為什么非洲這么窮（二）

Theophilus E.Daniel-Kagbare, Student of Africa
The short answer is the African is not as productive, not as enlightened, as the European nor the Asian. Nor because of any genetic inferioty but out of a disenabling culture, cultural disorientation or culrural disorder.
Africa will start to grow and prosperity when the average African begin to pursue his individual Enlightenment,with passion. With more passion than immediate gratification. Writ large in his orientation towards consumption as opposed to production, his sense of duty, values, thoughts, attitudes towards work and his country, etc.
The long answer:
Africa is so poor because Africa's political elite is still, for the most part, suffering from western colonial overhang. Which means their thoughts and values are poor imitations of Western versions rather than being in tune with the needs of their constituents. For example, Nigeria's constitution is wholesale copy of the United States'. Decades on, there is hardly debate of its adaptation.

簡(jiǎn)言之，非洲人沒(méi)有歐洲人和亞洲人那么富有生產(chǎn)力，也沒(méi)有他們那么開(kāi)明。這不是因?yàn)槿魏位虻呢汃?，而是出于一種令人失望的文化、文化迷失或文化障礙。
當(dāng)普通的非洲人開(kāi)始滿(mǎn)懷激情地追求個(gè)人的啟蒙時(shí)，非洲將開(kāi)始發(fā)展和繁榮。（他們需要）帶著更多的激情而不是即刻的滿(mǎn)足。主要表現(xiàn)在消費(fèi)取向而不是生產(chǎn)取向、責(zé)任感、價(jià)值觀(guān)、思想觀(guān)念、對(duì)工作和國(guó)家的態(tài)度等方面。
更具體的回答是：
非洲之所以如此貧窮，是因?yàn)榉侵薜恼尉⒃诤艽蟪潭壬先匀伙柺芪鞣街趁窠y(tǒng)治的折磨。這意味著他們的思想和價(jià)值觀(guān)是對(duì)西方版本的拙劣模仿，而不是與他們選民的需要相一致。例如，尼日利亞的憲法就是美國(guó)憲法的翻版。幾十年過(guò)去了，關(guān)于它的適應(yīng)性與否幾乎沒(méi)有爭(zhēng)論。

How can Nigeria, for example, develop with scant attention to education, labour productivity, human capital development?
How can any Nation worth it's place in the world expunge the teaching of History from it's school curriculum? That is what the Nigerian government did in 2007! What kind of citizenry, what kind of people are a people bereft of a sense of History? The British colonial govt did not do that; military government did not do that. An elected govt did that! The Executive was dumb enough to do it, the legislators, better known for grandstanding, showboating, and sleeping during sittings, than for the depth and quality of debates, had no obxtions! What does it say about the quality of thought of such leaders? Nigeria bred journalists, future civil servants, businessmen, etc without knowledge of the Atlantic Slave Trade, how the country was colonized, etc!

尼日利亞如何在對(duì)諸如教育、勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、人力資本發(fā)展（等方面）關(guān)注不足的情況下發(fā)展？
任何一個(gè)值得在世界上占有一席之地的國(guó)家怎么能把歷史教學(xué)從學(xué)校課程中抹去呢？尼日利亞政府在2007年就是這么做的！什么樣的公民，什么樣的人才是一個(gè)喪失歷史感的人？英國(guó)殖民政府沒(méi)有這樣做；軍事管制政府沒(méi)有這樣做。（而）一個(gè)民選政府做到了！行政部門(mén)做這件事已經(jīng)夠蠢的了，以嘩眾取寵、賣(mài)弄風(fēng)騷、在會(huì)議期間坐著睡覺(jué)而聞名的立法者，而不是以辯論的深度和質(zhì)量而聞名的立法者，（他們對(duì)此卻）沒(méi)有反對(duì)意見(jiàn)！這說(shuō)明了這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的思想品質(zhì)如何？尼日利亞培養(yǎng)的記者、未來(lái)的公務(wù)員、商人等，卻對(duì)大西洋奴隸貿(mào)易、該國(guó)是如何被殖民地等一無(wú)所知！

