你對印度河流域文明了解多少?

Jeevanandham
Related ：What is the Indus Valley civilization?
Short answer about Indus Valley Civilization which i know.
In history, there were four major civilization namely
Mesopotamian
Chinese,
Egyptian
Indus Valley Civilization
Out of which, Indus Valley Civilization is the largest in largest in terms of its area(1,260,000 square kilometres). It was spread over India, Pakistan, Afghanistan etc. Current findings scientists show that the extent of the civilization was even bigger.

關(guān)于印度河流域文明的簡短回答，根據(jù)我所知道的，歷史上有四個重要的文明，分別是美索不達米亞、中國、埃及和印度河流域文明。其中，印度河流域文明在面積上是最大的（1,260,000平方公里），它分布在印度、巴基斯坦、阿富汗等地。目前，科學家的研究表明，這個文明的范圍甚至更大。
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It had Ghagra-Hakra valley to the east, Makran Coast (Baluchistan) to the west, Afghanistan in northeast and Daimabad (Maharashtra) in south.
During its peak, it had a population of 5 million (This is greater than present day population of New Zealand. Most of its inhabitants were artisans and traders.). Out of the 5 million people, many of them lived in villages. archaeologists are having tough time finding culture and society in which they lived because of absence of any proper evidence. Their residences, were made of mud or wood which gets damaged easily and hence no trace is available.
Due to its vast area, 1056 cities have been found. Out of these 1056 cities, 96 of them have been excavated. Dholavaria, Rakhigarhi, Lothal, Kalibangan are some of the famous urban cities apart from Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

印度河流域文明的東部有格拉格拉-哈克拉谷，西部有馬卡蘭海岸（俾路支?。?，東北部為阿富汗，南部為戴馬巴德（馬哈拉施特拉邦）。
在其鼎盛時期，該文明有500萬人口（這比新西蘭現(xiàn)今的人口還多）。大多數(shù)居民是手工藝人和商人，而其中許多人住在村莊里?？脊艑W家很難找到他們所生活的文化和社會，因為沒有任何確切的證據(jù)。他們的住所主要是由泥土或木材建造而成，很容易被損壞，因此沒有任何痕跡留下。
由于其廣闊的領(lǐng)域，已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了1056個城市。其中96個城市已經(jīng)被挖掘出來。多哈拉維拉、拉基加里、洛塔爾、卡利班甘等著名城市除了哈拉帕和摩亨佐-達羅之外。

Harappans are famous for their world-class drainage system. The usage of flush toilets, removal of waste water, channelling fresh water into bathrooms – they were masters in this area.
Town planning was not limited to cities alone, every town, village and city had the same grid pattern and every house constructed used the same bricks, which were of a particular dimension. The bricks were same for all the houses.

哈拉帕人以他們世界級的排水系統(tǒng)而聞名。使用沖水馬桶、排放廢水，將清潔的水引入浴室——在這個領(lǐng)域他們是專家。
城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃不僅僅局限于城市，每個城鎮(zhèn)、村莊和城市都有相同的網(wǎng)格圖案，每個建筑所使用的磚塊尺寸也相同。這些磚塊對于所有房屋來說都是一樣的。

Another interesting thing in Indus Valley Civilization is till date there is no evidences of any authority or leader ruling this civilization.
In Lothal, one of the cities of the Civilization, water transport means were available and aquaculture was practised.
These cities had spacious roads. Mohenjo-Daro roads were 10 metres wide and the smallest roads width is estimated to be at least 1.5 m-3m.
The houses used burnt bricks and every house had the same planning (construction) but the rich people had 3 storied houses while the normal ones had 2 storied houses. Those houses had courtyards and terraces too.

