Decades ago just after college, then living in a low-income neighborhood of Philadelphia, I was mugged three times in less than three months. Once knocked to the ground by a group of attackers wielding knives, once at gunpoint by a man who came up from behind me and pulled out from under his jacket a sawed-off shotgun, and, the third time, well, I began to fight and yell before he was able to pull any weapon out of his bag.

幾十年前，我剛剛大學(xué)畢業(yè)，當(dāng)時(shí)住在費(fèi)城的一個(gè)低收入社區(qū)，在不到三個(gè)月的時(shí)間里我被搶劫了三回。有一次被一群持刀的襲擊者擊倒在地，有一次被一個(gè)從我身后走過(guò)來(lái)的男人用槍指著，他從夾克下面掏出了一把鋸短的霰彈槍，第三次，好吧，我開(kāi)始抗?fàn)?，在他從他的包里拿出任何武器之前就大喊大叫?/b>


After this third incident, I began to seriously imagine buying a gun, carrying it in the streets—and using it if anyone messed with me again. I was on edge. I felt unsafe. I was not going to take it anymore. I was not about to become a vigilante, but I had to do something to lower the threat, even if that answer risked escalation.

在第三次事件之后，我開(kāi)始認(rèn)真地考慮是否買(mǎi)一把槍并帶著它上街——如果有人再惹我，我就使用它。我很緊張。我感到不安全。我不會(huì)再屈服了。我不打算成為一名義務(wù)警員，但我必須做些事情來(lái)降低威脅，即使這樣做有事件升級(jí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

My ultimate decision? I moved away. I had to lessen the daily toll those violent episodes were taking. To this day, I’m still jumpy if I hear footsteps accelerating toward me from behind. (Another physical battle years later with a gang of muggers in New York—grabbing me from behind, covering my mouth so I couldn’t breathe as they searched my pockets, preparing myself for a possible stabbing.)

但我的最終決定是？我搬離了那里。我不得不減少那些暴力事件每天對(duì)我造成的傷害。直到今天，如果我聽(tīng)到從后面加速朝我走來(lái)的腳步聲，我還是會(huì)緊張。（多年后在紐約與一幫搶劫犯進(jìn)行了另一場(chǎng)肉搏——他們從背后抓住了我，捂住了我的嘴，讓我無(wú)法呼吸，他們搜查了我的口袋，我甚至已經(jīng)做好了被刺傷的準(zhǔn)備。）

I’m lucky. I was not badly hurt or worse. And I had the resources to move somewhere else. Many people don’t. Likewise, some people make the stronger decision to stay and address the problem in their neighborhood. I was not prepared to do that.

我很幸運(yùn)。我沒(méi)有受到過(guò)重傷或遇到更糟的情況。而且我有能力搬到其他地方，而很多人沒(méi)有。同樣，有些人會(huì)做出更堅(jiān)定的決定，留下來(lái)解決他們?cè)诟浇龅降膯?wèn)題。但我不準(zhǔn)備那樣做。

The depraved beating and murder of Tyre Nichols demands us to ask—once again—what can be done. Many of you shared your insights to Saturday’s question: Can we ever change our culture of violence? One comment among many powerful responses has caused me pause, asking whether we can rethink the meaning of freedom to include the notion that real freedom must include freedom from violence.

泰爾.尼科爾斯(譯注：孟菲斯的黑人男子，遭5名警察圍毆致死)被殘忍地毆打和謀殺，這再次要求我們問(wèn)自己能做些什么。尼科爾斯在周六被謀殺:我們能改變我們的暴力文化嗎?很多人都分享了自己的見(jiàn)解。在眾多回答中，有一條評(píng)論讓我思慮良久，它問(wèn)我們是否可以重新思考自由的意義，將真正的自由必須包括免于暴力的自由這一概念納入其中。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處


What follows is a brief sampling of data and related observations detailing this culture of violence that defines America. I share it with the recognition of the need for change.

以下是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)據(jù)樣本和相關(guān)觀察，詳細(xì)描述了美國(guó)的暴力文化。我也認(rèn)識(shí)到了變革的必要性。

Police violence: According to the data gathering of the Mapping Police Violence project, 1,123 people were killed by police in the first 11 months of 2022, with Black people 2.9 times more likely to be killed than white people in the U.S. This includes being fatally shot, as well as a result of the use of chokeholds, batons, tasers or other means.

