紀錄片：古代絲綢之路是如何運作的？（下）
How did The Silk Road Actually Work?
譯文簡介
從這里我了解到，中國古代最偉大的成就不是長城，而是與之相連的偉大的道路和貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡。由此我推斷，中國人最光輝的時候不是與世界隔絕的時候，而是在通過和平分享和自由貿(mào)易來發(fā)展的時候。
正文翻譯
How did The Silk Road Actually Work?
紀錄片：古代絲綢之路是如何運作的？
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note: The Han Dynasty, after the expedition to the West by Zhang Qian, established the Silk Road from East to West. Prior to the Silk Road was the Persian Royal Road, which was established centuries ago, under the Achaemenid Empire; anyways, going back to the topic of the Silk Road. The Silk Road was used to trade products from East to West, such as silk and gunpowders, and from West to East, glasswares and animals; religions and cultures were also shared; diseases also spread. The Silk Road began under Han China and lasted until 1453 CE when the Ottoman Empire cut off trade with the West.
漢朝時，張騫出使西域，開辟了自東向西的絲綢之路。在絲綢之路之前是波斯皇家之路，它在幾個世紀前由阿契美尼德帝國建立。
無論如何，回到絲綢之路的話題。絲綢之路用于東西貿(mào)易，如絲綢和火藥，以及從西向東貿(mào)易，玻璃器皿和動物。宗教和文化也在相互分享。其中分享的也包括疾病。
絲綢之路始于中國漢朝時期，一直持續(xù)到公元1453年，奧斯曼帝國切斷了與西方的貿(mào)易。
As a world-traveler I've been halfway around the planet 11 times and finally made it completely around back in 2011. I lived and worked in half a dozen cultures, done educational tours around the US/Central America/Middle East and some in Asia. But living at the time of Marco Polo seems to me a much more fresher, adventurous and real time experience than anywhere I've been. Nice presentation!
作為一個世界旅行者，我繞半個地球旅行過11次，最終在2011年繞了一圈。我曾在六種文化中生活和工作，在美國、中美洲、中東和亞洲的一些地方旅行過，深受教育。
但對我來說，生活在馬可波羅的時代比我去過的任何地方都更新鮮、更冒險、更真實。
好視頻！
The two agents sent by the Justinian to steal silk production secrets/materials in China is such a good movie idea.
查士丁尼派來竊取中國絲綢生產(chǎn)秘密/材料的兩個特工真是個好電影創(chuàng)意。
Would like to see that.
很想看看。
they steal gun founder production techniq
它們偷的是火藥生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。
Thank you so much for your program, really enjoyed it. I am Chinese, but also have the DNA of all the ethnicities along the silk road including Turkey, Iran, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, northern India, and northern Thailand. this episode made me feel that I am visiting my silk road traveler ancestors. thank you.
非常感謝你的節(jié)目，真的很喜歡。我是中國人，但也有絲綢之路沿線所有民族的DNA，包括土耳其、伊朗、烏茲別克斯坦、蒙古、印度北部和泰國北部。
這段視頻讓我覺得我是在拜訪絲綢之路的旅行先祖。謝謝你。
DAMN bro DAMN, you are genetically strong and diverse then
天啊，伙計，你的基因可真是強大又多元。
王先森
你是那里人？！
我爸爸是黑龍江人，媽媽是湖南人。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
The silk road sort of ended when the Roman empire fell. Then silk became a valued commodity when the Spanish empire, the French empire and British empire came about. The Chinese only accepted silver as payment for trade, which may have indirectly led to the search for silver mines by the Spaniard.
隨著羅馬帝國的衰落，絲綢之路也差不多走到了盡頭。然后，當西班牙帝國、法國帝國和英國帝國出現(xiàn)時，絲綢成為一種有價值的商品。中國人只接受白銀作為貿(mào)易付款，這可能間接導致了西班牙人尋找銀礦。
why did they for only silver
為什么他們只收銀子
@the witcher because gold and silver were used as currency. They probably would rather have gold. But Gold is more scarce than silver.
