QA問(wèn)答：為什么普魯士在1871年的普法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中沒(méi)有完全接管法國(guó)呢？
Why didn't Prussia completely take over France in the Franco-Prussian War?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
因?yàn)檫@樣他們就有了治理法國(guó)的責(zé)任，而即使是法國(guó)人也不愿意治理法國(guó)。
正文翻譯
Why didn't Prussia completely take over France in the Franco-Prussian War?
為什么普魯士在普法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中沒(méi)有完全接管法國(guó)呢？
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, lives in The United States of America (1984-present)
Because then they would have the responsibility of governing France and even the French don’t want to govern France.
It is questionable to the point of extremely doubtful that Austria-Hungary, the British Empire, and the Russian Empire would have stood idly by while Prussia/Germany de facto annexed all of metropolitan France. Attempts by Prussia/Germany to occupy, let alone occupy and annex, all of France, would have likely triggered a major continental war. Britain would have been sounding alarm bells that the apocalypse had begun because of the sudden overthrow of their balance of power schemes on the continent.
因?yàn)檫@樣他們就有了治理法國(guó)的責(zé)任，而即使是法國(guó)人也不愿意治理法國(guó)。
奧匈帝國(guó)、大英帝國(guó)和俄羅斯帝國(guó)是否會(huì)在普魯士/德國(guó)事實(shí)上吞并整個(gè)法國(guó)本土的時(shí)候袖手旁觀，這一點(diǎn)是值得懷疑的，甚至可以說(shuō)是極其懷疑的。普魯士/德國(guó)試圖占領(lǐng)，更不用說(shuō)占領(lǐng)和吞并整個(gè)法國(guó)了，這很可能會(huì)引發(fā)一場(chǎng)大規(guī)模的大陸戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。英國(guó)會(huì)敲響警鐘，認(rèn)為世界末日已經(jīng)開始，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)跉W洲大陸的權(quán)力平衡計(jì)劃突然被推翻了。
, The Franco-Prussian war is a must to learn about
upxed Nov 9 · Upvoted by
Li Song
, Docter Mathematics & History, Colleges and Universities (2020) and
Philip W
, Major History Buff
#1. Because Germany never occupied the entirety of France during the war
The map above shows where the combat took place in the Franco Prussian war. The Germans could only have military control over France where it is occupied during the war because after signing the armistice to end the war in January 28th 1871, further military aggression was impossible (except for the front around Dijon and Amiens).
It was only the north east of France that directly saw military actions and many rural French men living in the south was indifferent with the wars outcome. It is far better to let these southerners indifferent rather than provoke them with occupation and let them join the war as well. In fact, the Germans were already suffering from francs-tireurs attacks from the east, destruction of towns and railroads by both sides.
#2. How would they maintain tight control?
Let’s say Prussia did take over entire France.
The entire deployment of German forces in the war was 1.5 million. Right before the sign of the armistice, there were 730,000 German troops in France. A further 200,000 were Landwehr-a German second-line reserve unit-and when occupying entire France, they would be called up. But, you still can’t contain Europe’s biggest and the most populated power (excluding Russia) with just 1 million troops.
In fact, France right after war time was extremely unstable. There were violent rebellions like the Paris Commune, not just the socialists and com...sts, but the commoners also felt betrayed by the new government which failed to save France from defeat. Bismarck was smart. Instead of sacrificing German lives suppressing these anti-government rebellions, he released captured French troops which was lead by MacMahon to suppress the Communards. It worked.
French government troops
#3. Would Germans like that?
The war was for the German unification. To successfully maintain unification, you need the German people to support it. The Franco-Prussian war was an expensive war.
Unlike the Austro-Prussian War, the Germans pushed a harsh term against their foe. Naturally, their foe fought to the death and it took a total seven months to end it.
Not only did the continuance of the war require massive amount of supplies for food and fodder, it also sacrificed the convenience of the German people. For Prussia, it was possible for the government to take over private railroads in times of war. War materials such as heavy siege guns, ammunition, reinforcements were always a priority and so many young men had to be mobilized away from civilian life.