And the civil society, including the vociferous Fourth Estate, that accepted and condoned it, till it was restored this year, 2019?
Africa will remain poor so long as economic development strategy and trade policy in all African countries faithfully follows the blueprint of the de-industrializing, impovershing economics of the International Monetary Fund and it's sister organizations. Prescxtions soundly discredited by the economic reform history of every country that made good. A blueprint soundly rubbished by the successes of Japan, Korea, China and other Asian successes which wholly rejected their self-serving propositons.
Africa will remain poor because we are yet to awake, as a people, to the challenges of collective destiny. Infrastructure and dubbed constitutions are good and may be indispensable but they are only as good as the culture, thought patterns, the orientation, the narrative, etc, that drive them, that gives them life.
Beyond structures, beyond institutions, a people, a Nation, like any living being, a needs a soul. This is, for the most part, still evolving. The thing that defines and binds the Japanese, the Chinese, the Koreans, etc, together, is not as strong among African people as it should, for the most part, for now.
Africa’s politics, indeed society, certainly Nigeria’s, is driven by consumption and revenue sharing, than production. That has to change.
Africa will remain poor until a jot of inwardly-directed nationalism is injected into it's development programs. And attendadant responsibility with it. Until the thirst for knowledge and thought is greater than for instant gratification.

而民間社會(huì)，包括聲勢(shì)浩大的第四產(chǎn)業(yè)，接受并縱容了這些，直到它（憲法）在2019年被恢復(fù)？
只要所有非洲國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和貿(mào)易政策忠實(shí)地遵循國(guó)際貨幣基金組織和其姐妹組織的非工業(yè)化、不懂經(jīng)濟(jì)的藍(lán)圖，非洲將繼續(xù)貧窮。這些所謂的藥方被每一個(gè)成功的國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革歷史徹底地抹黑了。（這些是）被日本、韓國(guó)、中國(guó)和其他亞洲國(guó)家的成功徹底拋棄的藍(lán)圖，這些國(guó)家完全拒絕了他們（國(guó)際貨幣基金組織及其姐妹組織）自私的提議。

Mwine Isaac Norman
It's the way the political and economic system employed.
*SOCIALISM:* You have two cows, and you give one to your neighbor.
*Com...ism:* You have two cows, the government takes both and gives you milk.
*FASCISM:* You have two cows, the government takes both and sells you milk.
*NAZISM:* You have two cows, the government takes them and kills you.
*TRADITIONAL CAPITALISM:* You have two cows, you sell one and buy a male. You multiply your cows and there is economic growth. You sell them, you retire and you live on your profits.
*MODERN CAPITALISM:* You have two cows, you sell one and buy a male. You multiply your cows and you buy those of your neighbors. The latter become your shepherds, you pay them in monkey currencies and they die poor.

這是政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的運(yùn)作方式。
社會(huì)主義：你有兩頭牛，你把一頭給你的鄰居。
共產(chǎn)主義：你有兩頭母牛，政府把兩頭都拿走，然后給你牛奶。
法西斯主義：你有兩頭母牛，政府把兩頭都拿走，然后把牛奶賣(mài)給你。
納粹主義：你有兩頭母牛，政府把它們抓起來(lái)然后殺了你。
傳統(tǒng)資本主義：你有兩頭母牛，賣(mài)掉一頭，買(mǎi)一頭公牛。你讓你的奶牛成倍地繁殖，經(jīng)濟(jì)就會(huì)增長(zhǎng)。你賣(mài)掉它們，然后退休，靠你的利潤(rùn)生活。
現(xiàn)代資本主義：你有兩頭母牛，你賣(mài)掉一頭，買(mǎi)一頭公牛。讓你的牛繁殖，然后買(mǎi)你鄰居的牛。后者就會(huì)成為你的牧羊人，你付給他們只值一只猴子價(jià)格的貨幣，他們就會(huì)貧窮地死去。
美國(guó)社會(huì)：你有兩頭母牛，你賣(mài)掉一頭，（但）你必須讓另一頭像4頭牛一樣產(chǎn)奶。由于生產(chǎn)能力不足，它死了。你需要一個(gè)顧問(wèn)來(lái)了解它的死因。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

*AMERICAN SOCIETY:* You have two cows, you sell one and you have to make the other one to produce milk like 4 cows. By dint of producing beyond her capacity, she dies. You take a consultant to understand this death.
*FRENCH SOCIETY:* You have two cows, you go on strike because you want a third.
*GERMAN SOCIETY:* You have two cows, you modify them so that they live 100 years, eat once a month and treat themselves.
*AFRICAN SOCIETY:* You have two cows, you eat them the same day because you believe that you need to rebury your grandma and thereafter you dream that donors or the international community give you others. Meanwhile you have fertile land which somehow precludes you from taking any extra efforts to maximize productivity thus resorting to praying praying praying and praying.
So tell me, what beats such an auto poverty cycle.