印度河流域文明中另一個有趣的事情是，到目前為止沒有證據(jù)表明有任何權(quán)威或領(lǐng)袖統(tǒng)治著這個文明。
在這個文明的一個城市洛塔爾，水運輸工具得到了應用，也進行了水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖。
這些城市有寬敞的道路。摩亨佐-達羅的道路寬度為10米，最小的道路寬度估計至少為1.5米-3米。
這些房屋使用燒制磚塊建造，每個房屋的規(guī)劃（建設(shè)）都相同，但是富人有三層的房子，普通人則有兩層的房子。這些房子還有庭院和露臺。

Harappa was the first city to be discovered and it was discovered by Dayaram Sahni in 1921. Its present location is in Punjab (Pakistan). It was present on the banks of River Ravi.
The second city to be discovered was Mohenjo-Daro. It was discovered by R.D. Banerjee. Its present location is in Sindh (Pakistan). It was present on the banks of River Indus.The word Mohenjo-Daro literally meant the “mound of dead”.
In Lothal (Gujarat), ruins of dockyard were excavated. Rice was cultivated there and there was a game similar to Chess. People of Indus Valley Civilization traded with Mesopotamian Civilization from there.

哈拉帕是被發(fā)現(xiàn)的第一個城市，由達亞拉姆·薩赫尼于1921年發(fā)現(xiàn)。它現(xiàn)在位于旁遮普邦（巴基斯坦）。它位于拉維河畔。
第二個被發(fā)現(xiàn)的城市是摩亨佐-達羅。它由R.D.班納吉發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在位于信德?。ò突固梗Ｋ挥谟《群优稀ohenjo-Daro這個詞的字面意思是“死者之丘”。
在古吉拉特邦的洛塔爾，碼頭的廢墟被挖掘出來。在那里種植了大米，還有一種類似于國際象棋的游戲。印度河流域文明人從那里與美索不達米亞文明進行貿(mào)易。

In a city called Chanduraho (Indus), evidences of cosmetics were found. Women used lipsticks and other cosmetics. Even small dressing tables were found.
Lets some of their position in early periods.
They were the world’s first dentists.
Earliest scale to test purity of Gold.
The first people to domesticate Cotton.
Indus Valley Civilization people invented the world’s first buttons.
They made the world’s oldest signboard
Another astonishing fact about Induc Valley Civilization is that has surprised the researchers is the absence of any structure which can be thought of central importance like a palace or a temple. The presence of a temple or a palace is a standard feature of every other early civilization. There are several public buildings like the Great Baths and granaries but no structure can be even remotely related to a palace or temple. This has made some scholars to believe that Indus Valley cities were an egalitarian society.
egalitarian means all people are equal.
Yes that’s all i know about Indus Valley Civilization if i get to know anything interesting about Indus Valley Civilization i will upxe.
The best quote which suits for Indus Valley Civilization.
“Civilizations are not remembered by their business people, their bankers or lawyers. They''re remembered by the arts.” - Eli Broad
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在一個名為錢杜拉霍（印度河流域）的城市，發(fā)現(xiàn)了化妝品的證據(jù)。女性使用口紅和其他化妝品。甚至還發(fā)現(xiàn)了小化妝臺。
讓我們回顧一下他們在早期的一些成就：
他們是世界上第一個牙醫(yī)。
使用最早的黃金純度測試比例尺。
第一個馴養(yǎng)棉花的人類。
印度河流域文明人發(fā)明了世界上第一個紐扣。
他們制造了世界上最古老的招牌。
印度河流域文明中另一個令研究者驚異的事實是缺乏任何被認為具有中心重要性的結(jié)構(gòu)，如宮殿或寺廟。寺廟或?qū)m殿的存在是每個其他早期文明的標準特征。有若干公共建筑，如巨大的浴池和糧倉，但是沒有任何結(jié)構(gòu)與宮殿或寺廟有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。這促使一些學者認為，印度河流域城市是一個平等主義的社會。
平等主義意味著所有人都是平等的。
這是我所知道的關(guān)于印度河流域文明的所有內(nèi)容。如果我了解到關(guān)于印度河流域文明的任何有趣信息，我會進行更新。
以下是適用于印度河流域文明的最佳引語：
“文明不是因為他們的商人、銀行家或律師而被人們記憶，而是因為他們的藝術(shù)?！? Eli Broad
如果您喜歡我的回答，請點贊。謝謝！

