為什么東羅馬帝國能在羅馬陷落后幸存下來？
Why did the Roman Empire in the East survive the fall of Rome?
譯文簡介
他們有更強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)，有更多的城市化地區(qū)，如安提阿、亞歷山大、君士坦丁堡、雅典等等。
正文翻譯
Why did the Roman Empire in the East survive the fall of Rome?
為什么東羅馬帝國能在羅馬陷落后幸存下來？
評論翻譯
很贊 ( 2 )
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, M.A History & Latin, Ohio University (2016)
C.J. Skamarakas
, PhD History (2009)
Well it was really just geography
So- the East has some advantages over the West
They had a far stronger economy with more urbanized areas like Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, Athens, and so on
They had all the great trade routes with direct access to the Middle East, the Southern Nile Valley, and the Black sea
Strong defensible borders.
The Southern border faces desert- easily defendable
The Eastern border faces the Sassanid Empire. While the Sassanids were a threat, they were also a united civilization Empire capable of diplomacy and trade.
這其實只是地理問題
簡單來說--東方比西方有一些優(yōu)勢
他們有更強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)，有更多的城市化地區(qū)，如安提阿、亞歷山大、君士坦丁堡、雅典等等。
他們擁有所有偉大的貿(mào)易路線，可以直接進(jìn)入中東、南尼羅河流域和黑海
強(qiáng)大的可防御的邊界。
南部邊界面對沙漠--易于防守
東部邊界面對薩珊帝國。雖然薩珊王朝是一個威脅，但他們也是一個能夠進(jìn)行外交和貿(mào)易的統(tǒng)一的文明帝國。
The Northern Greek border faces Europe and is hard to defend
When the barbarians came sacking this is why Greece alone bore the brunt of their attacks.
Note that Greece was all most barbarians could touch. To get to the rest of the Empire they would need a fleet and for many barbarians, this was a difficult task. This allowed the Eastern Romans to quarantine the barbarians in Greece when necessary
A centrally located capital that held a strong strategic position
The West meanwhile had problems
東北部邊境面對的是山區(qū)
希臘北部邊界面對歐洲，難以防守
這就是為什么當(dāng)野蠻人來洗劫時希臘獨自承受了他們的攻擊。
請注意，希臘是大多數(shù)野蠻人能夠接觸到的所有地方。要想進(jìn)入帝國的其他地區(qū)，他們需要一支艦隊，而對于許多野蠻人來說，這是一項艱難的任務(wù)。這使得東羅馬人在必要時可以將野蠻人隔離在希臘。
一個位于中心位置的擁有強(qiáng)大的戰(zhàn)略地位的首都，
同時，西羅馬自己也有問題
They had no access to good trading partners. In the past, the Empire relied on trade in the Middle East to fuel the poorer Western half. Goods extracted in the West could be exported where they needed to go. This was no longer the case though
Weak vulnerable borders
The Eastern border is insanely long and faces hundreds of disunited and desperate tribes fleeing the Huns. These tribes could often be negotiated with but there were far too many to realistically do so.
Britian is defensible to a degree but cut off the greater Empire and was thus lost very early on
經(jīng)濟(jì)更多的是以農(nóng)業(yè)和開采為基礎(chǔ)。有城市地區(qū)，但沒有那么多，也沒有那么復(fù)雜。
他們沒有機(jī)會接觸到好的貿(mào)易伙伴。在過去，帝國依靠中東的貿(mào)易為較貧窮的西半部提供經(jīng)濟(jì)燃料。在西部開采的貨物可以出口到它們需要去的地方。但現(xiàn)在的情況已不再如此
脆弱的邊境線
東部邊界長得離譜，面臨著數(shù)以百計的為逃離匈人而分裂和絕望的部落。這些部落雖然可以與之談判，但數(shù)量太多，現(xiàn)實中無法做到這一點。
不列顛在一定程度上是可以防御的，但它切斷了和大帝國的聯(lián)系，因此很早就失去了。
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A religion dividing the population
A series of very weak and long-ruling Emperors like Honorius who doomed the Empire
A severe lack of military recruits. For a while, Illyria served as great recruitment grounds for the legions, but Illyria was soon being ravaged and this caused problems
So the Western Roman Empire has bad Emperors, lacks the funds for long-term military building projects, and needs troops fast to stem the barbarians.