警察暴力:根據(jù)“警察暴力地圖”項(xiàng)目的數(shù)據(jù)收集，在2022年前11個(gè)月，有1123人被警察殺害，其中黑人被殺害的可能性是白人的2.9倍。這包括被致命槍擊，以及使用勒喉、警棍、泰瑟槍或其他手段的結(jié)果。

Gun-related deaths: Already in this first month of 2023, the Gun Violence Archive has counted 3,366 gun-related deaths, including homicides, defensive uses and unintentional deaths (1,452) as well as suicides (1,914). And in 2022 overall, there were 44,296 gun-related deaths, including 20,206 homicides, defensive use and unintentional deaths as well as 24,090 suicides. Those numbers included 314 children ages 0-11 and 1,361 teenagers 12-17.

與槍支有關(guān)的死亡:在2023年的第一個(gè)月，槍支暴力檔案已經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)了3366起與槍支有關(guān)的死亡，包括謀殺、自衛(wèi)和意外(1452起)以及自殺(1914起)。在整個(gè)2022年，有44296起與槍支有關(guān)的死亡事件，包括20206起謀殺、自衛(wèi)和意外，以及24090起自殺事件。其中包括314名0-11歲的兒童和1361名12-17歲的青少年。

More guns than people: By 2018, Americans owned an estimated 393 million guns, according to a report of the Swiss-based Small Arms Survey, representing 120.5 firearms for every 100 residents. Since then, including in 2020 amid the pandemic, gun sales have increased at a record pace.

槍比人多:根據(jù)瑞士輕武器調(diào)查的一份報(bào)告，截至2018年，美國(guó)人擁有約3.93億支槍，即每100名居民擁有120.5支槍。自那時(shí)起，包括疫情期間的2020年，槍支銷售以創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的速度增長(zhǎng)。

Guns at home: Four in 10 U.S. adults say they live in a household with a gun. Republicans and Republican-leaning Independents ae more than twice as likely (44 percent) as Democrats (20 percent) to own a gun. This is according to Pew Research in 2021.

家里有槍:40%的美國(guó)成年人說(shuō)他們家里有槍。共和黨人和傾向于共和黨的獨(dú)立人士持有槍支的可能性(44%)是民主黨人(20%)的兩倍多。這是皮尤研究中心在2021年的數(shù)據(jù)。

Grasping the big problem: Eight in 10 Black adults say gun violence is a “very big problem.” So do six in 10 Hispanic adults, while Pew Research reports only four in 10 white adults view gun violence similarly. Two-thirds of those living in urban areas see gun violence as a major problem, as compared with half of suburbanites and a third of those living in rural areas.

抓住大問(wèn)題:80%的黑人成年人認(rèn)為槍支暴力是一個(gè)“非常大的問(wèn)題”。60%的西班牙裔成年人也認(rèn)為如此，而皮尤研究中心的報(bào)告稱，只有40%的白人成年人對(duì)槍支暴力持類似看法。三分之二生活在城市地區(qū)的人認(rèn)為槍支暴力是一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題，相比之下，一半的郊區(qū)居民和三分之一的農(nóng)村地區(qū)居民認(rèn)為槍支暴力是一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題。

Mass shootings: No community is immune from the threat, not with mass shootings (four or more people killed or injured) exceeding 600 for each of the last three years. That’s 648 in 2022, 690 in 2021 and 610 in 2022—nearly double the total in previous years documented by the Gun Violence Archive.

大規(guī)模槍擊事件:沒(méi)有一個(gè)社區(qū)能夠免受這種威脅，過(guò)去三年每年發(fā)生的大規(guī)模槍擊事件(4人或4人以上死亡或受傷)都超過(guò)600起。2022年為648起，2021年為690起，2022年為610起，幾乎是槍支暴力檔案記錄的前幾年總數(shù)的兩倍。

As much as all this data represents those directly harmed, it doesn’t begin to show the wider impact for families, friends, neighbors or even strangers who witnessed the carnage. It’s worth noting the remarkably composed comment from Tyre Nichols’ mother, who said she would pray for the five police officers charged with the second-degree murder of her son and their families that they “disgraced”—and who will live out their lives in the shadow of the crimes perpetrated.