All About
= Indus civilization is one of the four earliest civilization of the world along with the civilization of mesopotamia ( tigeris and Euphrates) Egypt (nile) and china ( Hwang Ho ).
= The civilization froms part of the proto-history of india and belong to the Bronze age.
= The most accepted periods is 2500-1700 Bc (by carbon 14 dating).
= Dyaram sahani first discovered harapa in 1921.
= RD Benerjee discovered Mohenjodaro or Mound the dead in1922.
Town planning and structure
= Town planing was not uniform. A common feature was grid systems Street cutting across one another at Right angle, dividing the Town into large rectangle blocks.
= The towns were divided into parts,uper part or lower part.
= Underground drainage system connected all house to the street drains made of moter ,lime and gypsum.They were covered with either brick or stone slabs and equipped with manhole. This shows developed senseof health and sanitation.
= The great Bath it was used for religious bathing. Steps at either end lead to the surface. With inlet to the tank and outlet to drain water . There were changing rooms alongside.
= The Granaries (Harappa)6 granaries in a row were found in the citadel Harappa.
= House were made up of burnt bricks ..
= Lampeter were erected at regular intervals. It indicates the existence of Street lighting.
sonmaninath.blogspot.com

●印度河流域文明是世界上最早的四個文明之一，與美索不達米亞文明（底格里斯和幼發(fā)拉底河）、埃及文明（尼羅河）和中國文明（黃河）并列。
●該文明是印度原始史的一部分，屬于青銅時代。
●最被接受的時間是公元前2500-1700年（通過碳14測年）。
●Dyaram Sahani于1921年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了哈拉帕。
●RD Benerjee于1922年發(fā)現(xiàn)了死人堆或摩亨佐達羅。
城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃和結(jié)構(gòu)：
●城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃不統(tǒng)一。一個常見特點是網(wǎng)格系統(tǒng)，街道相互交叉成直角，將城鎮(zhèn)劃分為大矩形區(qū)塊。
●城鎮(zhèn)被劃分為上部或下部。
●地下排水系統(tǒng)將所有房屋連接到由灰泥、石灰和石膏制成的街道排水溝。它們覆蓋有磚或石板，并配有檢修口。這表明他們具有發(fā)展健康和衛(wèi)生意識。
●大浴池是用于宗教沐浴的。兩端的臺階通向水面。有進水口和排水口。旁邊設(shè)有更衣室。
●糧倉（哈拉帕）在城堡哈拉帕發(fā)現(xiàn)了6個糧倉。
●房屋由燒制的磚塊建造而成。
●燈柱定期豎立。這表明存在街道照明。
來源：http://sonmaninath.blogspot.com/

Sathya Sathesh
By 2600 BCE, small Early Harappan communities had developed into large urban centers. These cities include Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India. In total, more than 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus River and its tributaries.
Mohenjo-daro is thought to have been built in the twenty-sixth century BCE; it became not only the largest city of the Indus Valley Civilization but one of the world’s earliest major urban centers. Located west of the Indus River in the Larkana District, Mohenjo-daro was one of the most sophisticated cities of the period, with advanced engineering and urban planning.

到公元前2600年，小規(guī)模的早期哈拉帕社區(qū)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成了大型城市中心。這些城市包括今天巴基斯坦的哈拉帕、甘尼隆瓦拉和摩亨佐達羅，以及今天印度的多拉維拉、卡利班甘、拉克希加爾希、魯帕爾和洛塔爾等?？偣舶l(fā)現(xiàn)了1,052個城市和定居點，主要位于印度河及其支流的一般地區(qū)。
摩亨佐達羅被認為是建造于公元前26世紀；它不僅成為印度河谷文明最大的城市之一，而且也是世界上最早的重要城市之一。位于拉爾卡納區(qū)的印度河西岸，摩亨佐達羅是該時期最復雜的城市之一，具有先進的工程和城市規(guī)劃。

Harappa was a fortified city in modern-day Pakistan that is believed to have been home to as many as 23,500 residents living in sculpted houses with flat roofs made of red sand and clay. The city spread over 150 hectares—370 acres—and had fortified administrative and religious centers of the same type used in Mohenjo-daro.
Both cities had similar organization and featured citadels, central areas in a city that were heavily fortified—protected with defensive military structures. Additionally, both cities were situated along the Indus River. This structure would have allowed those at the higher levels of the buildings in either city to look down the river and see into the distance.