Their solution is to recruit the barbarian tribes as mercenaries. The problem is that they mistreat them and make no attempt to integrate the tribes into the larger Empire. So these tribes frequently revolted and turned on Rome.
The lack of soldiers meant they could not defend their borders. This then leads to a loss of crucial territory which causes further recruitment shortages and money troubles. This in turn means they need to rely more and more on mercenaries to protect the Empire. These mercenaries are mistreated and do not do a great job at defending the Empire and this causes more territory to be lost.
Eventually, the Roman Army is literally just a group of barbarian tribes hired to protect Rome. Pretty quickly these tribes realized they were in charge and Rome died.
Now the East relied on mercenaries too, but not nearly as much. They still had prime recruitment areas and a large professional military. They had the funds to keep this military maintained and so their reliance on mercenaries was not as complete as it was in the West.
因此，西方處于一個艱難的境地。然后你會發(fā)現(xiàn)一些復(fù)雜的問題，例如：
一個分裂人口的宗教
一系列非常軟弱和長期執(zhí)政的皇帝，如霍諾里烏斯，他們注定了帝國的命運
嚴(yán)重缺乏新兵。有一段時間，伊利里亞是軍團(tuán)招募的好地方，但伊利里亞很快就被蹂躪了，這就造成了兵員問題。
因此，西羅馬帝國有著差勁的皇帝，缺乏進(jìn)行長期軍事建設(shè)項目的資金，并且需要快速的部隊來阻止野蠻人的入侵。
他們的解決方案是招募野蠻人部落作為雇傭兵。問題是，他們又虐待他們，并沒有嘗試將這些部落融入大帝國。因此，這些部落經(jīng)常造反，并反戈羅馬。
士兵的缺乏意味著他們無法保衛(wèi)自己的邊界。這就導(dǎo)致了關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)土的喪失，從而造成了進(jìn)一步的招募短缺和資金問題。這反過來又意味著他們需要越來越多地依靠雇傭兵來保護(hù)帝國。這些雇傭兵受到虐待，在保衛(wèi)帝國方面做得不是很好，這導(dǎo)致了更多領(lǐng)土的喪失。
最終，羅馬軍隊簡直就是一群被雇來保護(hù)羅馬的野蠻部落。很快，這些部落就意識到他們才是老大，于是羅馬就死了。
說回東方，他們也依賴雇傭兵，但沒有那么多。他們?nèi)匀挥兄饕谋鴨T地和一支龐大的專業(yè)軍隊。他們有足夠的資金來維持這支軍隊，因此他們對雇傭軍的依賴不像西方那樣徹底。
Of course, it wasn’t the reliance on mercenaries that killed off western Rome. It was the fact they never respected them, or the fact they didn’t have the means with which they could afford to disrespect them.
They needed more Romans. They didn’t have the means to be picky about who could be called Roman.
當(dāng)然，殺死西羅馬的并不是對雇傭兵的依賴。而是他們從未尊重過他們，或者說他們沒有能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起不尊重他們的行為。
他們需要更多的羅馬人。而且他們沒有辦法對誰能被稱為羅馬人進(jìn)行挑剔。
Did the Eastern Empire see themselves as a separate entity from the Western Empire as it started to fall, or did they see thaelves as one entity to the bitter end?