The occupation of entire France would be equivalent to the continuance of the war both requiring heavy supplies and sacrifice. The only thing that is not equivalent is that there is no combat, but others would remain exactly the same.
1870 Prussian railway
#4. Exhaustion
Not just the civilians, but the direct victims of war would be the actual soldiers. The I Bavarian Corps which joined the war in 35,000 strength in August 1870 was depleted less than half strength by December. The Siege of Paris is now continuing awfully long. During the siege, every officer should stay in 24 hour duty and at the following day a one day rest. When this type of life continues, naturally would human beings feel fatigue. The rankers in the trenches were even more exhausted. Even though there were no problems in supplies, the weather got cold since November. By December, the ground froze and it snowed. The soldiers in the 1st parallel which would be the closest trench to the enemy could be reached by the Chassepot rifle, therefore under constant threat of getting shot. Besides that, the French frequently opened bombardments against the entrenched Germans.
Exhaustion was a major element. Moltke initially planned to send these boys to their home by Christmas, but it continued on and on. Bismarck had to lessen the terms for peace (5 billion francs indemnity from 6 billion, excluding Belfort from annexation) to finally get the French to talk. The war was ended in haste by February 1871 with a quick victory march in March 1st.
To occupy entire France would mean let these troops to stay away from their homes even longer. An unnecessary waste of manpower and resources to occupy France which was now dry of constant war and fatigue? That was never acceptable.
#1. 因?yàn)榈聡?guó)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間從未占領(lǐng)過(guò)法國(guó)的全部領(lǐng)土
上面的地圖顯示了法普戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中戰(zhàn)斗發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)。德國(guó)人在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間只能對(duì)法國(guó)被占領(lǐng)的地方進(jìn)行軍事控制，因?yàn)樵?871年1月28日簽署停戰(zhàn)協(xié)議結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，進(jìn)一步的軍事侵略是不可能的（除了第戎和亞眠附近的戰(zhàn)線）。
只有法國(guó)東北部直接出現(xiàn)了軍事行動(dòng)，許多生活在南部的法國(guó)農(nóng)村男子對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)果漠不關(guān)心。讓這些南方人無(wú)動(dòng)于衷，遠(yuǎn)比用占領(lǐng)來(lái)激怒他們，讓他們也加入戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)要好得多。事實(shí)上，德國(guó)人已經(jīng)在遭受來(lái)自法國(guó)東部的猛烈攻擊，對(duì)雙方的城鎮(zhèn)和鐵路進(jìn)行破壞。
#2. 他們將如何保持嚴(yán)格的控制？
假設(shè)普魯士真的占領(lǐng)了整個(gè)法國(guó)。
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中德軍的總共部署了150萬(wàn)人。就在停戰(zhàn)協(xié)議簽署之前，法國(guó)境內(nèi)有73萬(wàn)德軍。還有20萬(wàn)是德國(guó)陸軍的二線預(yù)備隊(duì)，當(dāng)占領(lǐng)整個(gè)法國(guó)時(shí)，他們會(huì)被征召。但是，僅憑100萬(wàn)軍隊(duì)，你仍然無(wú)法遏制歐洲最大和人口最多的國(guó)家（不包括俄羅斯）。
事實(shí)上，戰(zhàn)后的法國(guó)是極其不穩(wěn)定的。出現(xiàn)了像巴黎公社那樣的暴力叛亂，不僅僅是社會(huì)主義者和共產(chǎn)主義者，平民也覺(jué)得被新政府背叛了，而新政府沒(méi)能挽救法國(guó)的失敗。俾斯麥很聰明。他沒(méi)有犧牲德國(guó)人的生命來(lái)鎮(zhèn)壓這些反政府的叛亂，而是釋放了由麥克馬洪領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的被俘法國(guó)軍隊(duì)來(lái)鎮(zhèn)壓共產(chǎn)主義者。這很有效。
#3. 德國(guó)人會(huì)喜歡這樣嗎？