法國(guó)社會(huì)：你有兩頭牛，你罷工了，因?yàn)槟阆胍谌^。
德國(guó)社會(huì)：你有兩頭牛，你改造它們，讓它們活到100歲，它們每個(gè)月吃一次飯，并且它們要照顧好自己。
非洲社會(huì)：你有兩頭母牛，你在同一天吃掉了它們是因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為你需要給你的祖母重新埋葬一遍，然后你就夢(mèng)想著會(huì)有捐贈(zèng)者或國(guó)際社會(huì)的人給你埋葬所需要的其他東西。而與此同時(shí)，你擁有肥沃的土地，（但）這使得你無(wú)法用任何額外的努力來(lái)最大限度地提高生產(chǎn)力，從而訴諸于祈禱。那么告訴我，是什么打敗了這種貧困的自動(dòng)循環(huán)。

Roy A Hanssen, Master Economic History & International Business (1992)

羅伊·漢森，經(jīng)濟(jì)史與國(guó)際商務(wù)碩士（1992）

no development will happen if the economical and political institutions and not set to be inclusive. As we see in a lot of countries in Africa where the bad concious of the West is poured into economies that are set up in an extractive manner menaing few people extract the total wealth of the country, leaving the workers unskilled and uneducated. One example, Finland. Did not recieve any support from US after war out of respect to USSR, but they were a capitalistic and democratic country so they still managed to become one of the richest in Europe or look to Botswana and Mauritius, the 2 most succesfull countries in Africa, and they have the same political and economical structure as Finland. It is all about the system and letting the system work, but then we come to the layer where you have made a lot of correct observations. Tribes, religion, corruption will halt the development even if both the political and economical institutions are set up the wrong way. It took about 40 years from the English parliament set up the system in the right way till the industrial revolution happend because of this, the rest is as they say history, but you find the fist steps towards that succesfull system in the years of the black plague when so many farmers died and the king got very weak. The black plague turne the power pyramid in England and that was instrumental to the systems development. The lords had to pay the farmers for work done and the king had to ask the parliament every time he wanted to increase the taxes to go to war and that time when the parliamant said no we got the civil war in England that was won by the parliamant and the power of the king was broken and all privleges previously given to the royal family and some lords where finally set free and that resulted in an explotion of economical development, and today you can in England travel on almost 200 years old railway tracs and on 250 year old canals because suddenly offering a waterway or railway for effective transport was good business.

