拿破侖一世有多富有?
How rich was Bonaparte?譯文簡(jiǎn)介
拿破侖·波拿巴(Napoleon Bonaparte)是法國(guó)的一位軍事和政治領(lǐng)袖,在法國(guó)大革命期間掌權(quán)。在拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,拿破侖帶領(lǐng)法國(guó)對(duì)抗一系列聯(lián)盟,在十年間主宰著歐洲和全球事務(wù)。他是地球上最偉大的領(lǐng)袖之一。
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Shubham
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and a political leader who came to power during the French Revolution. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the greatest leaders who lived on this earth. Napoleon’s health began to deteriorate rapidly, and he reconciled with the Catholic Church. He died on 5 May 1821 at Longwood House at age 51.
拿破侖·波拿巴(Napoleon Bonaparte)是法國(guó)的一位軍事和政治領(lǐng)袖,在法國(guó)大革命期間掌權(quán)。在拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,拿破侖帶領(lǐng)法國(guó)對(duì)抗一系列聯(lián)盟,在十年間主宰著歐洲和全球事務(wù)。他是地球上最偉大的領(lǐng)袖之一。拿破侖的健康狀況迅速惡化,他與羅馬天主教會(huì)和解。1821年5月5日,他在朗伍德別墅(Longwood House)去世,享年51歲。
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and a political leader who came to power during the French Revolution. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the greatest leaders who lived on this earth. Napoleon’s health began to deteriorate rapidly, and he reconciled with the Catholic Church. He died on 5 May 1821 at Longwood House at age 51.
拿破侖·波拿巴(Napoleon Bonaparte)是法國(guó)的一位軍事和政治領(lǐng)袖,在法國(guó)大革命期間掌權(quán)。在拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,拿破侖帶領(lǐng)法國(guó)對(duì)抗一系列聯(lián)盟,在十年間主宰著歐洲和全球事務(wù)。他是地球上最偉大的領(lǐng)袖之一。拿破侖的健康狀況迅速惡化,他與羅馬天主教會(huì)和解。1821年5月5日,他在朗伍德別墅(Longwood House)去世,享年51歲。
Before his death , He was the the richest man of that era with net worth of $27 Trillion that includes tremendous amount of gold in his personal war chest.
All of us knew he was a conqueror and a Political leader, He had enormous amount of land under his name that includes 7 million Square miles of land that spread across Asia and Europe.
Some of the Possessions that he had in his lifetime were :-
在他去世之前,拿破侖被認(rèn)為是那個(gè)時(shí)代最富有的人,凈資產(chǎn)達(dá)到27萬億美元,其中包括他個(gè)人戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)財(cái)寶中的大量黃金。我們都知道他是一個(gè)征服者和政治領(lǐng)袖,他名下?lián)碛芯薮蟮耐恋?,涵蓋了亞洲和歐洲的700萬平方英里。
他生命中擁有的一些財(cái)產(chǎn)包括:-
The amount of land that he had acquired and had under his name at that time was totaled to an amount of whopping - $12 Trillion US Dollars.
他當(dāng)時(shí)擁有并以自己名義占有的土地總價(jià)值高達(dá)12萬億美元。
When Napoleon died, almost his entire wealth was confiscated by “British Empire”(Don’t know why whenever some confiscation or theft matters come why there are always Britishers :) ).
At the end, he had only around 400 grams of gold, that were taken by his followers.
拿破侖去世時(shí),幾乎他所有的財(cái)富都被“英國(guó)帝國(guó)”沒收(不知道為什么每當(dāng)涉及到?jīng)]收或偷竊問題時(shí),為什么總是與英國(guó)有關(guān) :)) 。
最后,他只剩下大約400克黃金,被他的追隨者拿走了。
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Despite being the titular Emperor of France, King of Italy, and the Protector of the Rhine, Napoleon Bonaparte had a very humble upbringing and early career.
盡管成為了法蘭西帝國(guó)的皇帝、意大利國(guó)王和萊茵保護(hù)者,拿破侖·波拿巴出身卻十分平凡,早年事業(yè)也很不起眼。
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One of my favorite stories of Napoleon took place when he was a young artillery officer stationed at Valence. All of his checks were being sent to Corsica to support his mother and siblings as well as paying off what debt his father had brought to the Bonaparte's. Therefore, the only luxuries he seems to have afforded himself were his books.
拿破侖的父親卡洛一生中欠下了巨額債務(wù),在他去世后,拿破侖和兄弟姐妹們就得承擔(dān)這些沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。但由于拿破侖不久將成為法國(guó)軍隊(duì)的一名下士,這個(gè)負(fù)擔(dān)也就落在了他身上。
我最喜歡的拿破侖故事之一發(fā)生在他年輕時(shí)擔(dān)任駐守瓦朗斯的炮兵軍官時(shí)。所有的薪金都被寄到科西嘉島用來支持他的母親和兄弟姐妹,并還清他父親所欠下的債務(wù)。因此,他似乎能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起的唯一奢侈品就是書籍。
In Andrew Roberts' book Napoleon: A Life, he writes:
He existed partly on charity; as First Consul he asked one of his interior ministers for news of a café owner who had often treated him to coffee at Valence, and upon hearing that she was still alive said, ‘I fear that I did not pay for all the cups of coffee that she served me; here are 50 louis [1,000 francs] that you will give to her on my behalf.’