在西羅馬帝國開始衰落時，東羅馬帝國是把自己看作是一個獨立與西羅馬的實體，還是直到最后都把自己看作是“羅馬帝國”這個實體？
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it ididnt; they were considered and considered themselves not only part of the same empire, but THE same Roman Empire, until the fall of Constantinople in the 1400s ; and they were the Roman Empire, de facto and de jure
他們不僅被認(rèn)為是同一個帝國的一部分，而且被認(rèn)為是同一個羅馬帝國的一部分，直到14世紀(jì)君士坦丁堡的陷落；他們是羅馬帝國，事實上和法律上都是如此。
Also to add on Daniel’s answer, there was no conscious separate Roman Empire. Both empires, east and west are still official one united empire, under two administration. So for most people at that time, they didnt see or call it as western roman empire or eastern roman empire.
另外，在丹尼爾的回答上再加一點，沒有一個獨立于羅馬帝國的另一個羅馬的意識體。東部和西部的兩個帝國仍然是正式的統(tǒng)一帝國，只是由兩個政府管理。因此，對于當(dāng)時的大多數(shù)人來說，他們不認(rèn)為或不稱它為西羅馬帝國或東羅馬帝國。
Also worth noting that the Roman emperors themselves understood these differences and the issues with the West, and thus Constantine actually moved the capital of the unified Roman Empire (before the split) to Constantinople.
另外值得注意的是，羅馬皇帝自己也了解這些分歧和與西方存在的問題，因此，君士坦丁實際上將統(tǒng)一的羅馬帝國（分裂前）的首都遷到了君士坦丁堡。
I think it's key to really hammer home the leadership failures here; because the Roman position in the west was by NO means completely untenable.
What the Western Roman Empire still had, was Italia, and even in 400 AD, the city of Rome itself was still large enough to economically support the peninsula; despite declining productions across the board, Italia was still one of the richest provinces in the empire. I'm not entirely sure about agricultural production in Italy vs. Consumption, but it's possible that the peninsula could have supported itself from a food perspective; if not, as you said, most barbarians did not have significant fleets, so trade with the East via. The Mediterranean should have been able to support any discrepancy.
Best of all, the Italian peninsula is extremely defensible; the alps serve as excellent natural barriers, and provide chokepoints from which Rome can defend the entire peninsula.
Basically, if Rome had seen a COMPETENT emperor come to power in 395 AD rather than one of the worst emperors in the history of the empire, I believe that they could have “saved” Western Rome by pulling back to the Italain peninsula, training new legions, and basically hunkering down for a few hundred years. Fixing the issues and degradation of public institutions that led to the crisis would be a LOT harder, of course, and may have been impossible by 400 AD, but Rome definitely could have survived in a reduced state for a lot longer if it weren't for Honorius.
我認(rèn)為，真正的關(guān)鍵是要強(qiáng)調(diào)西羅馬領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層的失敗；因為羅馬在西部的地位絕不是完全無法維持的。
西羅馬帝國仍然擁有著意大利，即使在公元400年，羅馬城本身的規(guī)模仍然足以在經(jīng)濟(jì)上支持整個半島；盡管生產(chǎn)力全面下降，但是意大利仍然是帝國中最富裕的省份之一。我不能完全確定意大利的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)與消費情況，但從食物的角度來看，半島有可能可以自給自足；如果不是這樣，正如你所說的，大多數(shù)蠻族都沒有強(qiáng)大的艦隊，所以也可以通過與東方貿(mào)易。地中海的航運應(yīng)該能夠支持這點生產(chǎn)力的差異。
最重要的是，意大利半島是非常容易防守的；阿爾卑斯山是極好的天然屏障，并提供了羅馬帝國可以保衛(wèi)整個半島的咽喉。
基本上，如果羅馬在公元395年能夠有一個有能力的皇帝上臺，而不是帝國歷史上最糟糕的皇帝之一，我相信他們可以通過撤到意大利半島，訓(xùn)練新的軍團(tuán)，并基本上蟄伏幾百年來"拯救"西羅馬。當(dāng)然，解決導(dǎo)致危機(jī)的問題和公共機(jī)構(gòu)的退化會困難很多，而且到公元400年可能已經(jīng)不可能這么做了，但如果不是因為霍諾里斯，羅馬絕對可以在放棄一部分領(lǐng)土的狀態(tài)下存在更長的時間。
The crazy thing about the geography today is that it favors Western Europe while the east is poor and less developed. France alone is better off than the balkans.. well Montenegro is doing pretty well for itself
I know it took nearly a thousand years to get there and the invention of deepwater navigation in Portugal. But it's still interesting to see how Eastern Rome was vs the West. Then the Ottomans which were basically the unquestionable superpower till the tech previously mentioned became the norm.