因為黃金和白銀被用作貨幣。他們可能更愿意持有黃金，但黃金比白銀更稀缺。
@Jane no in Asia silver was considered more important than gold
在亞洲，白銀被認為比黃金更重要。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
@Vatsal Srivastav, roll 47 Tad wrong. First the Silk Road didn’t die with the Roman Empire it frankly did better. As for the silver argument that would kinda be wrong. Gold was extremely important and many of the trade routes would eventually go through predominantly Islamic areas which does remove the Buddhist and hinduistic aspect. You cannot assert all of Asia when referring to section of the Indian subcontinent and Chinese area as many of for example, the South East Asians had a used gold and preferred it more over silver with the same in Japan. Don’t forget the middle eastern sand central Asian areas as well. Regarding China, gold was more important in every dynasty expect for the Qing Dystany due to a lack of silver at the time. This prompted them to want trade and tax in silver however this was later less needed as trade improved and fulfill needs. Also as for that instance gold despite being not wanted as tax, was still more valuable, it was just easier to acquire silver through taxation and trade while gold at the time could be spent on imports while earning silver through exports. Also while silver was important to hindus which declined due to economic reasons and also due to other religions growing did decline in its importance. Btw, Buddhism did not really consider silver a religiously important aspect but this may vary by sect.
錯了。
首先，絲綢之路沒有隨著羅馬帝國的滅亡而消亡，坦白說，只是羅馬時期絲綢之路搞得更好。
至于銀的說法，也是錯的。黃金是非常重要的，許多貿(mào)易路線最終都要經(jīng)過主要是伊斯蘭教的地區(qū)，這就消除了佛教和印度教的影響。
當提到印度次大陸的一部分和中國地區(qū)時，你不能像許多人那樣概括整個亞洲，例如，東南亞人有使用過黃金，相比白銀更喜歡黃金，日本也是如此。也不要忘記中東和中亞地區(qū)。
對于中國來說，黃金在每一個朝代都更為重要，除了清朝，因為當時白銀匱乏。這促使他們想要對白銀進行貿(mào)易和征稅，然而，隨著貿(mào)易的改善和需求的滿足，后來就不那么需要這樣做了。另外，黃金雖然不被用作稅收，但仍然更有價值。通過稅收和貿(mào)易更容易獲得白銀，而黃金可以用于進口貨物，并通過出口賺取白銀。
此外，雖然白銀對印度教徒很重要，但由于經(jīng)濟原因和其他宗教的發(fā)展，白銀的重要性有所下降。順便說一下，佛教并不認為白銀是一個重要的宗教元素，但這可能因宗派而異。
@T4NG0M4N The person wrongly explained silver and gold. You can refer to my previous response to him. If you are referring to gold and silver in terms of quantity, asia had a lot. Many colonial empires in particular benefited heavily from them.
這個人錯誤地解釋了銀和金。你可以參考我之前對他的回復。
如果你指的是黃金和白銀的數(shù)量，亞洲有很多。許多殖民帝國尤其從中獲益良多。
@Made A Channel Just Cause I Can I thought it was strange what they said. Thanks
我覺得他的解釋很奇怪。謝謝。
@Made A Channel Just Cause I Can First thing is I never said gold wasn't important it definitely was I just said silver was more important. I never said it was the primary currency on the route itself I said it held a huge value in trade between Indian Subcontinent and China. I do accept that my definition of Asia while saying that was extremely narrow. Silver was important in China for a very long time due to lack of it. It's just that the lack of silver turned into a full blown crisis during Qing Dynasty. Buddhism does indeed value silver. There are some types that don't (Buddhism has many interpretations from place to place) but most of them do
首先，我從來沒有說過黃金不重要，我只是說白銀更重要。
我從沒說過它是這條航線上的主要貨幣，我說的是它在印度次大陸和中國之間的貿(mào)易中占有巨大的價值。
我承認我對亞洲的定義非常狹隘。
由于缺乏白銀，白銀在中國很長一段時間里都很重要。在清朝時期，白銀的缺乏演變成了一場全面的危機。佛教確實重視白銀，有一些派系不，但大多數(shù)都很重視。
@Vatsal Srivastav, roll 47 Which I stated gold was more important than silver throughout most of Asia and yes while silver did become a crisis for China it mostly occurred within the Qing dynasty and also to its predecessor to an extent however to label all of China made it sound it was historically always that way. China and many Asian countries would later be found to have some of the largest amount of silver and gold deposits in the world but at the time were not found, I do not argue that they had a crisis with silver but I felt you were over stating it’s importance. You probably are right here as my knowledge in Buddhism is a bit rusty and more limited but I do think it does vary by sects as it seems it’s priority in south east Asia and Japan were less meaningful to the Buddhist inhabitants there. Thank you for the civil discussion and the correction
我說的是在大多數(shù)亞洲地區(qū)，黃金比銀子更重要。是的，雖然白銀確實成為了中國的危機，但它主要發(fā)生在清朝，在某種程度上也發(fā)生在它的前朝，然而，給整個中國貼上標簽聽起來就像歷史上一直都是如此。
中國和許多亞洲國家，盡管后來發(fā)現(xiàn)擁有世界上最龐大的金銀礦床，但當時沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)，我不認為他們面臨白銀危機，我覺得你夸大了白銀的重要性。
你們可能在佛教這一點上是對的，因為我對佛教的知識有點生疏，也更有限，但我確實認為佛教在不同的教派是不同的。
謝謝這樣的文明討論和糾正。
I would have said that the silk road went all the way from China to England. Navigation on the Russian Rivers and then on the Baltic and North Sea was an important part of the silk road. English wool played an important role in this trade.