這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是為了德國(guó)的統(tǒng)一。要成功維持統(tǒng)一，需要德國(guó)人民的支持。普法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是一場(chǎng)昂貴的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
與普奧戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不同，德國(guó)人對(duì)他們的敵人進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)厲的攻擊。自然，他們的敵人也奮死抵抗，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)總共花了七個(gè)月時(shí)間才結(jié)束。
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的持續(xù)不僅需要大量的食品和飼料供應(yīng)，而且還犧牲了德國(guó)人民的便利。對(duì)普魯士來(lái)說(shuō)，政府有可能在戰(zhàn)時(shí)接管私人鐵路。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)物資，如重型攻城炮、彈藥、增援部隊(duì)總是優(yōu)先考慮的，因此許多年輕人不得不被動(dòng)員起來(lái)，遠(yuǎn)離平民生活。
占領(lǐng)整個(gè)法國(guó)就相當(dāng)于繼續(xù)進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，都需要大量的物資和犧牲。唯一不等同的是沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)斗，但其他方面將保持完全相同。
#4. 疲憊不堪
不僅僅是平民，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的直接受害者將是真正的士兵。1870年8月以35,000人的兵力參戰(zhàn)的巴伐利亞第一軍團(tuán)，到12月時(shí)已耗盡了差不多一半的兵力。對(duì)巴黎的圍困的時(shí)間現(xiàn)在正被拉得越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)。在圍城期間，每個(gè)軍官都得24小時(shí)值班，并在第二天休息一天。當(dāng)這種生活持續(xù)下去時(shí)，人類自然會(huì)感到疲勞。戰(zhàn)壕里的官兵們更是疲憊不堪。盡管補(bǔ)給沒(méi)有問(wèn)題，但從11月開始，天氣變得寒冷。到了12月，地面結(jié)冰，下起了雪。第一平行線上的士兵是離敵人最近的戰(zhàn)壕，是Chassepot步槍的射程范圍，因此一直面臨著被射殺的威脅。除此之外，法軍還經(jīng)常對(duì)固守的德國(guó)人進(jìn)行轟炸。
疲憊是一個(gè)主要因素。毛奇最初計(jì)劃在圣誕節(jié)前把這些孩子送回他們的家，但它一直在持續(xù)。俾斯麥不得不降低和平條件（從60億法郎的賠償金降低到50億法郎，不包括對(duì)貝爾福特的吞并），最終讓法國(guó)人同意談判。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在1871年2月以3月1日的快速勝利進(jìn)軍而匆匆結(jié)束。
占領(lǐng)整個(gè)法國(guó)將意味著讓這些軍隊(duì)離開他們的家園更久。占領(lǐng)法國(guó)是對(duì)人力和資源的不必要的浪費(fèi)，而德國(guó)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)在不斷的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和疲勞中干涸了，這是不可能接受的。
, lives in France
upxed Mar 6
They did actually.
After the Prussians won against France (let's date it at the end of the Sedan battle when Napoléon III was captured with a fair amount of his soldiers : on 2 September of 1870)
From this time until 1873 France had Prussian troops in its territory (they seemed to like it enough to come back during WW2).
The question is : Why did they stay until then?
The answer is quite simple : they negotiated a treaty and the French were VERY compliant. This treaty was signed on 10 May of 1871 in Frankfurt.
They allowed the Prussians to annex “Alsace-Lorraine” which is 14,500 square kilometers (that’s more than a third of Swiss land area to put it into perspective)
Plus, they promised to pay 5 billion francs in reparation. Pretty good right ?
But do you know what’s even better ?
The Prussians didn’t have to handle the crazy republicans that didn’t let their army enter Paris (cf : Paris Commune - Wikipedia).
Basically, when the Prussians signed the treaty, there was some kind of proto-anarchist thing going on in Paris that considered the current pacific French government as traitors because, well they signed a treaty with the goddamn boches !!
Now the Prussians already know how much of a pain in the ass these Parisians can be since they had to siege Paris for 4 months between 1870 and early 1871 for them to finally start negotiating.