三十年河?xùn)|三十年河西啊，今天的地理環(huán)境的瘋狂之處在于，它有利于西歐，而東部則是貧窮和不發(fā)達(dá)的。僅法國自己就比整個巴爾干半島都好......好在黑山的情況還不錯
我知道它花了近一千年的時間，在葡萄牙發(fā)明了深水航行技術(shù)。但看看東羅馬與西羅馬的對比還是很有意思的。然后是奧斯曼人，他們基本上是毫無疑問的超級大國，直到前面提到的技術(shù)成為常規(guī)。
Provincia Brittania actually held out longer than many other parts of the Western Empire. They eventually evacuated the Romano-Breton population to modern Brittany in northwest France. It held out as a Roman enclave for hundreds of years. At one point they sent an emissary to Constantinople requesting military support but the (Eastern) Roman Empire didn't have the resources to go to war with the Germanic kingdoms.
Also “Greece" was Macedonia. In the Eastern Empire there were far more Roman citizens than in the Western Empire. This is because Macedonians and other Hellenic peoples were granted citizenship and treated equal to Romans. In fact, they were not called Greeks — they were all called Romans.
布列塔尼亞省實際上比西羅馬帝國的許多其他地區(qū)堅持得更久。他們最終將羅馬-布列塔尼人口疏散到法國西北部的現(xiàn)代布列塔尼。它作為羅馬的一塊飛地堅持了數(shù)百年。他們曾一度向君士坦丁堡派出使者，請求軍事支持，但（東）羅馬帝國沒有資源與日耳曼王國開戰(zhàn)。
另外，"希臘"就是馬其頓。在東羅馬帝國，羅馬公民的數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于西羅馬帝國。這是因為馬其頓人和其他希臘民族被授予了公民身份，并得到與羅馬人平等的待遇。事實上，他們不再被稱為希臘人--他們都被稱為羅馬人。
I like to think of it as poetic justice. The eastern half left the western half to rot and disintegrate.
1000 years later, the west ignores the pleas of the eastern half and the eastern half disappears.
Poetic justice.
我喜歡把它想成是一種善有善報惡有惡報。1000年前，東邊的一半眼睜睜地讓西邊的一半腐爛和瓦解。
1000年后，西方無視東半部的請求，東半部就此消失。
善惡有報啊。
The Western Empire had to deal more with Germanic Tribes… These were not insignificant as to day these tribes turned into France, Germany, The Netherland, Austria and England.
I’m not sure the East had as powerful ethnic tribes as the Germanics..
Also, I believe the Eastern Empire was protected by an Impenetrable wall in Constantinople… only destroyed by a new invention a thousand years later… huge cannons by the Ottomans hit the walls for weeks to finally break through.
Other differences:
Size of western empire was more spread out than the Eastern.
Eastern Empire were not romans from Italy but a mix of different folks… not sure exactly what that was.
Western Rome may have been more desirable place to conquer in Italy.. Huge infrastructure and history.
西方帝國不得不面對更多的日耳曼部落......這些部落并非無足輕重，因為到了今天，這些部落變成了法國、德國、尼德蘭、奧地利和英國。
我不確定東方是否有像日耳曼人那樣強(qiáng)大的民族部落。
另外，我相信東方帝國在君士坦丁堡有一堵堅不可摧的墻保護(hù)著......只是在一千年后被一項新的發(fā)明摧毀了......奧斯曼人的大炮在墻上打了好幾個星期才最終突破了。
其他差異：
西方帝國的規(guī)模比東方帝國更加分散。
東部帝國不是來自意大利的羅馬人，而是不同民族的混合體......不確定這到底應(yīng)該稱為什么。
因為擁有意大利，西羅馬可能是更值得征服的地方。那里有巨大的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和深厚的歷史。
“I’m not sure the East had as powerful ethnic tribes as the Germanics.”