我會說絲綢之路從中國一直延伸到英國。俄羅斯河流、波羅的海和北海的航行是絲綢之路的重要組成部分。英國羊毛在這一貿(mào)易中發(fā)揮了重要作用。
It also went as southeast as Java in modern-day Indonesia. The trade routes were longer and more complicated than what most people think.
它還向東南移動到今天印度尼西亞的爪哇。貿(mào)易路線比大多數(shù)人想象的更長更復雜。
@Gizza indonesia is the indian ocean trade route the sea variant of the silk road they're similar and always connected but not the same.
印度尼西亞是印度洋貿(mào)易路線的一部分，海上絲綢之路的變體，它們相似，總是相互聯(lián)系，但不相同。
@abdi abdi its still part of the silk route. Arabs traders discovered during the time of silk route under caliphate's order for better routes.
它仍然是絲綢之路的一部分。阿拉伯商人在在哈里發(fā)的命令下在絲綢之路上發(fā)現(xiàn)了更好的路線。
It's because of this network that Han China and the Roman Empire were aware of each other's existence. Still, the distance and time between the two powers was too great for anything substantial to come about. Communication was just too difficult over such vast distances. Also, for those powers that straddled the Silk Road, it gave them a large amount of wealth. While this network existed, a number of Middle Eastern and Central Asian kingdoms were large and extremely rich. You see this throughout the video with large empires like the Achaemenid Empire, Seleucid, Parthia, Bactria. The Sassanid Empire would straddle a lot of the network in the center, would get rich from it, so rich that it made them a major power strong enough to be mortal enemies with the Eastern Roman Empire. Genghis Khan would lead his Mongols here eventually, campaigning even in the Middle East causing devastation. Eventually the Mongols would keep the Silk Road going. From what I've gathered, with the Mongols there, traders were very safe because the Mongols were determined to keep the trade going for taxation.
正是因為這個網(wǎng)絡，漢朝和羅馬帝國才知道彼此的存在。然而，這兩個大國之間的距離和跨度太長，不可能產(chǎn)生任何實質(zhì)性的成果。在如此遙遠的距離上，溝通是非常困難的。
此外，對于那些橫跨絲綢之路的大國來說，絲綢之路給了他們大量的財富。當這個網(wǎng)絡存在時，許多中東和中亞國家都非常龐大和富有。你可以在視頻中看到像阿契美尼德帝國，塞琉西，帕提亞，巴克特里亞這樣的大帝國。
薩珊帝國橫跨中部的許多網(wǎng)絡，從中獲得了財富，如此富有使得他們成為一個強大的大國，足以與東羅馬帝國成為死敵。成吉思汗最終帶領(lǐng)他的蒙古人來到這里，甚至在中東發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭，造成破壞。最終，蒙古人繼續(xù)推進絲綢之路。
據(jù)我所知，有蒙古人在那里，商人很安全，因為蒙古人決心為了稅收繼續(xù)進行貿(mào)易。
Before the Romans, the Sassanids began trading with China
在羅馬人之前，薩珊王朝已經(jīng)在與中國進行貿(mào)易了。
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@amin a yeah no shit. They were closer
是的毫無疑問，它們距離更近。
@amin a first it spread from china to central asia, then to india and middle east, then to europe. Also the video totally missed the time of caliphate.
首先，絲綢之路是從中國擴散到了中亞，然后去了印度和中東，再然后去了歐洲
此外，視頻完全錯過了哈里發(fā)的時期。
@amin a caliphate was one the best empires the world has seen. But never spoken of because they defeated byzantines and took half of the whole roman empire's territory it had at its peak. They just totally removed it.
哈里發(fā)帝國是世界上最好的帝國之一。
但從未被提及，因為他們打敗了拜占庭帝國，占領(lǐng)了羅馬帝國鼎盛時期的一半領(lǐng)土。他們完全把它消滅了。
Persians pretty much never get credit for their historical contributions to humanity. Good that they were at least mentioned at the beginning of the video. Even though they created much more of this concept (e.g., the whole concept of Caravanserai and hubs) and many of the goods described as Western exports were actually Persia's exports to both East and West. Still, respect for mentioning something.