So literally two weeks after he signed the treaty this guy :
Adolphe Thiers, current leader of the French government
Says to this guy :
“Look man I need you to release Napoleon’s soldiers to defeat these crazy anarchists, otherwise I can’t pay your 5 billions, since we’ll never find the stability to do so.” (note that Thiers had a very unusual way to speak for his time).
“French against French?” thinks Bismarck. “Sounds good” he answers. So he allows Thiers to get back his POWs.
Adolphe Thiers builds an army of approximately 170,000 and marches to Paris. The “Communards” (surname for the participants of the Commune of Paris) were around 35,000 against these soldiers.
You’d think you can predict the outcome right ? Yes, they won, but I don’t think you could guess the atrocious manner: in 7 days, Thiers and his men killed 30,000 communards. He didn’t hesitate to fire cannonballs on them. These seven days (21-28 may of 1871) were called “l(fā)a semaine sanglante” (“the bloody week”, self-explanatory).
That’s why they didn’t just “take over” France durably, there was a bunch of Republicans that were completely opposed to the Prussians and would have prefered dying to being under their occupation.
However, most people were pacifists at the time and most nobles and bourgeois too. What do they have in common ? Money and the will, if necessary, to use this money to buy peace as fast as possible. So why waste your time and money in a territory where there is a constant threat (even if marginal) against you when you can simply occupy it until they pay the 5 billions and still manage to keep some of its territory without having to fear this opposition since the French government itself is handling it for you ?
As a French guy, I have to say Bismarck made a very good decision for his country and got the best of both worlds: stable annexed territories without having to spend money to stabilize them and huge reparations.
他們確實(shí)這么干了。
在普魯士人贏得對(duì)法國(guó)的勝利后（讓我們把時(shí)間定在色當(dāng)戰(zhàn)役結(jié)束后，拿破侖三世和他的大量士兵被俘的時(shí)間：1870年9月2日）。
從這時(shí)起直到1873年，法國(guó)在其領(lǐng)土上都有普魯士軍隊(duì)（他們似乎很喜歡這里，在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間又回來(lái)了）。
問(wèn)題: 他們?yōu)槭裁匆舻竭@個(gè)時(shí)候？
答案很簡(jiǎn)單：他們對(duì)一項(xiàng)條約進(jìn)行談判，而法國(guó)人則非常順從。該條約于1871年5月10日在法蘭克福簽署。
他們?cè)试S普魯士人吞并"阿爾薩斯-洛林"，面積為14500平方公里（從這個(gè)角度看，這超過(guò)了瑞士土地面積的三分之一）。
此外，他們還承諾支付50億法郎的賠償金。很不錯(cuò)吧？
但你知道更棒的是什么嗎？
普魯士人不必處理那些不讓他們的軍隊(duì)進(jìn)入巴黎的瘋狂共和黨人（參見(jiàn)：巴黎公社--維基百科）。
基本上，當(dāng)普魯士人簽署條約時(shí)，巴黎發(fā)生了某種原始的無(wú)政府主義的事情，他們認(rèn)為目前的法國(guó)和平政府是叛徒，因?yàn)椋麄兣c該死的波克人簽署了條約?。?br /> 現(xiàn)在普魯士人已經(jīng)知道這些巴黎人有多討厭了，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)?870年和1871年初之間圍攻了巴黎4個(gè)月，才讓他們最終開始談判。
因此，在他簽署條約的兩周后，這個(gè)家伙：
阿道夫-梯也爾，法國(guó)政府的現(xiàn)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人
對(duì)這個(gè)家伙說(shuō):
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
"聽(tīng)著，伙計(jì)，我需要你釋放拿破侖的士兵來(lái)打敗這些瘋狂的無(wú)政府主義者，否則我無(wú)法支付你的50億，因?yàn)槲覀冇肋h(yuǎn)找不到穩(wěn)定的資金供給。" (注意，梯也爾的說(shuō)話方式在他的時(shí)代非常不尋常）。
"用法國(guó)人對(duì)付法國(guó)人？"俾斯麥想。"聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò) "，他回答道。于是他允許梯也爾拿回他的戰(zhàn)俘。