哈拉帕是位于今天巴基斯坦的一座有防御工事的城市，據(jù)信曾經(jīng)是居住著多達23,500名居民的地方，他們生活在由紅色沙土和黏土制成的雕刻房屋中，并擁有平屋頂。該城市占地150公頃（370英畝），并擁有與摩亨佐達羅相同類型的設(shè)有防御措施的行政和宗教中心。
兩個城市具有相似的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和特點，都有城堡，即城市中被大量加固、用防御性軍事結(jié)構(gòu)保護的中心區(qū)域。此外，兩個城市都位于印度河沿岸。這種結(jié)構(gòu)使得任一城市樓房處于較高位置的人能夠俯瞰河流并看到遠處的情況。

The remains of the Indus Valley Civilization cities indicate remarkable organization; there were well-ordered wastewater drainage and trash collection systems and possibly even public baths and granaries, which are storehouses for grain. Most city-dwellers were artisans and merchants grouped together in distinct neighborhoods. The quality of urban planning suggests efficient municipal governments that placed a high priority on hygiene or religious ritual.
Harappans demonstrated advanced architecture with dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls. These massive walls likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have deterred military conflicts. Unlike Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization did not build large, monumental structures. There is no conclusive evidence of palaces or temples—or even of kings, armies, or priests—and the largest structures may be granaries. The city of Mohenjo-daro contains the Great Bath, which may have been a large, public bathing and social area.

印度河流域文明城市的遺跡表明，這個文明的組織極為完善；城市內(nèi)有井然有序的廢水排放和垃圾收集系統(tǒng)，甚至可能還有公共浴室和糧倉，用于儲存谷物。大多數(shù)城市居民是手工藝人和商人，聚居在不同的社區(qū)中。高質(zhì)量的城市規(guī)劃意味著高效的市政府，非常注重衛(wèi)生或者宗教儀式。哈拉帕人展示了先進的建筑技術(shù)，包括船塢、糧倉、倉庫、磚塊平臺和保護墻等。這些巨大的墻壁很可能保護哈拉帕人免受洪水襲擊，也可能阻止了軍事沖突。與兩河流域和古埃及不同，印度河流域文明的居民沒有建造大規(guī)模的紀念性建筑。沒有確鑿的證據(jù)可以證明有宮殿或寺廟，也沒有國王、軍隊或祭司的存在，最大的建筑物可能是糧倉。摩亨佐達羅市包含了一個名為“大浴池”的建筑，可能是一個大型的公共浴場和社交區(qū)域。

The people of the Indus River Valley Civilization achieved many notable advances in technology, including great accuracy in their systems and tools for measuring length and mass. Fire-baked bricks—which were uniform in size and moisture-resistant—were important in building baths and sewage structures and are evidence that Harappans were among the first to develop a system of standardized weights and measures. The consistency of brick size across cities also suggests unity across the various urban areas, which is evidence of a broader civilization.