波斯人幾乎從來沒有因為他們對人類的歷史貢獻而得到贊譽。
很好，至少在視頻開始的時候提到了他們，盡管他們的貢獻遠不止如此（比如，整個客棧和樞紐的概念）
許多被描述為西方出口的商品實際上是波斯向東西方出口的商品。不過，我還是要尊重你的意見。
As an Arab, I couldn't agree more.
身為阿拉伯人，不能同意更多。
Same for arabs and south asians
阿拉伯人和南亞人都被低估了。
@S.A.S Gaming i feel like it’s the middle east, NA, and east-south asia in general as a whole. There’s a lot that Turks persians arabs greeks Egyptians akkadians sumerians assyrians indians Chinese and many others that don’t get their recognition enough.
我覺得中東、北亞、東南亞都一樣。
土耳其人，波斯人，阿拉伯人，希臘人，埃及人，阿卡徳人，蘇美爾人，亞述人，印度人，中國人和其他很多人都沒有得到足夠的認可。
@Yousifbk816 What are you talking about. In Italy, when we study history, we start from Sumer and Egypt. Then is Crete, Babylon, Hatti. Then Persia and Greece. And only THEN, we start with Rome. Even Alexander greatest contribution is considered to have opened more the road between east and west. If we considered Persia irrelevant (and how could we, after all the history shared with Rome) why remember him like that? Do you think we don't know where the modern numbers come from? Or that the arabs saved a lot of greek classics?
你在說什么?在意大利，當我們學習歷史時，我們從蘇美爾和埃及開始。然后是克里特島、巴比倫、哈提。然后是波斯和希臘。只有那時，我們才會講到羅馬。
即使是亞歷山大的最大貢獻也被認為是開辟了更多的東西之間的道路。如果我們認為波斯無關(guān)緊要(怎么可能，畢竟我們和羅馬有共同的歷史)，為什么要這樣記得它?你以為我們不知道現(xiàn)代數(shù)字的來源嗎? 還是說不知道阿拉伯人保存了很多希臘經(jīng)典?
@Kaiyanwang82 Im not talking about East and South Europe education cultures, Im addressing the west (Canada, US, Uk, and a few other countries). I know that because I literally study there and never have I ever heard about the achievements of the middle east, south-east asia, Rome, and the greeks. I am very sure that Italian Greek Baltic (East and South Europeans basically) people educate themselves about the people I mentioned.
我談論的不是東歐和南歐的教育問題，我指的是整個西方——加拿大、美國、英國和少數(shù)一些其他國家。
我知道這一點是因為我確實在那里學習過，而我從來沒有（在課堂上）聽到過中東、東南亞、羅馬和希臘的成就。
我非?？隙?，巴爾干半島、意大利人、希臘人(基本上是東歐和南歐人)知道我在說什么。
Why do you perpetuate the myth that the Ottomans cut off trade to Europe? They kept constantly trading with the Italian city states. The Spaniards and Portuguese sought new trade routes because the Italians hat a monopoly on the trade and hiked up the prices.
你為什么要讓奧斯曼切斷與歐洲的貿(mào)易的神話永久化呢?他們不斷地與意大利城邦進行貿(mào)易。
而西班牙人和葡萄牙人尋求新的貿(mào)易路線，因為意大利人壟斷了貿(mào)易，并提高了價格。
There was also the Maritime Silk Road which was safer and lixed Africa (eastern parts) with the Mediterranean, Middle East, South and East Asia.
還有更安全的海上絲綢之路，它將非洲(東部)與地中海、中東、南亞和東亞連接起來。
And today China has the Belt and Road initiative, a new "Silk Road".
今天，中國有了“一帶一路”倡議，一個新的“絲綢之路”。
ottomans made alliance with venice. and venetians asked for exclusive trading rights which ottomans gave them. basically only venetians were able to trade with ottomans
奧斯曼帝國與威尼斯結(jié)盟。威尼斯人要求奧斯曼帝國給予他們的獨家貿(mào)易權(quán)。基本上只有威尼斯人能和奧斯曼人做生意。
8:05 Myth busters: The Ottomans didn't shut down trade, it was a very pro-commerce empire, they increased tax rates to a point that many Europeans found unprofitable.