如果經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和政治體制不具備包容性，就不會(huì)有發(fā)展。正如我們?cè)诜侵拊S多國(guó)家所看到的那樣，西方的劣根性涌入了以節(jié)約型方式建立起來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，很少有人攫取國(guó)家的全部財(cái)富，使工人沒(méi)有技能，沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育。芬蘭就是一個(gè)例子。戰(zhàn)后沒(méi)有因?yàn)樽鹬靥K聯(lián)而得到美國(guó)的任何支持，但他們是一個(gè)資本主義和民主的國(guó)家，所以他們?nèi)匀辉O(shè)法成為歐洲最富有的國(guó)家之一，于是他們把目光投向非洲最成功的兩個(gè)國(guó)家博茨瓦納和毛里求斯，因?yàn)樗麄兊恼魏徒?jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)與芬蘭相同。這一切都是制度和制度的運(yùn)作帶來(lái)的，但我們（分析）到了這一步，已經(jīng)做了很多正確的觀(guān)察。即使政治制度和經(jīng)濟(jì)制度都選擇了錯(cuò)誤的方向，部落、宗教、腐敗也會(huì)阻礙發(fā)展。英國(guó)議會(huì)以正確的方式建立這一制度到工業(yè)革命的發(fā)生，大約花了40年的時(shí)間，因?yàn)椋ǔ耍┻@一點(diǎn)，其余的都是他們所說(shuō)的歷史，但你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在黑死病的年代，有那么多農(nóng)民死亡，國(guó)王的權(quán)力變得更弱，（這使他們）朝著這一成功的制度邁出了第一步。黑鼠疫使英國(guó)的權(quán)力金字塔發(fā)生了根本性轉(zhuǎn)變，這對(duì)制度的發(fā)展起到了重要作用。上議院不得不支付農(nóng)民的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬，國(guó)王每次想增稅參戰(zhàn)都要向議會(huì)請(qǐng)示，而那一次，當(dāng)議長(zhǎng)說(shuō)不的時(shí)候，由議長(zhǎng)引發(fā)的英格蘭內(nèi)戰(zhàn)勝利了，國(guó)王的權(quán)力被打破，所有賦予皇室等人的特權(quán)被廢除了，上議院終于自由了，這導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟(jì)的爆炸式發(fā)展，今天你可以在英國(guó)近200年的老鐵路和250年的老運(yùn)河上通行，是因?yàn)橹疤峁┑囊粭l水路或鐵路來(lái)進(jìn)行有效的運(yùn)輸帶來(lái)了好生意。
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Anazuo Salihu, Born and bred in Nigeria, a developing country
· Corruption: I have found corruption to be a recurring theme with most dirt poor African countries. The political elites are vile and dirty. We can't blame colonialism for everything. My own great-great grandfather had black slaves that he sold to white men in exchange for liquor. Some African countries are richer than others. Why is this so? Do you know that a Nigerian senator earns more than the president of the United States of America?
Bill Gates recently revealed that he has spent over $1 billion on Northern Nigeria alone (ONLY northern Nigeria) and it went to waste. No results at all. This is a region where people are still getting Polio. This area is also ravaged by Boko Haram. Children are not even going to school. Maternal and infant mortality in this region is disturbingly high. People who are responsible for distributing relief materials are selling them cheaply in the markets. Gates was recently in Nigeria for his friend’s daughter's wedding when he made the revelation about the $1 billion he invested in northern Nigeria. Father of the bride is Aliko Dangote, the richest black man in the world and guess where he's from? NORTHERN NIGERIA.
· Some of our resources and artefacts were looted by the British but we have ignored the amount of history destroyed during tribal wars and sold by greedy chiefs.

阿納佐·薩利胡，出生和成長(zhǎng)于一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，尼日利亞
腐?。何野l(fā)現(xiàn)腐敗是大多數(shù)貧窮的非洲國(guó)家反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。政治精英卑鄙又骯臟。
我們不能把一切都?xì)w咎于殖民主義。我自己的曾曾祖父有黑奴，他把黑奴賣(mài)給白人換取白酒。一些非洲國(guó)家比其他國(guó)家還要富裕。（但是）為什么會(huì)這樣（貧窮）？ 你知道尼日利亞參議員的收入比美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)還高嗎？
比爾·蓋茨最近透露，他僅在尼日利亞北部就花費(fèi)了10多億美元，然而這一切都白費(fèi)了。根本沒(méi)有結(jié)果。這是一個(gè)仍有人感染小兒麻痹癥的地區(qū)。
這個(gè)地區(qū)也遭到博科圣地（恐怖組織）的蹂躪。孩子們甚至都不上學(xué)。這個(gè)地區(qū)的產(chǎn)婦和嬰兒死亡率也高得令人不安。負(fù)責(zé)分發(fā)救濟(jì)物資的人在市場(chǎng)上廉價(jià)出售這些物資。
蓋茨最近在尼日利亞參加他朋友女兒的婚禮時(shí)透露了他在尼日利亞北部投資10億美元的消息。新娘的父親是阿利科·丹格特，世界上最富有的黑人，猜猜他從哪里來(lái)？尼日利亞的北部。
我們的一些資源和手工藝品被英國(guó)人掠奪了，但我們忽略了在部落戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中被破壞和被貪婪的酋長(zhǎng)出售的歷史。

· Superstitions, limiting beliefs and general lack of intellectual curiosity. There are a couple of ridiculous stereotypes that are holding us back. One simple example I can recall is this:
You can't live on your own if you're unmarried because people will assume you're promiscuous or doing something illegal. The effect of this is a large number of unemployed 30 year olds living with their parents, while developing an unhealthy attitude of risk aversion. By doing this, they can't think independently, outside the box to create solutions that can help alleviate poverty.
General lack of intellectual curiosity: By this, i’m referring to a lack of open mindedness, zeal to learn and over reliance on old beliefs and conspiracy theories. There are babies dying from old traditional medical practices and parents who refuse to get their children immunized because their chiefs told them the white men will kill their children. The result of this is that, a lot of money is diverted to manage these illnesses and that is how the circle of poverty continues. People are simply not willing to be open minded and intellectually curious. Hence, you will find a lot of Ponzi Schemes thriving in African countries because of this lack of intellectual curiosity. This is a huge minus for an economy which should be finding innovative ways to build wealth.

