabitch
I cannot answer your first question, but I can provide insights on the second.
The idea that America was built on multiculturalism appeared very early. By the 1780s, the term "melting together" was a widespread metaphor in use that was meant to positively portray incoming immigrants. Of course, America had just ousted a foreign power from their backs, so nationalism was running high. Hamilton, an immigrant from Nevis, argued vehemently against immigration, arguing that immigrants brought pro-monarchy and ethnic views that would undermine their new, fragile country. He also argued that America's bountiful resources and exploding population meant that America didn't need to rely on newcomers.

我不能回答你的第一個問題，但我可以就第二個問題提供一些見解。
美國建立在多元文化主義基礎(chǔ)上的觀點(diǎn)很早就出現(xiàn)了。
到18世紀(jì)80年代（1780年），“融合”一詞已經(jīng)成為一個廣泛使用的正面性詞語，用來描述即將來到美國的新移民。
當(dāng)時，美國剛剛趕走了英國勢力，因此民族主義極度高漲。
美國開國元勛之一，美國憲法的起草人之一的亞歷山大·漢密爾頓，本人來自英屬西印度群島的尼維斯島印度群島，但他激烈地反對美國接納新移民，他認(rèn)為新移民會帶來了親君主制理念和種族主義觀點(diǎn)，這將破壞他們剛剛建立的，脆弱的國家。漢密爾頓還認(rèn)為，美國豐富的資源和激增的人口意味著美國不需要依賴新移民。

In the infancy of the country, with a boundless waste to people, it was politic to give a facility to naturalization; but our situation is now changed. It appears from the last census, that we have increased about one third in ten years; after allowing for what we have gained from abroad, it will be quite apparent that the natural progress of our own population is sufficiently rapid for strength, security.
At first, the two dominant parties of the time (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) mostly agreed on keeping out immigrants. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his Notes on the State of Virginia in 1781 that foreigners would be anti-Democracy. However, by the turn of the 19th century, the Democratic-Republicans viewed pro-immigration policies as a great way to undermine the Federalists.

漢密爾頓認(rèn)為，在國家剛剛起步時，由于人力資源的稀缺，放寬新移民入籍美國是一種策略，但現(xiàn)在美國的情況已經(jīng)改變了。
從上一次人口普查來看，美國的人口在十年內(nèi)增加了大約三分之一，很明顯，美國人口的自然增長足夠迅速，足以使我們獲得力量和安全。
起初，占主導(dǎo)地位的兩個美國政黨(聯(lián)邦黨和民主黨-共和黨)大多同意將移民拒之門外。
對此，托馬斯·杰斐遜在1781年的“弗吉尼亞州筆記”中寫道，外國人不會認(rèn)同美國的理念，他們都是反民主的。
然而，到了19世紀(jì)初，民主黨人和共和黨人為了削弱聯(lián)邦黨，轉(zhuǎn)而支持接納新移民

rumblith
The earliest exclusion and laws that occurred were focused mainly on the Chinese in the form of the Foreign Miners' Tax Act of 1850. The rise of this was due to the post gold rush economy.
Many of California's new gold rush prospectors arrived to find out there wasn't much in the way left for them to make their fortunes. So while the first arrivals didn't mind the Chinese when there was enough gold to go around for everyone--when it started to run dry, the resentment began to build. The Miners Tax ended up failing and led to the dying of Chinese gold camps which led to an influx of low cost Chinese laborers in cities.

美國對新移民的排斥最早主要集中在華人身上，其具體表現(xiàn)形式就是美國在1850年頒布的《外國礦工稅法》。
當(dāng)時，淘金熱席卷美國，源源不斷的新移民涌入加州，想要淘金發(fā)財，雖然第一批到達(dá)加州的人并不介意后來的華人加入淘金行動，但當(dāng)金礦開始枯竭時，怨恨就開始逐漸積聚起來。金礦的枯竭導(dǎo)致華人勞工放棄礦工工作，轉(zhuǎn)而涌入城市尋找工作。

Things got economically bad after 1877 and led to Chinese establishments being sacked and burned and Chinese being shot and hung. They saw that the Chinese had monopolized multiple manual labor industries like laundry, construction and landscaping for wages they couldn't beat and reacted poorly.
In 1882 the government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act that banned all Chinese immigration for ten years.
One of the common themes of these acts and laws that were passed is economic climate. In harsher times people seemed far more likely to lash out at those deemed different enough.
In the next two decades and in the early 1900's we started to see more of a rise of anti immigration sentiment towards southern and eastern European groups like the Catholics (Irish, Polish, Italians) as well as Jewish people though it would continue to increase after the great depression and around WW2.
Here's a random story about some Irish Orphans who weren't considered the right kind of white until they traveled across the country from NY to AZ to be adopted by Mexican-American families. That's when the fun happened and their white neighbors lost their minds at the sight of white babies adopted by Mexican-Americans.