Depends. If we're counting just when there was still a WRE, the ERE was invaded “only” by the Goths, Vandals and Huns, who, as Alex said, ‘toured’ Greece then went West, while most of the other tribes just went over the Rhine into the WRE. In exchange they constantly had to fight with a peer or close to power, Parthia and later Persia, something that the WRE didn’t have to face.
After the WRE fell, whooo, boy. They had to face the Avars and later the Pechenegs. Then the Slavs. All the while fighting the Persians. Then the Arabs. Then the Cumans. Then the Turks. I’m also pretty sure that I’m missing a few.
So yeah, depends on the timefrx.
"我不確定東方是否有像日耳曼人那樣強(qiáng)大的民族部落。"
這要看情況。如果我們只計算西羅馬仍然存在的時候，東羅馬"只是"被哥特人、汪達(dá)爾人和匈人入侵過，正如亞歷克斯所說，他們"巡視"了希臘一番然后去了西方，而其他大多數(shù)部落只是越過萊茵河進(jìn)入西羅馬。作為交換，他們不得不不斷地與同行或接近自身實力的強(qiáng)國帕提亞和后來的波斯作戰(zhàn)，而這是西羅馬所不必面對的。
至于西羅馬滅亡后，蕪湖，孩子。他們不得不面對阿瓦爾人和后來的佩切內(nèi)格人。然后是斯拉夫人。在與波斯人作戰(zhàn)的同時。然后是阿拉伯人。然后是庫曼人。然后是土耳其人。我也很確定我漏掉了一些。
所以，是的，這取決于時間線。
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What about the wall though…
Rome didnt have this…
https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/theodosian-walls
I believe this was the main reason it didn't get sacked… nothing to do with money or military… it simply had a fortress with people inside.. and no one could come in uninvited…
那墻呢......？
羅馬城可沒有這個...
我相信這是羅馬沒有被洗劫的主要原因......與金錢或軍事無關(guān)......它只是有一個堡壘，里面有人......而且沒有人可以不請自來......
Well it takes a lot to support a city like Constantinople. Just having a really nice wall is not enough. You need a good political, economic, and millitary system too. Rome wasn't all that different than any modern nation. The same needs and issues existed.. although there really isn't any modern equivalent of the Germanic invasions as much as some people in politics want you to believe.
要支持像君士坦丁堡這樣的城市，需要很多東西。僅僅擁有一個非常漂亮的城墻是不夠的。你還需要一個良好的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事系統(tǒng)。羅馬與任何現(xiàn)代國家并沒有什么不同。同樣的需求和問題是存在的......盡管有些政界人士希望你相信，現(xiàn)代人真的沒有任何相當(dāng)于日耳曼人入侵的情況。
Most people are always surprised when I mention that the Byzantine Empire is a modern invention. They saw themselves as Romans
當(dāng)我提到“拜占庭帝國”是一個現(xiàn)代發(fā)明時，大多數(shù)人總是感到驚訝。其實他們把自己看作是羅馬人。
But yet they spoke Greek and were orthodox.
但他們卻說希臘語，普遍地。
And called their country Romania… (do not be confused with the modern construct)
并稱他們的國家為羅馬尼亞......（不要與現(xiàn)代的這個相混淆）
They spoke greek the same way people from all around the world speak English today.
他們說希臘語就像今天世界各地的人說英語一樣。
“A religion dividing the population”
Care to elaborate?
"一個分裂人口的宗教"
愿意詳細(xì)說明一下嗎？
Just like today, Christianity has always been divisive, full off good people and zealots. It took centuries of “Noble" Rulers enforcing it, coupled with armies and bloodshed. Early codified into Catholicism, then the Orthodoxy split. Later.split including Protestant. All involved bloodshed.