迷信、狹隘的信仰和普遍缺乏知識(shí)。
有一些荒謬的刻板印象阻礙了我們的發(fā)展。
我記得一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子是這樣的：
如果你未婚，你就不能獨(dú)立生活，因?yàn)槿藗儠?huì)認(rèn)為你濫交或做違法的事。而這樣的影響是，大量失業(yè)的30歲青年與父母同住，同時(shí)形成了不健康的避險(xiǎn)態(tài)度。通過(guò)這樣做，他們無(wú)法獨(dú)立思考，跳出固有的圈子，創(chuàng)造出有助于減輕貧困的解決方案。
普遍缺乏求知欲：我指的是缺乏學(xué)習(xí)熱情、思想不開(kāi)放以及過(guò)度依賴(lài)舊的信仰和陰謀論。有些嬰兒死于傳統(tǒng)的醫(yī)療習(xí)慣，有些父母拒絕給他們的孩子接種疫苗，因?yàn)樗麄兊氖最I(lǐng)告訴他們白人會(huì)殺了他們的孩子，這樣做的結(jié)果是，大量資金被轉(zhuǎn)用于治療這些疾病，這就是貧困循環(huán)繼續(xù)下去的原因。人們只是不愿意開(kāi)放自己的思維并且充滿(mǎn)好奇心。因此，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)許多龐氏騙局在非洲國(guó)家蓬勃發(fā)展，因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)狈?duì)知識(shí)的好奇心。這對(duì)一個(gè)應(yīng)該尋找創(chuàng)新方式來(lái)積累財(cái)富的經(jīng)濟(jì)體來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)巨大的負(fù)面影響。
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Mark Doel, studied at Canterbury Christ Church University
In terms of GDP in ascending order: Oceania, Africa, South America, Europe, North America, Asia.
So Asia is the world’s richest continent, Oceania the world’s poorest, Africa the 2nd poorest.
Africa played host to a number of ancient, medi and early modern civilisations such as ancient Egypt, Cush, Axum, Great Zimbabe, the Islamic caliphates, the Zulus, the Ghanaian empire, sultanate of Zanzibar and the kingdom of Benin.
I suggest the main reason for Africa’s economic relative decline has been the shifts in economic balance and economic evolution from around 1750 onward. I do not get the impression alot of industry in sub-saharan Africa is home grown. A Chinese company might employ Africans and have African managers but it’s still a Chinese company. Nothing wrong with that, but I wander how many industries and corporations are of African origin.
Africa could do with a European style ‘single market’ but conflicts to varying degrees are hampering it.
We could blame colonialism but if they managed to exploit resources then so can Africans.
Whilst there are many African languages and dialects, the lingua franca of much of Africa is English and French so it’s not like Africa is incapable of western style commerce.

馬克·多爾，曾就讀于坎特伯雷基督教堂大學(xué)。
按國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值升序排列：大洋洲、非洲、南美洲、歐洲、北美洲、亞洲。
所以亞洲是世界上最富有的大陸，大洋洲是世界上最貧窮的，非洲是第二貧窮。
非洲擁有許多古代、中世紀(jì)和早期現(xiàn)代文明，如古埃及、庫(kù)什、阿克蘇姆、大津巴布、伊斯蘭哈里發(fā)、祖魯、加納帝國(guó)、桑給巴爾蘇丹國(guó)和貝寧王國(guó)。
我認(rèn)為非洲經(jīng)濟(jì)相對(duì)衰退的主要原因是1750年前后經(jīng)濟(jì)平衡和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的變化。我不認(rèn)為撒哈拉以南非洲的許多工業(yè)是本土的。一家中國(guó)公司可能雇傭非洲人，也有非洲經(jīng)理，但它仍然是一家中國(guó)公司。這沒(méi)什么問(wèn)題，但我不知道有多少行業(yè)和公司是非洲起源的。
非洲可以建立一個(gè)歐洲式的“單一市場(chǎng)”，但不同程度的沖突正在阻礙這一進(jìn)程。
我們可以指責(zé)殖民主義，但如果他們?cè)O(shè)法利用資源，非洲人也可以（擺脫貧困）。
雖然存在許多非洲語(yǔ)言和方言，但非洲大部分地區(qū)的通用語(yǔ)言是英語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)，因此非洲并不是沒(méi)有能力進(jìn)行西式貿(mào)易。