阿道夫-梯也爾建立了一支約17萬(wàn)人的軍隊(duì)，向巴黎進(jìn)軍。約有35000名“同志”（巴黎公社參與者的綽號(hào)）對(duì)抗這些士兵。
你以為你可以預(yù)測(cè)這件事的結(jié)果，對(duì)嗎？是的，他們贏了，但我不認(rèn)為你能猜到其殘暴的方式：在7天內(nèi)，梯也爾和他的手下殺死了3萬(wàn)名公社成員。他毫不猶豫地向他們發(fā)射了炮彈。這七天（1871年5月21日至28日）被稱為 "血腥的一周"（la semaine sanglante，不言而喻）。
這就是為什么他們沒(méi)有持久地"接管"法國(guó)：有一群共和黨人堅(jiān)決反對(duì)普魯士人，寧愿死也不愿意被他們占領(lǐng)。
然而，當(dāng)時(shí)大多數(shù)人都是和平主義者，大多數(shù)貴族和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)也是如此。他們有什么共同點(diǎn)？錢和意愿，如果有必要的話，用這些錢盡可能快地購(gòu)買和平。那么，為什么要把時(shí)間和金錢浪費(fèi)在一個(gè)對(duì)你有持續(xù)威脅（即使是微不足道的威脅）的領(lǐng)土上，而你可以簡(jiǎn)單地占領(lǐng)它，直到他們支付你50億，并且還可以設(shè)法奪取一些領(lǐng)土，而不必?fù)?dān)心這種反對(duì)，因?yàn)榉▏?guó)政府自己在為你處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題？
作為一個(gè)法國(guó)人，我不得不說(shuō)俾斯麥為他的國(guó)家做了一個(gè)非常好的決定，得到了兩全其美的結(jié)果：穩(wěn)定的被吞并的領(lǐng)土，而不必花錢去穩(wěn)定它們和巨額的賠款。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
I add only one point to this excellent paper: Bismarck didn’t want Lorraine, only Alsace which was truly German (he was right). It was Von Molkte who insisted on Lorraine to control the big three fortresses: Metz, Toul and Verdun. If William I had supported Bismark better, could be that WW1 wouldn’t have happened.
對(duì)于這篇優(yōu)秀的答文，我只補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)。俾斯麥不想要洛林，只想要真正屬于德國(guó)的阿爾薩斯（他是對(duì)的）。是馮-莫克特堅(jiān)持要洛林來(lái)控制三大要塞：梅茲、圖爾和凡爾登。如果威廉一世能更好地支持俾斯麥，可能第一次世界大戰(zhàn)就不會(huì)發(fā)生。
You are true, but the annexation of Metz, Toul, Verdun was crucial and simply because of the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine the First World War escalated is just a cliché. The three cities were major fortress towns which the French could’ve used for rearmament which would be more hazardous.
Also, the French felt immense hatred towards the German due to their defeat whether the Germans took Alsace-Lorraine or not.
Furthermore, the First World War didn’t happen just because of the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. It’s because Germany invaded France and many Frenchmen felt an obligation to serve their country against a foreign invasion.
你的說(shuō)法是對(duì)的，但是吞并梅斯、圖爾、凡爾登是至關(guān)重要的，說(shuō)僅僅因?yàn)橥滩⒘税査_斯-洛林就導(dǎo)致了第一次世界大戰(zhàn)，這只是一種陳詞濫調(diào)。這三個(gè)城市是主要的要塞城市，法國(guó)人可以用它們來(lái)重新武裝法國(guó)，這將是更危險(xiǎn)的。
另外，無(wú)論德國(guó)人是否占領(lǐng)了阿爾薩斯-洛林，法國(guó)人都會(huì)因?yàn)槭《鴮?duì)德國(guó)人感到無(wú)比的憎恨。
此外，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的發(fā)生并不只是因?yàn)閷?duì)阿爾薩斯-洛林的吞并。而是因?yàn)榈聡?guó)入侵法國(guó)，許多法國(guó)人感到有義務(wù)為國(guó)家服務(wù)，對(duì)抗外國(guó)入侵。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
You are absolutely right about Metz, Toul and Verdun. As for World War 1 it happened beause of Sarajevo, because Austria then declared war on Serbia, and because Czar Nicolas declared war to Austria to respect his treaty with Serbia. Then of course Germany declared war on Russia to defend Austria. And then of course the UK and France declared war to Germany and Austria as per their treaty with Russia. Alsace-Lorraine was a cherry on top for the French.
