In the last 30 years, everybody was talking about the digital revolution. Recently — well, for about 5 years at least — many people in the investment community started looking at blockchain technology—the next gamechanger.

在過(guò)去的三十年間，每個(gè)人都在談?wù)摂?shù)碼科技的變革。近來(lái)，大概至少五年左右的時(shí)間，許多投資界的投資者開(kāi)始關(guān)注于區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)——下一個(gè)改變法則的技術(shù)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處


I ignored it at first as I, as a confident follower of Warren Buffett, just shared his point of view — it is a worthless piece of code, and Cryptocurrency doesn’t serve a purpose.

我（原作者Christian Soschner）起初也忽略了這一項(xiàng)技術(shù)，因?yàn)槲沂俏謧悺ぐ头铺貓?jiān)定的追隨者。他的重要觀點(diǎn)有說(shuō)到——這是一串沒(méi)有任何價(jià)值的代碼，而且加密貨幣并不能滿(mǎn)足需求。

Well, I forgot that it is always about what people make out of technology and what problems they learn to solve.

是的，我忽略了它總是跟人們能運(yùn)用科技做出什么和學(xué)習(xí)去解決什么問(wèn)題相關(guān)。

It is always about the Use-Cases. Nevertheless, those who take the highest risk by investing early when the Use-Cases are not even developed get the highest rewards.

它通常與用例有關(guān)，然而，那些早期在用例還未真正發(fā)展時(shí)的，承受著最高投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人，也就獲得了最大的利益。

Amazon IPOed at 18 dollars and now has a value of more than 3,000 dollars. In between were 3 stock splits, two 2:1 and one 3:1 split.

亞馬遜以18美元的市值上市，如今擁有了超過(guò)3000美元的價(jià)值。其中分成三種股票，兩種2:1以及一種3:1。

1 share of Amazon for 18 dollars would now be 12 shares at 3,000 dollars each — in total, 36.000 dollars.

一份額18美元的亞馬遜現(xiàn)在以及變成12份額3000美元，總共36000美元。

Similar to Bitcoin.10,000 bitcoin in 2010 bought two pizzas for 45 dollars, and today it would be worth 60,000 dollars — per coin, in total 600 Million dollars
.

這與比特幣類(lèi)似。10000個(gè)比特幣在2010年只能購(gòu)買(mǎi)兩個(gè)價(jià)值45美元的披薩，今天每個(gè)比特幣卻價(jià)值60000美元，一共價(jià)值6億美元。

Those are the rare growth rates early-stage investors are looking for.Making millions out of nothing — not overnight, but over a time period of 20–40 years.

那些緩慢的增值速度是早期投資者所希望看到的。從一無(wú)所有到百萬(wàn)身家不是一夜奇跡，而是歷經(jīng)二十到四十年。

Once technologies are ripe, the growth rates naturally go down, and neither for bitcoin nor for Amazon, I would expect a value inflection in the coming 20 years as it was in the past 10 to 20.

一旦科技成熟，增值的速度也會(huì)自然地放慢。我可以預(yù)料到對(duì)于過(guò)去10到20年，在接下來(lái)的20年將形成一種價(jià)值的轉(zhuǎn)換。

But what should investors invest in who want to see a significant uptake in value in the coming 5–10 years?

但是那些在接下來(lái)的5-10年間想要得到顯著的財(cái)富升值的投資者應(yīng)該投資于什么呢？

According to Cathie Wood from Ark Investment, it is the genomics revolution, and Gene-Editing is part of it.

據(jù)來(lái)自Ark基金的“牛市女皇”Cathie Wood所看好的，那就是基因組的變革，而且基因編輯就是其中的一部分。

A Brief History of Gene-Editing

一段簡(jiǎn)短的基因編輯的發(fā)展歷史

For Austrians, Gene Editing is an exciting story to read, as researchers from this country contributed a lot to the development of Gene-Editing.

對(duì)于奧地利人來(lái)說(shuō)，基因編輯是一段說(shuō)來(lái)激動(dòng)人心的故事，因?yàn)樗麄儑?guó)家的研究者花費(fèi)了許多心血用于基因編輯的發(fā)展。

In the midst of the 19th century, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel revealed the probability of genes passing from generation to generation. A few years later, the Swiss researcher Friedrich Miescher became the first scientist to identify DNA as a distinct molecule, thanks to his blood cells' study from the pus of discarded bandages.

在19世紀(jì)中期，奧地利一個(gè)名叫Gregor Mendel的修道士揭示了基因逐代遺傳的可能性。若干年后，一個(gè)瑞士的研究者，F(xiàn)riedrich Miescher，因?yàn)樗鶕?jù)廢棄繃帶的膿汁所做的血細(xì)胞研究，成為了第一個(gè)證明了DNA是一種實(shí)際的微小分子的科學(xué)家。

A century later, the DNA structure discovery occurred, resulting in the entire human genome's sequencing completed in 2003.

一個(gè)世紀(jì)以后，得益于2003年完成了完整的人類(lèi)基因組測(cè)序，DNA構(gòu)筑發(fā)明問(wèn)世。

In 2012, Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier, and their teams elucidated CRISPR technology's biochemical mechanism, which resulted in the foundation of CRISPR Technology and the noble prize for Emmannuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna in 2020.

在2012年，Jennifer Doudna、Emmanuelle Charpentier和他們的團(tuán)隊(duì)闡明了CRISPR技術(shù)的生化機(jī)制，這導(dǎo)致了CRISPR Technology組織的建立和2020年他們所獲的豐厚的獎(jiǎng)品。

What role did Austria play? Emmanuelle Charpentier researched in Austria, where she met Rodger Novak, who led the Austrian company . Both founded CRISPR Therapeutics in 2013.