印度河流域文明的人民在技術(shù)方面取得了許多顯著進展，其中包括他們用于測量長度和質(zhì)量的系統(tǒng)和工具的高度準確性。經(jīng)火烤制的磚頭是建造浴池和污水結(jié)構(gòu)的重要材料，它們尺寸統(tǒng)一、防潮，也是哈拉帕人最早開發(fā)出標準化重量和度量系統(tǒng)的證據(jù)之一。不同城市中磚頭尺寸的一致性也表明了不同城市之間的統(tǒng)一，這是一個更廣泛的文明的證據(jù)。

Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently partially-excavated Rakhigarhi demonstrate the world's first known urban sanitation systems. The ancient Indus systems of sewage and drainage developed and used in cities throughout the Indus region were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in many areas of Pakistan and India today. Individual homes drew water from wells, while wastewater was directed to covered drains on the main streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes, and even the smallest homes on the city outskirts were believed to have been connected to the system, further supporting the conclusion that cleanliness was a matter of great importance.

哈拉巴、摩亨佐達羅以及最近部分挖掘的拉基加里展示了世界上已知的第一個城市衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)。古印度河流域地區(qū)在各個城市中開發(fā)和使用的污水和排水系統(tǒng)比現(xiàn)代中東地區(qū)的任何城市都要先進得多，甚至比今天巴基斯坦和印度許多地區(qū)的城市衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)更有效。每戶人家都從井中取水，而廢水則被引導到主要街道上的覆蓋排水溝中。房屋只對內(nèi)部庭院和小巷開放。即使是城市郊區(qū)的最小住宅也被認為與該系統(tǒng)相連，這進一步支持了清潔衛(wèi)生對于哈拉巴文明來說是非常重要的結(jié)論。

Harappans are known for seal carving— the cutting of patterns into the bottom face of a seal, a small, carved obxt used for stamping. They used these distinctive seals for the identification of property and to stamp clay on trade goods. Seals—decorated with animal figures, such as elephants, tigers, and water buffalos—have been one of the most commonly discovered artifacts in Indus Valley cities.
The Indus River Valley Civilization is considered a Bronze Age society; inhabitants of the ancient Indus River Valley developed new techniques in metallurgy—the science of working with copper, bronze, lead, and tin. Harappans also performed intricate handicraft using products made of the semi-precious gemstone Carnelian.

哈拉巴人以刻印章而聞名——在印章的底部刻圖案，這是一種小型雕刻物件，用于蓋章。他們使用這些獨特的印章來識別財產(chǎn)和蓋印貿(mào)易商品上的黏土。裝飾有動物形象（如象、老虎和水牛）的印章是印度河谷城市中最常見的文物之一。
印度河流域文明被認為是青銅時代社會；古印度河谷居民在冶金學領(lǐng)域—即利用銅、青銅、鉛和錫進行加工的科學方面開發(fā)出新技術(shù)。哈拉巴人還使用半寶玉石瑪瑙制作精細的手工藝品。

Evidence shows Harappans participated in a vast maritime—sea—trade network extending from Central Asia to the Middle East. The civilization's economy appears to have depended significantly on trade, which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology. The Harappan Civilization may have been the first to use wheeled transport, in the form of oxcarts that are identical to those seen throughout South Asia today. It also appears they built boats and watercraft—a claim supported by archaeological discoveries of a massive, dredged canal, and what is regarded as a docking facility at the coastal city of Lothal. Harappans also engaged in shellworking, and shells used in their crafts have origins from as far away as the coast of modern-day Oman.

證據(jù)表明，哈拉巴人參與了從中亞到中東延伸的廣泛海上貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)。該文明的經(jīng)濟似乎在很大程度上依賴于貿(mào)易，而前進的運輸技術(shù)也促進了這一過程。哈拉巴文明可能是第一個使用車輪運輸形式的文明，他們使用耕牛車，這種車輛現(xiàn)在在整個南亞都可以看到。此外，他們還建造了船只和水上交通工具——這一說法得到了考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的支持，例如在海濱城市洛塔爾發(fā)現(xiàn)的巨大的疏浚運河和被認為是停泊設(shè)施的遺址。哈拉巴人還從事貝殼工藝，并且用于其手工藝品中的貝殼來自今天阿曼海岸遠至萬里之外的地方。

The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1800 BCE, and scholars debate which factors resulted in the civilization’s demise. One theory suggested that a nomadic, Indo-European tribe called the Aryans invaded and conquered the Indus Valley Civilization, though more recent evidence tends to contradict this claim. Many scholars believe that the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization was caused by climate change. Some experts believe the drying of the Saraswati River, which began around 1900 BCE, was the main cause for climate change, while others conclude that a great flood struck the area.