澄清：奧斯曼帝國并沒有關(guān)閉貿(mào)易，它是一個非常支持商業(yè)的帝國，他們將稅率提高到令許多歐洲人感到無利可圖的程度。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
Let me, a Chinese, tell you the history of the Silk Road! After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the XiongNu in the north had been the biggest threat to the Han Dynasty. After the governance of the previous Han Emperors, the Han Dynasty accumulated a lot of wealth and built up a strong army, so they started to attack the XiongNu during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (141 BC-87 BC) as a way to sweep out the threat on the northern frontier. It was a long war that lasted for 40 years and used millions of troops and people. In the last war, Emperor Wu used 100,000 cavalry and 500,000 infantry, eventually driving the XiongNu into Central Asia, the Middle East and even Europe. The passages you see between China and the Central Asian countries were also manned and protected by the Han army, so trade between East and West began to flow smoothly, which started the Silk Road for thousands of years thereafter.
讓我一個中國人，告訴你絲綢之路的歷史吧！
漢朝建立后，北方的匈奴一直是漢朝最大的威脅。在歷代漢朝皇帝統(tǒng)治之后，漢朝積累了大量財富，建立了強大的軍隊，漢武帝(公元前141年-公元前87年)時期，漢朝開始進攻匈奴，作為消除北部邊境威脅的一種方式。這是一場持續(xù)了40年的漫長戰(zhàn)爭，動用了數(shù)百萬軍隊和人民。
在最后一場戰(zhàn)爭中，武帝動用了10萬騎兵和50萬步兵，最終將匈奴人趕到了中亞、中東甚至歐洲。你看到的中國和中亞國家之間的通道也由漢朝軍隊管理和保護，因此東西方之間的貿(mào)易開始順暢，這開啟了此后數(shù)千年的絲綢之路。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
How did silk road work? Chinese trader: sell items to Turkic trader Turkic trader: sell items to Persian trader Persian trader: sell items to Levantine trader Levantine trader: sell items to Greek trader And that's how terracotta was made.
絲綢之路是如何運作的?
中國商人:向突厥商人出售商品
突厥商人:向波斯商人出售商品
波斯商人:向黎凡特商人出售商品
黎凡特商人:向希臘商人出售商品
陶瓦就是這樣制成的。
"bought horses" just skipped the entire war fought over those horses when the owners refused to sell.
用“張騫買馬”代表絲綢之路的開啟，完全跳過了這些馬的所有者拒絕出售而爆發(fā)的戰(zhàn)爭。
Let's be fair, the Greco-Bactrians did kill the Han emissaries.
公平地說，希臘大夏人確實殺死了漢朝的使者。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
@426mak that is a good point. This video said it was a central asian civilization, not the greeks who had the horses. I wonder why.
這觀點不錯。
這個視頻說的是中亞文明，而不是希臘人。
我想知道為什么。
Silk Road was basically an ancient version of the internet. Imagine the consequences of the internet will have on the modern world.
絲綢之路基本上是一個古代版本的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。
想象一下互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對現(xiàn)代世界產(chǎn)生的影響。
from this I have learnt that the greatest work of the Chinese people in ancient times was not the great wall, but the great road and trade networks associated with it. From this I infer that the Chinese people shine most brightly not when they cut themselves off from the world, but when they expand through peaceful sharing and free trade. I also infer that the greatest degree of progress in Europe happened when the Europeans benefited from this peaceful and prosperous Chinese expansion. Sadly it seems that in modern times neither east, nor west has much interest in anything other than walls
從這里我了解到，中國古代最偉大的成就不是長城，而是與之相連的偉大的道路和貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡。由此我推斷，中國人最光輝的時候不是與世界隔絕的時候，而是在通過和平分享和自由貿(mào)易來發(fā)展的時候。
我還推斷，歐洲最大程度的進步發(fā)生在歐洲人受益于中國和平繁榮的擴張之時?？杀氖?，在現(xiàn)代，東西方似乎都對城墻以外的東西不感興趣。
Hello from Istanbul/Byzantium, one of the major stops on the Silk Road. Excellent video, concise explanation!Having seen Silk production in the Aegean region, given it's complex process I wonder if the monks took along some silk makers along with the worms! Not sure if the mulberry bushes were already in Turkey, maybe they brought some cuttings of those too!. As for Mr. Polo, there is dispute about the trip being mostly fiction due to the mythical beasts he claimed he saw on the trip, though maybe an opium pipe could have had something to do with that. Lol.
你好，我來自伊斯坦布爾，絲綢之路的主要驛站之一。視頻很棒，講解也很簡練！
我見過愛琴海地區(qū)的絲綢生產(chǎn)，考慮到它制作過程的復雜，我想知道是否是僧侶們帶走了一些絲綢制造商和蠶。
不確定桑樹當時是否已經(jīng)在土耳其，也許他們也帶來了一些樹枝。至于馬可波羅，有爭議的是，由于他聲稱在旅途中看到了神話中的野獸，他的旅行可能主要是虛