盡管所有這些數(shù)據(jù)都代表了直接受到傷害的人，但它并沒(méi)有顯示出對(duì)目睹大屠殺的家人、朋友、鄰居甚至陌生人的更廣泛影響。值得注意的是，蒂爾.尼科爾斯的母親發(fā)表了非常冷靜的評(píng)論，她說(shuō)她會(huì)為殺了她兒子而被控二級(jí)謀殺的五名警察和他們的家人祈禱，他們將在所犯下罪行的陰影下度過(guò)一生。

Consider the fact that a reported 332 people were killed or wounded by shootings on K-12 school properties in 2022. Now consider how many tens of thousands of schoolchildren, schoolteachers and staff and families were harmed and even traumatized by having these terrible acts in their midst. When my daughter graduated high school several years ago, she told me she felt grateful that she made it without facing a school shooting.

據(jù)報(bào)道，2022年全美小學(xué)和中學(xué)的槍擊事件共造成了332人死亡或受傷。現(xiàn)在想想，有成千上萬(wàn)的學(xué)生、教師和工作人員及其家庭因這些可怕的行為而受到傷害，甚至受到精神創(chuàng)傷。幾年前我女兒高中畢業(yè)時(shí)，她告訴我，她很慶幸自己沒(méi)有遭遇校園槍擊案。

As the Center for Violence Prevention at Children’s Hospital in Philadelphia notes, “Mass shootings that occur in schools are rare events relative to other gun violence. However, mass casualty events in schools can have a profound impact that pervades every aspect of school, family and community life.”

正如費(fèi)城兒童醫(yī)院暴力預(yù)防中心指出的那樣，“與其他槍支暴力事件相比，發(fā)生在學(xué)校的大規(guī)模槍擊事件是罕見(jiàn)的。然而，學(xué)校中的大規(guī)模傷亡事件可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響，影響到學(xué)校、家庭和社區(qū)生活的方方面面?！?/b>

And the broader impacts are also clear, the Center notes, not only at the time of an incident but possibly throughout life:
Children and adolescents exposed to violence are at risk for poor long-term behavioral and mental health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, regardless of whether they are victims, direct witnesses, or hear about the crime. Research has also shown an association between exposure to violence in childhood and an increased likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence as an adult.

該中心指出，更廣泛的影響也很明顯，不僅在事件發(fā)生時(shí)，而且可能貫穿一生：遭受暴力侵害的兒童和青少年有可能面臨長(zhǎng)期心理健康狀況不佳的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如抑郁、焦慮和創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙，無(wú)論他們是受害者、直接目擊者還是只是聽(tīng)說(shuō)了犯罪行為。研究還表明，童年接觸暴力會(huì)導(dǎo)致成年后遭受親密伴侶暴力的可能性增加。

Bear with me as I share this factual summary from the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion on the impacts of crime and violence. This unit of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services notes the effects can be felt by those who witness these acts directly, indirectly or even hearing about them from other residents. They also cite the disproportion:
The national homicide rate is consistently higher for Black adolescents and young adults than their white counterparts. Low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be affected by crime and property crime than high-income neighborhoods.

請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我分享疾病預(yù)防和健康促進(jìn)辦公室關(guān)于犯罪和暴力影響的事實(shí)摘要。隸屬于美國(guó)衛(wèi)生與公眾服務(wù)部的這個(gè)部門(mén)指出，那些直接、間接目睹這些行為的人，甚至從其他居民那里聽(tīng)到這些行為的人，都能感受到這種影響。他們還提到了這種影響的不均衡:在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)，黑人青少年和年輕人的他殺率一直高于白人。低收入社區(qū)比高收入社區(qū)更容易受到身體犯罪和財(cái)產(chǎn)犯罪的影響。

And what are the types of violence and their consequences?

暴力的類型及其后果是什么?

Types of violence include, but are not limited to, child abuse and neglect, firearm violence, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and elder abuse. In addition to the potential for death, disability, and other injuries, people who survive violent crime endure physical pain and suffering and may also experience mental distress and reduced quality of life. Specific examples of detrimental health effects from exposure to violence and crime include asthma, hypertension, cancer, stroke, and mental disorders.