Alot of farming in sub-saharan Africa operates on a rather medi basis by western standards. Small holdings with surplus produce going to local markets rather than commerial holdings exporting globally.
Whilst coastal areas would have an inflow of capital from tourist and other revenue, the lack of good infrastructure is hampering development and trade efforts in into the heart of the continent.
Corruption also plays a large part. Countries like Botswana are relatively well developed by African standards because they have good governance.
Even without corruption and with good governance there’s only so far you can go with what I’d call cottage and artisanal industries such as small holder agriculture. A marxist and green political agenda has held Africa back. It needs to do what Japan did in copying the west but then putting its own slant on it.
In short Africa has broadley not really gone beyond the ‘take off’ stage in Rostow’s model. In the UK and what is now the Republic of Ireland that was between 1783 and 1822. In Russia it was between 1890 and 1914. In the US it was between 1843 and 1860. 1850–1873 in Germany. 1896–1914 in Canada. 1952 in China and India.
After the ‘take off stage’ we have stage 4 (stages 1 and 2 are ‘traditional society’ and ‘pre-conditions for takeoff’). In the UK and what is now Ireland it was 1850. It was 1950 what was then the USSR, 1900 in the US, 1910 in Germany and 1950 in Canada.
The take off stage is defined as a point where we get rapid urbanisation with some form of industrialisation, however it has not diversified entirely so hasn’t reached stage 4.

按照西方的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，撒哈拉以南非洲的許多農(nóng)業(yè)是在相當(dāng)于中世紀(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)作的。擁有剩余農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的小資產(chǎn)流入本地市場(chǎng)，而不是向全球出口的商業(yè)資產(chǎn)。
雖然沿海地區(qū)將有來(lái)自旅游業(yè)和其他收入的資本流入，但缺乏良好的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施阻礙了該大陸中心地區(qū)的發(fā)展和貿(mào)易努力。
腐敗也起了很大的作用。按照非洲的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，博茨瓦納這樣的國(guó)家相對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)，因?yàn)樗鼈冇兄己玫闹卫恚ㄕ撸?br /> 即使沒(méi)有腐敗和良好的治理，我所說(shuō)的家庭手工業(yè)和手工工業(yè)，如小農(nóng)戶(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)，也只能走到目前為止。馬克思主義和綠色政治議程阻礙了非洲的發(fā)展。它需要像日本那樣照搬西方模式，但又有自己的傾向。
簡(jiǎn)而言之，在羅斯托的模型中，非洲并沒(méi)有真正超越“起飛”階段。在英國(guó)，現(xiàn)在的愛(ài)爾蘭共和國(guó)（“起飛”階段）是在1783年到1822年之間。在俄國(guó)是在1890年到1914年之間。美國(guó)是在1843年到1860年之間。德國(guó)是在1850年至1873年。加拿大是在1896年至1914年。中國(guó)和印度是在1952年。
在“起飛階段”之后，我們有第四階段（第一階段和第二階段是“傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)”和“起飛的先決條件”）。在英國(guó)和現(xiàn)在的愛(ài)爾蘭是1850年。在當(dāng)時(shí)的蘇聯(lián)是1950年，在美國(guó)是1900年，在德國(guó)是1910年，在加拿大是1950年。
“起飛階段”被定義為我們通過(guò)某種形式的工業(yè)化實(shí)現(xiàn)快速城市化的階段，然而它并沒(méi)有完全多樣化，所以還沒(méi)有達(dá)到第四階段。

Jeff Verkouille, works at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
As others have noted Africa is the second largest continent, with 54 countries. There is considerable regional variation even within these countries, let alone between them, which brings us to the second point.
Africa is not poor. There is widespread poverty within most of the nations on the continent, but there is also incredible wealth and plenty of folks who could use more money but are getting along just fine (I’m in that category myself).
We’re not, most of us, wiping flies off our malnourished faces while looking for lions in the bush. We’re commuting to jobs in taxis and buses or our own cars, working with our hands tapping on keyboards or doing jobs that are done in Europe, Asia, or the Americas: preparing food in restaurants, fixing cars, building both houses and skyscrappers, issuing insurance paperwork, staffing offices, walking a police beat, cold calling clients, the usual melange of 21st century jobs.