1877年以后，美國經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢變得糟糕，導(dǎo)致越來越多的華人居住區(qū)被洗劫和焚燒，許多華人被槍殺和絞死。
當(dāng)美國本地居民看到華人壟斷了洗衣、建筑和園林作業(yè)等多個體力勞動行業(yè)，而且獲得了他們無法獲得的高工資時，對華人的反應(yīng)自然十分糟糕。
于是1882年，美國政府通過排華法案，在十年內(nèi)禁止所有華人移民美國。
在接下來的20年里及20世紀(jì)初，美國本土居民開始對南歐，東歐，以及天主教徒(愛爾蘭人，波蘭人，意大利人)，猶太人的反移民情緒急速上升，這種情況在大蕭條之后和二戰(zhàn)前后依然存在。
舉個例子，當(dāng)時的美國有很多愛爾蘭裔孤兒，由于愛爾蘭裔一直處于白人鄙視鏈的底端，所以愛爾蘭裔孤兒很少得到美國白人家庭的收養(yǎng)，于是一些愛爾蘭裔孤兒在美國全境內(nèi)流浪，另一些被墨西哥裔家庭收養(yǎng)。
然而，有趣的事情發(fā)生了，當(dāng)白人鄰居看到墨西哥裔美國人收養(yǎng)白人嬰兒時，他們就會像被侮辱了一樣，頓時失去理智。
（1848年大洋彼岸的美國加利福利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦，消息傳到中國，飽受戰(zhàn)爭和貧窮折磨的中國人開始了美國淘金夢。此時的中國正是晚清最為貧弱、饑荒流行的時期，因此華人在國內(nèi)越來越惡化的生存環(huán)境和美國工業(yè)化發(fā)展需求勞動力的雙重作用下，開始大量向美國移民，很快在加州成了受剝削的廉價勞動力。華人移民主要是男性，大多當(dāng)了礦工，忍受著與美國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展極不相稱的低工資。
從表面上看，華人在美國19世紀(jì)中葉的大發(fā)展時期是受歡迎的,但種族歧視是無法逃避的。
因為淘金熱時期成千上萬的美國人從東部地區(qū)遷移到西部，而那時的美國東部盛行著反對歐洲移民的風(fēng)氣，因此那些從東部來的美國人也帶有濃厚的本土主義態(tài)度，反對外來移民。
而那些白人新移民，如愛爾蘭人、俄國人，在遭受了美國東部本土主義的歧視后發(fā)現(xiàn)，在攻擊華人移民的同時，可以使他們自己的地位得到提升。而處于社會下層的美國礦工也把工作刻苦、甘愿拿低工資的華人勞工視為導(dǎo)致自己工資下降的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?br /> 美國排華有一一個從民間到政府、從地方到全國的發(fā)展過程。排華源于加利福尼亞金礦區(qū)，
隨著華人遷入城市而擴(kuò)展到其它行業(yè)，從加州發(fā)展到中西部地區(qū),最終形成全國性問題。在50年代和160年代，反華騷亂還是零星的個別現(xiàn)象,到70年代中期則發(fā)展為大規(guī)模的、集中且有組織的排華運(yùn)動。排華主要有兩股力量。一是來自民間,通常采取的方式是不經(jīng)過任何法律程序的暴力行動,如驅(qū)逐、毆打，甚至殺害華人,搶劫、焚燒華人財物，造成一種恐怖氣氛。這股排華力量以美國本地勞工為主，并與勞工運(yùn)動相結(jié)合，形成政治壓力迫使美國政客和政黨作出反應(yīng)。
第二股力量來自美國政府,美國政黨和政客出于選舉的考慮，不惜犧牲華人，默許民間排華。故而地方當(dāng)局、州及聯(lián)邦政府相繼制訂歧視、限制華人的法律,阻止華人進(jìn)入美國。這兩股力量互相影響配合，促使美國國會在1882年通過排華法案并使排華成為美國的國策。80年代中期,在美國太平洋沿岸諸州又發(fā)生了一系列暴力排華慘案，最著名的如1871年的洛杉基慘案、舊金山騷亂和石泉大屠殺等。
此后，排華主要轉(zhuǎn)向政府層面，由美國政府制訂措施來限制中國移民。到1904年，美國國會立法完全禁止華工赴美。其中，隨著時間的推移，美國各州和聯(lián)邦政府分三步驟制定和貫徹排華法。
首先，是剝奪華人的公平競爭權(quán)。然后是限制華人移民。最后的是排斥華人歸籍。加州正是按照這樣的模式，步步的實(shí)現(xiàn)其排華構(gòu)想，而美國聯(lián)邦政府則是繼承了加州的經(jīng)驗后直接跨越到第二階段，以至最終將排斥華人入籍作為其立法、司法和執(zhí)法的主旋律。）
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JustZisGuy
Follow-up question: at the time of the American Revolution, was there a social distinction between recent immigrants to the colonies compared to those having been there much longer (say, descendants of early Virginia Company or Plymouth/Massachusetts Bay Colony settlers)? In other words, was there a distinction between "locals" and "the British"?