Now, I bet you that if in 1871 Bismarck had followed his own common sense (which was big) and annexed only Alsace, things would have been way easier. It was Von Molkte who insisted in taking Lorraine as well, for the reasons you mentioned. because he was thinking like a stubborn, short term minded military, and not as a history-conscious politician. Von Molkte was Prussian, but Bismarck was a German with the right vision. And that was a serious mistake, because Lorraine, historically, was French…
關(guān)于梅茲、圖爾和凡爾登，你說(shuō)得很對(duì)。至于第一次世界大戰(zhàn)，它的發(fā)生是因?yàn)樗_拉熱窩，因?yàn)閵W地利當(dāng)時(shí)向塞爾維亞宣戰(zhàn)，也因?yàn)樯郴誓峁爬驃W地利宣戰(zhàn)以尊重他與塞爾維亞的條約。然后當(dāng)然是德國(guó)向俄國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)以保衛(wèi)奧地利。然后當(dāng)然是英國(guó)和法國(guó)按照他們與俄國(guó)的條約向德國(guó)和奧地利宣戰(zhàn)。阿爾薩斯-洛林是法國(guó)人蛋糕上的一顆櫻桃。
現(xiàn)在，我跟你打賭，如果1871年俾斯麥遵循自己的常識(shí)（這很重要），只吞并阿爾薩斯，事情就會(huì)容易得多。正是馮-莫爾克特堅(jiān)持要拿下洛林，原因就像你提到的那樣。因?yàn)樗窍褚粋€(gè)頑固的、只有短期思維的軍人那樣思考，而不是像一個(gè)有歷史意識(shí)的政治家。馮-莫克特是普魯士人，但俾斯麥?zhǔn)且粋€(gè)具有正確眼光的德國(guó)人。這是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)閺臍v史上看，洛林是法國(guó)的......
To further clarify, most of Lorraine did not become German, only the département of the Moselle in the north.
進(jìn)一步澄清一下，洛林的大部分地區(qū)并沒(méi)有德國(guó)化，只有北部的摩澤爾省。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
Had Wilhelm II not been such an impetuous fool, and listened to Von Bismarck, I highly doubt WWI would have occurred. There might have been small territorial skirmishes like the First and Second Schleswig wars, but probably nothing like the Great War!
如果威廉二世不是這樣一個(gè)急躁的傻瓜，而是聽(tīng)從馮-俾斯麥的話，我非常懷疑第一次世界大戰(zhàn)會(huì)發(fā)生?？赡軙?huì)有像第一次和第二次石勒蘇益格戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)那樣的小規(guī)模領(lǐng)土沖突，但可能不會(huì)發(fā)展成像世界大戰(zhàn)那樣的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)！
Good report. One word: Bismarck was forced into what he knew would be a mistake. He only wanted Alsace which, let’s face it, was a German country. Von Molkte, the Marshall in Command, wanted Lorraine as well, to take possession of the Metz, Toul and Verdun fortresses. He insisted, and Bismarck wanted to put the matter to end because William I was beginning to ask questions. “We might come to regret it”, said Bismarck. He was right, in 1918.
