Analysis of ancient DNA found in Finland has unveiled a surprise a century later – the remains of an early medi warrior thought to be female may have been nonbinary.

對(duì)在芬蘭發(fā)現(xiàn)的古代DNA的分析在一個(gè)世紀(jì)之后揭示了一個(gè)驚喜--被認(rèn)為是女性的中世紀(jì)早期戰(zhàn)士的遺骸可能是非二元的。

The new findings challenge previous ideas about gender roles and expression and suggest that nonbinary people were valued and respected members of their communities, researchers concluded in their study, published in the peer-reviewed European Journal of Archaeology,

研究人員在發(fā)表于同行評(píng)議的《歐洲考古學(xué)雜志》上的研究報(bào)告中總結(jié)說(shuō)，這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)挑戰(zhàn)了以前關(guān)于性別角色和表達(dá)方式的想法，并表明非二元人是其社區(qū)中受重視和尊重的成員。

The findings are a reminder that "biology does not directly dictate a person's self-identity," said Ulla Moilanen, the study's lead author and an archaeologist at Finland's University of Turku.

該研究的主要作者、芬蘭圖爾庫(kù)大學(xué)的考古學(xué)家Ulla Moilanen說(shuō)，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)提醒我們，"生物學(xué)并不能直接決定一個(gè)人的自我身份"。

Archaeologists first discovered the grave in 1968. Located in Suontaka Vesitorninm?ki, southern Finland, the remains were buried alongside a sword and jewelry such as brooches and found in fragments of woolen clothes — which were "a typical feminine costume of the era," the researchers said.

考古學(xué)家在1968年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)墳?zāi)埂＿z體位于芬蘭南部的Suontaka Vesitorninm?ki，與一把劍和胸針等珠寶一起被埋葬，并在羊毛衣服的碎片中被發(fā)現(xiàn)--這是 "那個(gè)時(shí)代的典型女性服裝"，研究人員說(shuō)。

But the use of DNA analysis decades later found chromosomes that didn't match what's expected for males or females. The researchers — based in Finland and Germany — concluded that the buried person likely had Klinefelter syndrome and was anatomically male.

但幾十年后使用DNA分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，染色體與男性或女性的預(yù)期不一致。研究人員--總部設(shè)在芬蘭和德國(guó)--得出結(jié)論，被埋葬的人很可能患有克利內(nèi)費(fèi)爾特綜合癥，在解剖學(xué)上是男性。
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Females are typically born with two X chromosomes (XX) and males are born with one X and one Y chromosome (XY). Males born with Klinefelter syndrome are born with an extra X chromosome (XXY), according to the United Kingdom's National Health Service.

女性通常出生時(shí)有兩條X染色體（XX），男性出生時(shí)有一條X和一條Y染色體（XY）。根據(jù)英國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生局的資料，患有克里內(nèi)費(fèi)爾特綜合癥的男性生來(lái)就有一條額外的X染色體（XXY）。

The syndrome affects about 1 in 660 males. Those with Klinefelter may have low levels of testosterone, a smaller penis, undescended testes, enlarged breasts and infertility. Many people aren't diagnosed until they are older and test their fertility levels; others are never diagnosed.

該綜合征影響到大約1/660的男性。克里內(nèi)費(fèi)爾特患者可能有低水平的睪丸激素，陰莖較小，睪丸未降，乳房增大和不孕。許多人在年老時(shí)才被診斷出來(lái)，并測(cè)試他們的生育水平；其他人則從未被診斷出來(lái)。
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In their findings, the researchers noted that the remains were "badly damaged" and that they only had a small sample to test. But through the use of modeling, they said they "found overwhelming evidence that the genetic data of the Suontaka individual most closely resemble an XXY karyotype."

在他們的研究結(jié)果中，研究人員指出，這些遺骸被 "嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞"，而且他們只有一個(gè)小的樣本可以測(cè)試。但是，通過(guò)使用模型，他們說(shuō)他們 "發(fā)現(xiàn)了壓倒性的證據(jù)，即Suontaka個(gè)人的遺傳數(shù)據(jù)最接近于XXY核型"。
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The honorable way the warrior was buried led researchers to conclude that the remains were of "a respected person whose gender identity may well have been non-binary."

戰(zhàn)士的光榮埋葬方式使研究人員得出結(jié)論，遺體是 "一個(gè)受人尊敬的人，其性別認(rèn)同很可能是非二進(jìn)制的"。

"If the characteristics of the Klinefelter syndrome have been evident on the person, they might not have been considered strictly a female or a male in the Early Middle Ages community," Moilanen said. "The abundant collection of obxts buried in the grave is proof that the person was not only accepted but also valued and respected."

"Moilanen說(shuō)："如果這個(gè)人身上有明顯的克萊內(nèi)菲爾特綜合癥的特征，那么在中世紀(jì)早期的社區(qū)中，他們可能不會(huì)被認(rèn)為是嚴(yán)格的女性或男性。"埋在墳?zāi)估锏拇罅课锲纷C明這個(gè)人不僅被接受，而且受到重視和尊重"。

The new research indicates that even in an "ultra-masculine environment of early medi Scandinavia" where men with "feminine social roles and [who] dressed in feminine clothing were disrespected and considered shameful," there may have been individuals who did not fit gender norms and were still admired, the researchers concluded.

新的研究表明，即使在 "中世紀(jì)早期斯堪的納維亞半島的極端男性化環(huán)境 "中，具有 "女性社會(huì)角色和[那些]穿著女性服裝的男人不被尊重并被認(rèn)為是可恥的"，也可能有一些不符合性別規(guī)范的人仍然被欽佩，研究人員總結(jié)道。

Other archaeologists and historians not involved in these new findings told Livescience they found the work exciting, as it calls attention to conversations surrounding gender, bodies and identity.

其他沒(méi)有參與這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)的考古學(xué)家和歷史學(xué)家告訴Livescience，他們認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)工作令人振奮，因?yàn)樗粲蹶P(guān)注圍繞性別、身體和身份的對(duì)話。

"It is a well-researched study of an interesting burial," said Leszek Gardela, a researcher at the National Museum of Denmark. "It demonstrates that early medi societies had very nuanced approaches to and understandings of gender identities."

"丹麥國(guó)家博物館的研究員Leszek Gardela說(shuō)："這是對(duì)一個(gè)有趣的墓葬進(jìn)行的精心研究。"它表明，中世紀(jì)早期社會(huì)對(duì)性別身份有非常細(xì)微的處理和理解。

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