而其中奧地利扮演了什么角色呢？Emmanuelle Charpentier在奧地利做研究，在這里，她遇到了掌管奧地利公司Nabriva Therapeutics的Rodger Novak。他們于2013年共同成立了CRISPR Therapeutics。

CRISPR — a molecular Swiss Army Knife

CRISPR——一種分子大小的“瑞士軍刀”

CRISPR is a simple, powerful, and programmable genome-editing tool. An acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, CRISPR is the equivalent of a “molecular Swiss Army Knife” composed of two parts: first, the body, or the ‘guide RNA,’ that isolates the portion of the DNA that a researcher wishes to manipulate and, second, the tool, or ‘nuclease,’ that operates on that stretch of DNA.

CRISPR是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單、富含能量和可設(shè)計(jì)的基因組編輯工具。作為Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats的縮寫(xiě)，CRISPR與分子型瑞士軍刀同樣有兩部分組成：第一，形體部分，相當(dāng)于“指示RNA”，它使研究者想要去控制的一部分DNA分離出來(lái)，第二，工具部分，相當(dāng)于“RNA酶”，它使DNA鏈產(chǎn)生作用。

In a simple example of today’s most popular guide-nuclease pairing, CRISPRCas9, CRISPR guides the molecular Swiss Army Knife to a targeted spot in the genome and uses Cas9 as “molecular scissors” to cut the double-strand of DNA. Other nucleases can alter the specificity and cutting efficiency/patterns, target RNA, and address the genome's different stretches. In this paper, “CRISPR” will encompass all CRISPR editing systems and mechanisms of action.

以當(dāng)今最火的指示核酸酶的配對(duì)為例，CRISPRCas9和CRISPR指導(dǎo)這一分子型瑞士軍刀去鎖定基因組上的目標(biāo)序列并以Cas9為“分子剪刀”去切斷雙鏈DNA。另一種核酸酶可以改變其特異性并削弱功效，瞄準(zhǔn)RNA，并確定基因組的不同的變異位置。在這個(gè)例子中，CRISPR包含了所有的CRISPR編輯系統(tǒng)和反應(yīng)機(jī)制。

Commercial potential

商業(yè)上的潛力

Gene editing methods historically were expensive and slow. The CRISPR technology does the same work in 25% time consumption and at 5% of the cost. A significant improvement as this development opens up the use of the technology even for high school students — metaphorically speaking.

基因編輯技術(shù)在歷史發(fā)展上是開(kāi)銷(xiāo)大卻發(fā)展緩慢的。運(yùn)用CRISPR技術(shù)做同樣的工作只需花費(fèi)25%的時(shí)間和5%的開(kāi)銷(xiāo)。比如說(shuō)，這次開(kāi)發(fā)中的里程碑式的進(jìn)步就是開(kāi)放使用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，甚至是向高中生開(kāi)放。

With the completion of the human genome sequencing, the number of single-gene aberrations known to cause disease jumped from around 100 to nearly 3,000, and more than 200 genes were now lixed to cancer, nearly three times the previous number.

隨著人類(lèi)基因測(cè)序的完成，我們知道了單一基因變異的數(shù)量會(huì)造成從大概100到幾乎3000種疾病。超過(guò)200個(gè)基因與癌癥無(wú)關(guān)，是先前確定數(shù)量的三倍。

In 2018 Ark Funds issued a report on CRISPR Technology and state right at the beginning:
In fewer than five years, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)- genome-editing technology has taken the scientific community by storm and has revolutionized the pace of modern biology, promising an era of curative medicine and rapid biotechnological breakthroughs. Thanks to its accessible cost and ease-of-use, CRISPR has democratized genomeediting. Many companies are deploying the CRISPR platform to commercialize novel therapies and to increase research and development productivity across the drug discovery process, agriculture, diagnostics, chemicals, and material sciences.

在2018年，Ark基金在CRISPR Technology發(fā)表了一個(gè)報(bào)告，并在一開(kāi)始就確立了其正確性：
在過(guò)去五年內(nèi)，規(guī)律間隔成簇短回文重復(fù)序列（CRISPR）基因編輯技術(shù)已經(jīng)像暴風(fēng)雨般席卷了科學(xué)界，并改變了現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)的步伐，預(yù)示著一個(gè)醫(yī)療用藥和先進(jìn)生物技術(shù)突破的時(shí)期。得益于CRISPR的低開(kāi)銷(xiāo)和可用性，它已經(jīng)使基因編輯大眾化。許多公司利用CRISPR的平臺(tái)使這一新型的療法商業(yè)化并增強(qiáng)研發(fā)和發(fā)展，使產(chǎn)品貫穿醫(yī)學(xué)研發(fā)過(guò)程、農(nóng)業(yè)、診斷、化學(xué)和材料科學(xué)。

Cathie Woods team believes that CRISPR is one of the breakthrough technologies of this century, and its application in medicine and agriculture is limitless.

Cathie Wood的團(tuán)隊(duì)堅(jiān)信CRISPR是這個(gè)世紀(jì)突破性的科技之一，而且它在醫(yī)學(xué)和農(nóng)業(yè)的應(yīng)用是無(wú)限的。

One could say it is the internet of developing new innovative and personalized medicine.

有人說(shuō)它是發(fā)展創(chuàng)新的和針對(duì)個(gè)人藥物的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。