杰夫·維庫(kù)耶，在紅杉和國(guó)王峽谷國(guó)家公園工作。
正如其他人所指出的，非洲是第二大大陸，有54個(gè)國(guó)家。即使在這些國(guó)家內(nèi)部，也存在著相當(dāng)大的區(qū)域差異，更不用說(shuō)在國(guó)家與國(guó)家之間了，這就把我們帶到了第二點(diǎn)。
非洲并不貧窮。非洲大陸的大多數(shù)國(guó)家普遍存在貧困，但也有難以置信的財(cái)富，并且還有很多人擁有許多錢(qián)且相處起來(lái)很不錯(cuò)的人（我自己也屬于這一類(lèi)人）。
我們大多數(shù)人并不再如同以前灌木叢中尋找獅子的時(shí)候，從營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的臉上抹去蒼蠅。我們上下班要坐出租車(chē)、公交車(chē)或自己的車(chē)，（每天）敲鍵盤(pán)，或者做歐洲、亞洲或美洲（類(lèi)似）的工作：在餐館準(zhǔn)備食物、修車(chē)、蓋房子和刮板機(jī)、簽發(fā)保險(xiǎn)文件、為辦公室配備人員、走去警察巡邏隊(duì)、打電話(huà)給客戶(hù)，和21世紀(jì)常見(jiàn)的混雜的工作一樣。

Yes, I do see small Fulani boys herding cattle some evenings and mornings. I also buy my coffee at a modern air conditioned grocery store housed in a mall, drive a small economy sedan made in Korea on paved roads (not a Range Rover with a spare tire on the hood over the savanna, that is strictly out of country vacation or movies), and spend too many hours in front of a computer screen. I try to keep up my fitness by practicing martial arts (BJJ and MMA) and eating more vegetables, and while the wife sneaks yams onto the dinner table, most of my vegetables are western stables: corn, broccoli, tomatoes, potatoes, green beans, peppers, and peas.
I’m not poor. Most of my colleagues are not poor. I do give money to the poor, but I can easily do the same in America, at the same street sidewalks and intersections.
I’ve said it before, and I’ll say it again: visit. Come see some of Africa’s many countries and cities, walk around, meet with people, have a latte or a beer at a cafe. See the local sights.
That way we’ll make some tourist cash and be less poor and you’ll be part of the solution and not part of the problem.

是的，我確實(shí)看到富拉尼的小男孩在晚上和早上放牛。
我也在商場(chǎng)里的一家有空調(diào)的現(xiàn)代化雜貨店買(mǎi)咖啡，在鋪好的路上開(kāi)一輛韓國(guó)產(chǎn)的小型經(jīng)濟(jì)型轎車(chē)（而不是一輛引擎蓋上有備胎的路虎攬勝，那車(chē)完全是在國(guó)外度假用或看電影中才有場(chǎng)景），在電腦屏幕前會(huì)花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間。我試著通過(guò)練習(xí)武術(shù)（BJJ和MMA）和多吃蔬菜來(lái)保持身體的健康，當(dāng)妻子偷偷把山藥放在餐桌上時(shí)，我的大部分蔬菜都是西式的：玉米、西蘭花、西紅柿、土豆、綠豆、辣椒和豌豆。
我不窮。我的大多數(shù)同事并不窮。我確實(shí)給窮人錢(qián)，但在美國(guó)，在同樣的街道人行道和十字路口，我也能輕易地做這些。
我以前說(shuō)過(guò)，我還要再說(shuō)一遍：拜訪(fǎng)（非洲）。來(lái)看看非洲許多國(guó)家和城市，四處走走，與人們見(jiàn)面，在咖啡館喝杯拿鐵或啤酒以及游覽當(dāng)?shù)鼐包c(diǎn)。
這樣我們就能賺些旅游的錢(qián)，減少貧困，而你將成為（給非洲）解決問(wèn)題的那一部分人，而不是有問(wèn)題的一部分。

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