暴力類型包括但不限于虐待兒童和忽視兒童、槍支暴力、親密伴侶暴力、性暴力和虐待老人。除了死亡、殘疾和其他傷害的可能性之外，暴力犯罪幸存者還要忍受身體上的痛苦和折磨，還可能經(jīng)歷精神上的痛苦和生活質(zhì)量的下降。接觸暴力和犯罪對(duì)健康造成有害影響的具體例子包括哮喘、高血壓、癌癥、中風(fēng)和精神障礙。

Looking in from the outside, BBC News reported last week on the reality and consequences of gun violence in America, noting that 79 percent of the killings are gun-related in contrast to 4 percent in the U.K. The story also cites an October 2022 Gallup poll that found 57 percent of Americans want stricter gun laws versus 32 percent who prefer gun laws kept as they are.

BBC新聞上周報(bào)道了美國(guó)槍支暴力的現(xiàn)實(shí)和后果，指出79%的殺戮與槍支有關(guān)，而英國(guó)只有4%。該報(bào)道還引用了2022年10月的蓋洛普民意調(diào)查，57%的美國(guó)人希望更嚴(yán)格的槍支法律，32%的美國(guó)人希望保持槍支法律不變。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處


Yet while a 2021 Gallup poll noted that 91 percent of Democrats support stricter gun laws, only 24 percent of Republicans do. The conclusion of BBC News: “Gun violence is a fixture in American life—but the issue is a highly political one, pitting gun control advocates against sectors of the population fiercely protective of their right to bear arms.”

然而，盡管2021年的蓋洛普民意調(diào)查指出，91%的民主黨人支持更嚴(yán)格的槍支法律，但只有24%的共和黨人支持。BBC新聞的結(jié)論是:“槍支暴力是美國(guó)人生活中的常態(tài)，但這個(gè)問(wèn)題是一個(gè)高度政治化的問(wèn)題，贊同槍支管制的民眾與極力保護(hù)自己擁有武器權(quán)利的民眾之間存在對(duì)立?！?/b>

The scale of the challenge to shift our culture is no small task, especially as long as it’s intertwined with our current political divisions, the obsession with maintaining the 2nd Amendment as a sacrosanct justification for bearing every kind of firearm (including assault rifles).

改變我們的文化所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)很大，特別是只要它與我們當(dāng)前的政治分歧交織在一起，就會(huì)使第二修正案成為攜帶各種槍支(包括突擊步槍)的神圣理由。

Culture change requires confronting the pieces. It means electing leaders dedicated to stricter gun laws, continuing to lessen the power of the gun lobby, seriously rethinking the role of police and policing, expanding the Supreme Court with justices. The effort must also must be about electing more leaders who energetically model empathy and kindness—and for each of us to do the same.

文化變革需要直面各種因素。這意味著領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人應(yīng)該致力于更嚴(yán)格的槍支法律，繼續(xù)削弱槍支游說(shuō)團(tuán)體的權(quán)力，重新認(rèn)真思考警察的作用，增加最高法院的法官數(shù)量。我們還必須努力選出更多積極樹(shù)立同理心的善良的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，我們每個(gè)人都要這樣做。

But this is just the beginning of what a shift in mindset entails, recognizing the historical nature of American myth-making around gun violence in the Old West, the bloody history of Western expansion and the GENO.... of Native Americans, and America made clear by defense spending that exceeds the next nine countries combined.

但這只是觀念轉(zhuǎn)變的開(kāi)始，我們還要認(rèn)識(shí)到關(guān)于美國(guó)舊西部槍支暴力的傳奇故事的歷史性質(zhì)，了解西部擴(kuò)張的血腥歷史和對(duì)印第安人的種族滅絕，以及認(rèn)識(shí)到美國(guó)的國(guó)防開(kāi)支超過(guò)了其后九個(gè)國(guó)家的總和。

What I do know is the impact of violence is carried for a lifetime. My wife will tell you that, even during my trip to New York City this month, walking in a relatively safe neighborhood, she noticed that I was looking around skeptically at the people coming up behind us. I didn’t realize it; the ripple effects never fully disappear.

我所知道的是，暴力的影響會(huì)伴隨一生。我妻子會(huì)告訴你，即使在我這個(gè)月去紐約旅行的時(shí)候，走在一個(gè)相對(duì)安全的街區(qū)，她也注意到我懷疑地環(huán)顧四周，關(guān)注著我們身后的人。我沒(méi)有意識(shí)到：這種連鎖反應(yīng)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)完全消失。