好答案。一句話：俾斯麥?zhǔn)潜黄鹊?，他知道這將是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。他只想要阿爾薩斯，而對(duì)于阿爾薩斯，讓我們面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)吧，之前確實(shí)是一個(gè)日耳曼國(guó)家。但是指揮官馮-莫克特也想要洛林，以占有梅茲、圖爾和凡爾登要塞。他堅(jiān)持要這樣做，而俾斯麥想結(jié)束這件事，因?yàn)橥皇酪呀?jīng)開始提出質(zhì)疑了。俾斯麥說(shuō)，"我們可能會(huì)后悔"。他說(shuō)對(duì)了，在1918年。
The amount of reparations was so small for the size of the French economy that it was paid rapidly and France became powerful again and built the tallest tower in the world.
對(duì)于法國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模來(lái)說(shuō)，賠款數(shù)額太小了，所以賠款很快就付清了，法國(guó)又變得強(qiáng)大起來(lái)，并建成了世界上最高的塔。
It was small for the bourgeoisie, yes.
是的，這對(duì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)來(lái)說(shuō)是很小。
As a proportion of GDP, the 1871 reparations were very similar to those imposed on Germany after World War I.
就國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比例而言，1871年的賠款與第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后對(duì)德國(guó)施加的賠款非常相似。
What the French did made a lot more sense than the Germans did after they lost a war. They assassinated the signers of the WW1 armistice and treaty, then started a war that wrecked the world.
法國(guó)人的所作所為比德國(guó)人在戰(zhàn)敗后的所作所為要合理得多。他們暗殺了一戰(zhàn)停戰(zhàn)協(xié)議和條約的簽署者，然后發(fā)動(dòng)了一場(chǎng)毀壞世界的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
And it must be said that Bismarck’s German-Jewish banker/advisor, Gerson von Bleichroder, helped him negotiate that arrangement and also played no small part in helping him weld together the unified German nation that was born in the nineteenth century.
而且必須說(shuō)，俾斯麥的德裔猶太銀行家/顧問(wèn)格爾森-馮-布萊希羅德幫助他談判達(dá)成了這一安排，也在幫助他將19世紀(jì)誕生的統(tǒng)一的德意志國(guó)家焊接起來(lái)方面發(fā)揮了不小的作用。
Wow a long Quorian answer which , once again, misses the point.
The w a r was defensive. B wanted France to stay out of German affairs so that German y could unite. France could n't stand the idea of a united Germany. It was a war of national liberation not one of conquest. Louis fancied himself another Napoleon and got put in his place
Good !
哇，這又是一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)但是又搞錯(cuò)了重點(diǎn)的答案。
這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是防御性的。俾斯麥希望法國(guó)不要插手德國(guó)事務(wù)，這樣德國(guó)就可以統(tǒng)一了。法國(guó)不能忍受一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的德國(guó)的想法。這是一場(chǎng)民族解放的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，而不是一場(chǎng)征服的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。路易自以為是地認(rèn)為自己是另一個(gè)拿破侖，結(jié)果卻被打倒在地。
很好!
The subject isn't the nature of the war (which can be debated) but the effect it had on France once it was over.
You are missing the point of both this question and the answer I wrote.
主題不是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的性質(zhì)（可以爭(zhēng)論），而是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后對(duì)法國(guó)的影響。
你錯(cuò)過(guò)了這個(gè)問(wèn)題和我寫的答案的重點(diǎn)。
After the Roman Empire (disregarding colonial expansion) , most countries did not “take over” whole countries they defeated - why add to their problems - as in this case. They usually took prosperous adjacent territories and money and signed a treaty. Napoleon was a perfect example - looking back at Napoleon’s French empire days - one wonders exactly what he was fighting all those wars for??? He always seemed to be on the offensive??
自羅馬帝國(guó)之后（不考慮殖民擴(kuò)張），大多數(shù)國(guó)家并不會(huì)"接管"他們打敗的整個(gè)國(guó)家--為什么要自尋煩惱--就像本案例一樣。他們通攫取繁榮而鄰近的領(lǐng)土和金錢，并簽署條約。拿破侖就是一個(gè)完美的例子--回顧拿破侖的法蘭西帝國(guó)時(shí)代--人們不禁要問(wèn)，他打那么多戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)到底是為了什么？他似乎總是在攻城略地停不下來(lái)？
, Highly interested in history, 8 years of history reading behind me.