印度河谷文明在公元前1800年左右衰落，學者們爭論導致這一文明滅亡的因素。一種理論認為，一個名為雅利安人的游牧印歐部落入侵并征服了印度河谷文明，但更近期的證據(jù)傾向于否定這一說法。許多學者認為，印度河谷文明的崩潰是由于氣候變化引起的。一些專家認為，始于公元前1900年左右的薩拉斯瓦蒂河干涸是氣候變化的主要原因，而另一些人則得出結(jié)論稱該地區(qū)遭受了一場大洪水的襲擊。

Various elements of the Indus Civilization are found in later cultures, suggesting the civilization did not disappear suddenly due to an invasion. Many scholars argue that changes in river patterns caused the large civilization to break up into smaller communities called late Harappan cultures.Another disastrous change in the Harappan climate might have been eastward-moving monsoons, or winds that bring heavy rains. Monsoons can be both helpful and detrimental to a climate, depending on whether they support or destroy vegetation and agriculture.

后來的文化中發(fā)現(xiàn)了印度文明的各種元素，這表明這個文明并沒有因為入侵而突然消失。許多學者認為，河流模式的變化導致了大的文明分裂成稱為晚期哈拉帕文化的小社區(qū)。
哈拉巴氣候的另一個災難性變化可能是向東移動的季風或帶來暴雨的風。季風對氣候既有益處也有不利之處，這取決于它們是否支持或破壞植被和農(nóng)業(yè)。

By 1800 BCE, the Indus Valley climate grew cooler and drier, and a tectonic event may have diverted or disrupted river systems, which were the lifelines of the Indus Valley Civilization. The Harappans may have migrated toward the Ganges basin in the east, where they could have established villages and isolated farms. These small communities would not have been able to produce the same agricultural surpluses to support large cities. With the reduced production of goods, there would have been a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia. By around 1700 BCE, most of the Indus Valley Civilization cities had been abandoned.

公元前1800年，印度河谷氣候變得更加涼爽和干燥，構(gòu)造事件可能改道或破壞了河系，而這些河系是印度河谷文明的命脈。哈拉巴人可能向東遷徙到恒河流域，在那里他們可以建立村莊和孤立的農(nóng)場。這些小社區(qū)不可能生產(chǎn)出支持大城市的同樣的農(nóng)業(yè)剩余物。隨著商品生產(chǎn)的減少，與埃及和美索不達米亞的貿(mào)易也將下降。到公元前1700年左右，大多數(shù)印度河谷文明城市已經(jīng)被遺棄了。

The sheer age of the IVC should be interesting to most ordinary people anyway.
So what are the reasons for this neglect??
Some part of neglect is probably due to the Indus scxt being not deciphered till now. Yet, it can be argued that the Linear A scxt is also not deciphered and the culture is still analysed more than IVC.
Does bias and discrimination play the most part here? Is it because that most historians grew up in a Western culture and Western culture shared ideas from the Greek and Roman. So they identified themselves or their ancestors more with the Greek and Roman and so they are more interested in them than IVC?
Or are there any other reasons?
What is the near-term forecast? Will analysis of IVC grow over over a few years or will it remain the same?