就像今天一樣，基督教一直是分裂的，充滿了好人和狂熱者。經(jīng)過幾個世紀(jì)的"高貴"統(tǒng)治者的強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行，再加上軍隊和流血事件。早期被算作天主教，然后是東正教的分裂。后來又分裂為新教。所有這些都涉及到流血事件。
Excellent summation to which I would add the Eastern Roman emperors had the wealth to bribe the tribes to go west.
很好的總結(jié)，我想補(bǔ)充的是，東羅馬的皇帝有足夠的財富來賄賂各部落去西部。
And a impenetrable fortress..
As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medi besieger. They saved the city, and the Byzantine Empire with it, during sieges by the Avar-Sassanian coalition, Arabs, Rus', and Bulgars, among others. The advent of gunpowder siege cannons rendered the fortifications vulnerable, but cannon technology was not sufficiently advanced to capture the city on its own, and the walls could be repaired between reloading. Ultimately, the city fell from the sheer weight of numbers of the Ottoman forces on 29 May 1453 after a six-week siege.
還有一座堅不可摧的堡壘。
隨著城市的發(fā)展，著名的雙層狄奧多西城墻于5世紀(jì)建成。盡管城墻的其他部分沒有那么精致，但在兵力充足的情況下，它們對任何中世紀(jì)的圍攻者來說幾乎是堅不可摧的。在阿瓦爾-薩珊聯(lián)軍、阿拉伯人、羅斯和保加利亞人等的圍攻中，它們拯救了這座城市，也拯救了拜占庭帝國?；鹚幑コ桥诘某霈F(xiàn)使防御工事變得脆弱，但當(dāng)時的大炮技術(shù)還不夠先進(jìn)，無法單獨攻占該城，而且城墻可以在重新裝彈之間進(jìn)行修復(fù)。最終，經(jīng)過六周的圍攻，1453年5月29日，該城因奧斯曼帝國軍隊的人數(shù)優(yōu)勢而陷落。
, former Retired Dr
Constantine the Great recognised that it would be impossible to resist the encroachment of tribes from the direction of Russia. These tribes were themselves fleeing from forces in that direction.
Rome was indefensible to such large numbers, but he knew of a Greek town that sat on an important hub of trade routes which could tax the many merchants that moved through it and it could use the sea to help defend itself.
This Greek town, Byzantium, would become the new Rome and be called Constantinople, and because it’s defenses were so good, it would last until 1453.
君士坦丁大帝認(rèn)識到，不可能抵御來自俄羅斯方向的部落的侵襲。這些部落本身也在逃離那個方向的部隊。
羅馬無法抵御如此龐大的數(shù)量，但他知道有一個希臘城鎮(zhèn)位于貿(mào)易路線的重要樞紐上，可以向通過它的許多商人征稅，而且它可以利用海洋來幫助保護(hù)自己。
這個希臘城鎮(zhèn)，拜占庭，將成為新的羅馬，被稱為君士坦丁堡，由于它的防御能力很強(qiáng)，它持續(xù)到了1453年。
, studied at Southampton University
Obviously this is a complex answer, but to concentrate on the key factors.
The Byzantines had an effective and functioning state. Their system of government administration worked. It exploited agriculture and trade with enough efficiency to pay for an army and fortifications.
They had a culture and religion which was attractive and powerful enough to keep their people sufficiently motivated to fight for it. States can lose the will to live, like the old Soviet unx, but the Byzantines believed their culture and way of life were superior. Interestingly the Arab Conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries removed areas with substantial religious dissent an dvthus made Byzantium mire homogenous.
Byzantium survived three major crises:
The Avar/ Sassanian/Arab attack
The Seljuk assault
The Crusader conquest of 1204. Quite often a state dies whey it is weak and it has a strong external enemy. If it survives that it eventually undergoes a period of reform and strong leadership. Byzantium was lucky for a long time . Their luck ran out when they encountered the Ottomans who were on a rising curve, headquartered right next to them and then tens flies had a period of weak and divided government.