Because the Prussians were very practical people.Europe was already reeling from shock from the rise of Prussia. The Congress of Vienna had been planned to balance out all the powers of Europe so that no one country could ever dominate Europe in the style of Napoleon. Austria was supposed to keep Prussia in check, and France if Austria failed to do so. But now both had been defeated badly by Prussia, and Prussia looked as if she was going to become the dominant power in Europe. This was making countries like UK and Russia very nervous. If Prussia outright annexed France, it’s possible that most of Europe would turn on her, fearful of Prussia’s power and hunger for territory.
Not to mention annexing France would be detrimental to Prussia. Prussia’s main purpose was to unite the disunited German states into one solid, strong power. Why would they want 40 million French in a German country? Not to mention the uprisings that might have occurred if they did. And many nations would likely have condemned them for it, hell the demand for Alsace Lorraine already made many heads turn, best exemplified by this quote by an Italian senate member:”Yesterday i said to you, war to the death with Bonaparte. Today i say to you, rescue the French Republic by any means.” The Germans wanted Europe to view them positively, annexing France would achieve the exact opposite of that.
因?yàn)槠蒸斒咳耸欠浅?wù)實(shí)的人。
歐洲已經(jīng)從普魯士崛起的震驚中回過(guò)神來(lái)。維也納會(huì)議的計(jì)劃是為了平衡歐洲的所有勢(shì)力，以便沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以像拿破侖那樣主宰歐洲。奧地利本應(yīng)牽制普魯士，如果奧地利做不到這一點(diǎn)，就讓法國(guó)來(lái)。但現(xiàn)在這兩個(gè)國(guó)家都被普魯士完全打敗了，而普魯士看起來(lái)似乎要成為歐洲的主導(dǎo)力量。這讓英國(guó)和俄國(guó)等國(guó)家非常緊張。如果普魯士直接吞并法國(guó)，可能歐洲大部分國(guó)家都會(huì)反過(guò)來(lái)對(duì)付她，害怕普魯士的力量和對(duì)領(lǐng)土的饑渴。
更不用說(shuō)吞并法國(guó)會(huì)對(duì)普魯士不利了。普魯士的主要目的是將不團(tuán)結(jié)的德意志各邦統(tǒng)一為一個(gè)穩(wěn)固的、強(qiáng)大的力量。他們?yōu)槭裁匆?000萬(wàn)法國(guó)人在一個(gè)德意志國(guó)家里？更不用說(shuō)如果他們這樣做，可能會(huì)發(fā)生的起義。許多國(guó)家可能會(huì)因此而譴責(zé)他們，對(duì)阿爾薩斯-洛林的要求已經(jīng)讓許多人頭疼了，一位意大利參議員的這句話就是最好的例證："昨天我還在對(duì)你說(shuō)，要與波拿巴（拿破侖三世）決一死戰(zhàn)。今天我對(duì)你們說(shuō)，要不惜一切代價(jià)拯救法蘭西共和國(guó)。" 德國(guó)人希望歐洲能積極看待他們，而吞并法國(guó)將實(shí)現(xiàn)與此完全相反的目標(biāo)。
Bismarck didn't even want the two territories Germany took in the war--Alsace & Lorraine.
He gave in to the demands of the military for territory as a prize of victory, but thought it would only inspire future French governments to revenge.
In this he was right--as he was in most things political.
俾斯麥甚至不想要德國(guó)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中奪取的兩塊領(lǐng)土--阿爾薩斯和洛林。
他屈服于軍方對(duì)領(lǐng)土的要求，作為勝利的獎(jiǎng)賞，但他認(rèn)為這只會(huì)激勵(lì)未來(lái)的法國(guó)政府進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)。
在這一點(diǎn)上，他是對(duì)的--就像他在大多數(shù)政治事務(wù)上一樣。