在美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭時期，新移民到美國的英國人，和更早在美國定居的英國人(比如早期居住在弗吉尼亞公司或普利茅斯/馬薩諸塞州殖民地的英國人)相比，是否存在社會差異?
換句話說，美國“本地人（其實(shí)祖上也是英國人）”和后來的新英國移民之間有區(qū)別嗎?

Kayra2
America didn’t really start off as an Immigrant country. The first colonies that were formed at Virginia and Massachusetts were formed in 1607 and 1620 respectively. Given that the modern-day USA was born in 1776, that’s 156 years of life in the continent, and enough for your grandchildren to naturalize in any country by today’s standards.

美國一開始并不是移民國家。
英國分別于1607年和1620年，在北美弗吉尼亞州和馬薩諸塞州建立了第一批殖民地。
考慮到今天的美國于1776年才正式建國，所以在美國建國前，從英國來的移民已經(jīng)在美洲大陸上生活了156年了，按照今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這么長的時間足夠讓你孫子的孫子在任何國家入籍了。

These original colonists didn’t come here for no reason at all though. Catholicism was restricting freedoms throughout Europe and some immigrants came to escape this religious persecution to practice Puritanism (This is a completely different subject that requires a different research). Most of them came as indentured servants, slaves for pay for a predetermined amount of time, because the price to sail was too steep. These servants ranged from white Europeans to black West Africans. By the time of the Civil War, there were a continuous influx of people from across the Atlantic to the states, which all came either as slaves or indentured servants from all walks of life.
All the way until the declaration of independence and the civil war, the US was known in the world as a place with “class mobility”, where you can work your way into the upper class and become rich and elite. The US promised freedom to practice your own religion, your own language.

最早的一批移民并不是無緣無故來到美洲大陸的。
在當(dāng)時，天主教限制了整個歐洲的自由，一些清教徒為了逃避宗教迫害而坐船前往美洲。他們中的大多數(shù)人都是契約仆役。這些仆役從歐洲白人到西非黑人不等。到南北戰(zhàn)爭時，仍然不斷有大批的人從大西洋彼岸涌入美國，這些人要么是奴隸，要么是各行各業(yè)的契約仆役。
直到美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之前，美國一直以“階級流動性”而聞名于世，在當(dāng)時的美國，你可以通過努力進(jìn)入上層社會，成為富人和精英。美國保證民眾自由信仰自己的宗教，使用自己的語言。

Shipment of people to the states were around 60000 for more than 50 years until the famine in Ireland and political turmoil in Germany, which boosted these numbers dramatically. In 1851, there were 380000 people in the US ports of entry, a very dramatic increase in the consistent influx of humans. 2.7 million new prospective citizens entered the country in the next 7 years, and most of these people were Catholic in a time where Catholicism was hated in the US. There were stark opposition to Catholic churches and schools, but these immigrants had bigger problems. They drew hostility because of the diseases they brought with them from the old world. They were poor, just like the original immigrants but instead of improving the forests of Massachusetts into a sprawling city, they diminished its features with the slum housing they stayed in, the increase in crime rates, alcoholism and other misdemeanors.

自美國獨(dú)立后的50多年里，每年向美國輸入的移民數(shù)量大約在6萬人左右，直到愛爾蘭發(fā)生饑荒和德國發(fā)生政治動蕩，移民數(shù)量才大幅增加。
僅1851年，就有38萬人通過美國入境口岸，隨后美國移民數(shù)量急劇增加。在接下來的7年里，有270萬新移民進(jìn)入美國，其中大多數(shù)人都是天主教徒，而在當(dāng)時，天主教在美國是不受歡迎的。
新移民在美國建立的天主教會和天主學(xué)校遭到了當(dāng)?shù)厝说膹?qiáng)烈反對。就像最初來到美洲大陸的移民一樣，新移民帶著疾病與貧窮來到美國，他們沒有給城市帶來繁榮，反而聚集起來，形成了貧民窟、凡是有新移民存在的地方，就會出現(xiàn)犯罪和酗酒。
在美國出生的新教徒認(rèn)為，他們這些奉行英國傳統(tǒng)文化的人，才能代表真正的美國精神，因此他們很鄙視愛爾蘭人和德國人。
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So to finally answer your question, anti-immigration sentiment arose from immigrants themselves because they viewed new immigrants as fundamentally different from themselves or their families. America undoubtedly was a melting pot, but this did not exclude people from making the distinction between cultures. Blacks were slaves, Irish were poor, Brits were true Americans etc. and anti-immigration is a very broad term for everyone who came to the US. Given all of these distinctions,

最后回答你的問題，反移民情緒來自于移民本身，因為他們認(rèn)為新移民與他們自己或他們的家庭存在巨大差異。
毫無疑問，美國是一個大熔爐，但這并不能阻止人們自發(fā)對不同文化進(jìn)行區(qū)分。
不同的美國群體對移民有不同的標(biāo)簽，比如，黑人是奴隸，愛爾蘭人是窮人，只有英國移民后裔才是真正的美國人等等。