顯然這是一個復(fù)雜的答案，所以只能集中說一些關(guān)鍵因素。
拜占庭人有一個有效的、運作良好的國家。他們的政府管理制度是有效的。它以足夠的效率利用農(nóng)業(yè)和貿(mào)易來支付軍隊和防御工事。
他們的文化和宗教有足夠的吸引力和力量，使他們的人民有足夠的動力去為之而戰(zhàn)。國家是可以失去生存的意志的，就像舊蘇聯(lián)一樣，但拜占庭人相信他們的文化和生活方式是優(yōu)越的。有趣的是，七世紀(jì)和八世紀(jì)的阿拉伯征服將有大量宗教異議的地區(qū)清除，從而使拜占庭變得更加同質(zhì)化了。
拜占庭經(jīng)歷了三次重大危機(jī)。
阿瓦爾人/薩珊人/阿拉伯人的攻擊
塞爾柱人的攻擊
1204年十字軍的征服。一個國家往往在其弱小和有強(qiáng)大外敵的情況下死亡。如果它能幸存下來，它最終會經(jīng)歷一段改革和強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。拜占庭在很長一段時間內(nèi)都很幸運。當(dāng)他們遇到奧斯曼人時，他們的運氣就用完了，奧斯曼人正處于上升期，大本營還就在他們旁邊，然后自己還經(jīng)歷了一個軟弱和分裂的政府時期。
, Classics student
WALLS. Constantinople is the most fortified city in the world at the time.
There was a single threat to the East at the time: Persia. Meanwhile, there was wave after wave of migration from Central Asia into Eastern Europe. These migrants kept going west, and the Romans had no strategy for how to incorporate them or satisfy their needs.
Navy. There is no navy to protect or resupply Rome; you’d have to sail up the Tiber, restricting traffic. Meanwhile, the straights of the Bosporus not only allow for rich trade from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and vice-verse, but allow for a naval resupply when the city is threatened. The Ummayad and Abbasid attacks on Constantinople failed because the navy keep the supply lines clear.
The Pope. The Pope used the distance from Constantinople to more vigorously assert himself. Thus he had little control from Greece and often did what he pleased. If the current rulers of Rome displeased him, he could turn to their rivals. The Romans lost control of Rome!
Investment. Constantinople was heavily invested in, while Rome was allowed to decay. Constantine and his successors really abandoned Italy, as it ceased to be as lucrative as Greece. Rather than propping up a failing city, the Emperor invested in the more prosperous one.
1.圍墻。君士坦丁堡是當(dāng)時世界上最堅固的城市。
2.當(dāng)時對東方的威脅只有一個。波斯。同時，有一波又一波的移民從中亞進(jìn)入東歐。這些移民不斷向西遷移，而羅馬人對如何納入他們或滿足他們的需求沒有任何策略。
3.海軍。沒有海軍來保護(hù)或補(bǔ)給羅馬；你必須沿著臺伯河航行，限制了交通。同時，博斯普魯斯海峽不僅允許從黑海到地中海的豐富貿(mào)易，而且允許在城市受到威脅時進(jìn)行海軍補(bǔ)給。伍麥葉王朝和阿巴斯王朝對君士坦丁堡的進(jìn)攻之所以失敗，是因為海軍保持了供應(yīng)線的暢通。
4.教皇。教皇利用與君士坦丁堡的距離，更有力地堅持自己的立場。因此，他幾乎沒有受到來自希臘的控制，經(jīng)常為所欲為。如果羅馬的現(xiàn)任統(tǒng)治者讓他不高興，他可以轉(zhuǎn)向他們的對手。羅馬人失去了對羅馬的控制!
5.投資。君士坦丁堡得到了大量的投資，而羅馬卻被允許衰敗。君士坦丁和他的繼承人真正放棄了意大利，因為它不再像希臘那樣有利可圖?；实蹧]有支持一個失敗的城市，而是投資于更繁榮的城市。