印度河谷文明的悠久歷史本應引起大多數(shù)普通人的興趣。那么，為什么它會被忽視呢？
部分原因可能是因為迄今為止尚未解讀印度文字。然而，可以說線性A文字也沒有被解讀，但該文化仍然比印度河谷文明被更多地分析。這里是否存在偏見和歧視的因素？是不是因為大多數(shù)歷史學家在西方文化中成長，并且西方文化分享了希臘和羅馬的思想。所以他們對希臘和羅馬或者與之有關(guān)的先祖更感興趣，而對印度河谷文明則不太感興趣？
還是有其他原因嗎？未來一段時間內(nèi)，印度河谷文明的分析會增加還是保持不變？

Trishala
When you travel back to the beginning of civilization on earth, all the civilizations were always born on riversides; it was the ideal location for civilizations. This was due to the abundant availability of water as well as fertile land. Indus Valley Civilization which flourished on the Indus river basin is of great historical value and gave significant contributions to posterity in the way of innovations and other things. The inhabitants of the ancient Indus River valley developed new techniques in handicraft and metallurgy. The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings.

當你回到地球文明的起源時，所有文明始終誕生在河畔；這是文明的理想位置。這是由于水源和肥沃土地的豐富可得。在印度河流域繁榮的印度河谷文明在創(chuàng)新和其他方面為后人做出了重要貢獻。古印度河谷居民發(fā)展了新的手工藝和冶金技術(shù)。印度城市以其城市規(guī)劃、燒制磚房屋、精細的排水系統(tǒng)、供水系統(tǒng)和大量非住宅建筑群而聞名。

Among other things, they contain the world's earliest known system of flush toilets. With a number of courtyard houses having both a washing platform and a waste disposal hole. The toilet holes would be flushed by emptying a jar of water, drawn from the house's central well, through a clay brick pipe, and into a shared brick drain, that would feed into an adjacent soak pit (cesspit). The soak pits would be periodically emptied of their solid matter, possibly to be used as fertilizer. Most houses also had private wells. City walls functioned as a barrier against floods. For such good planning, they had to use the river Indus. The urban areas of the Indus Valley civilization provided public and private baths, sewage was disposed through underground drains built with precisely laid bricks, and a sophisticated water management system with numerous reservoirs was established. In the drainage systems, drains from houses were connected to wider public drains.

其中，它們包含世界上已知最早的排水系統(tǒng)。在一些庭院房屋中，有一個洗滌平臺和一個廢物處理孔。通過從房屋的中央井中取出的水，通過黏土磚管道排入共享的磚排水槽中，進入相鄰的浸泡坑（污水坑）中，這些馬桶孔將被沖洗。浸泡坑定期清空其固體物質(zhì)，可能被用作肥料。大多數(shù)房屋也有私人井。城墻則起到抵御洪水的障礙作用。由于規(guī)劃良好，他們不得不使用印度河。印度河谷文明的城市區(qū)為公共和私人浴池提供了設(shè)施，污水通過精細鋪設(shè)的磚頭地下排水系統(tǒng)進行處理，并建立了多個水庫的復雜水管理系統(tǒng)。在排水系統(tǒng)中，房屋的排水管與更廣泛的公共排水管相連。

Mohenjo-Daro had more than 700 wells, and most houses had at least one private well. Dholavira had a series of water-storing tanks and step wells, and its water management system has been called "unique". Dholavira had at least five baths, the size of one is comparable with the Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro.
Wastewater reuse is an ancient practice, which has been applied since the dawn of human history and is connected to the development of sanitation provision. The reuse of untreated municipal wastewater has been practiced for many centuries with the obxtive of diverting human waste outside of urban settlements. Likewise, land application of domestic wastewater is an old and common practice, which has gone through different stages of development.

摩亨佐-達羅有700多個井，大多數(shù)房屋至少有一個私人井。多拉維拉有一系列儲水槽和臺階式井，其水管理系統(tǒng)被稱為“獨特”。多拉維拉至少有五個浴池，其中一個的大小可與摩亨佐-達羅的大浴池相比。
廢水再利用是一種古老的做法，自人類歷史的黎明以來就一直在應用，并與衛(wèi)生設(shè)施的發(fā)展相關(guān)聯(lián)。未經(jīng)處理的市政府污水的再利用已經(jīng)實踐了許多世紀，旨在將人類廢物排放到城市之外。同樣，家庭污水的土地應用是一種古老而普遍的做法，經(jīng)歷了不同的發(fā)展階段。