The Napoleonic era is filled with many rags-to-riches stories that are often overlooked.
Even more overlooked is the early career and humble beginnings of the era's namesake.
拿破侖在瓦朗斯的住處非常簡(jiǎn)樸,只有一張床、一張桌子和一把扶手椅。這位勤奮好學(xué)的中尉省吃儉用,只是為了買更多書來飽讀,甚至跳過飯菜。
在安德魯·羅伯茨的《拿破侖:一生》一書中,他寫道:
他部分靠著慈善生活;作為第一領(lǐng)事,他問他的一位內(nèi)政大臣關(guān)于一個(gè)咖啡店老板的消息,這位咖啡店老板經(jīng)常在瓦朗斯請(qǐng)他喝咖啡,聽到她還活著后說:“我擔(dān)心我沒有付所有她對(duì)我端上的咖啡的錢,這里有50路易(1000法郎),請(qǐng)代表我給她?!?br /> 拿破侖時(shí)代充滿了許多被忽視的由貧困到富有的故事。更加被忽視的是時(shí)代名人早年的職業(yè)生涯和謙卑的起點(diǎn)。
Napoleon described himself as quite poor in his earlier stages of life as an officer and general because of his love to his family.
He continuously paid for expensive schools for his sisters; brothers, and mother to take luxurious life and refuge, as at one point they were considered traitors for befriending Paoli, and old family friend who was considered a traitor to France.
Napoleon began to earn a steadier salary during the Egyptian campaign. He understood money perfectly, as at restoring France with new taxes, he himself used it wisely and more with balance, unlike the previous Louis XVI.
拿破侖在成為軍官和將軍的早期階段,因?yàn)閷?duì)家庭的愛而自認(rèn)為非常貧窮。他不斷為姐妹、兄弟和母親支付昂貴的學(xué)費(fèi),讓他們過上豪華生活并獲得庇護(hù),因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)蚺c帕奧利交往而被認(rèn)為是叛徒,而帕奧利是與法國(guó)為敵的老朋友。
拿破侖在埃及戰(zhàn)役期間開始獲得更穩(wěn)定的薪水。他完全理解錢的價(jià)值,在通過新稅收重建法國(guó)時(shí),他本人也明智地、更加均衡地運(yùn)用了這些稅款,不像之前的路易十六那樣使用不當(dāng)。
On the eve of the Campaign of Italy in 1796, Napoleon’s campaign as an independent commanding officer, he gave a message to his soldiers, “…Rich provinces, great cities will be in your power. There you will find honor, glory, and riches.” Napoleon was quite known for his pillaging of Italian arts and riches in the cities he captured. Throughout his life, Napoleon was known for squeezing money out of whatever circumstance he was in, and always tried to get as much as he could. Napoleon’s personal wealth certainly reached into the millions throughout his various campaigns. Napoleon owned many palaces and castles, around 60, more than Louis XIV. Napoleon seized as much money as could during his wars, taking artifacts, pieces of arts, relics, anything. Not all of it was for money, or to be sold, but it is perhaps an indication of the money he have made personally.
In the Invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon once gave a slight inkling of the wealth he supposedly had, “I have more than four hundred million francs in the cellars of the Tuileries”, but that is extremely doubtful.
在1796年拿破侖作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立指揮官進(jìn)行意大利戰(zhàn)役的前夕,他向士兵們發(fā)出了這樣的信息:“……富饒的省份和偉大的城市將會(huì)在你們手中。在那里,你們將找到榮譽(yù)、榮耀和財(cái)富?!?拿破侖以掠奪征服的意大利城市的藝術(shù)和財(cái)富而聞名。在他的一生中,拿破侖以各種情況為契機(jī)賺取錢財(cái),并盡可能多地獲取利益。通過各種戰(zhàn)役,拿破侖個(gè)人的財(cái)富達(dá)到了數(shù)百萬法郎。他擁有許多宮殿和城堡,約60個(gè),比路易十四還要多。拿破侖在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中搶奪了盡可能多的財(cái)物、文物、藝術(shù)品等。其中不是所有的都是為了賣錢或個(gè)人獲利,但這或許也表明了他個(gè)人所積累的金錢數(shù)量。
在1812年的俄羅斯戰(zhàn)役中,拿破侖曾略微透露過他據(jù)稱擁有的財(cái)富:“我在圖伊勒里花園地窖里有四百多萬法郎。” 但那是極其可疑的。
I've been an avid student of history for as long as I can remember.6y
There are reports that he cleaned out some of the resources that he had captured several years before he was so rudely deposed. Some of the reports indicate that Jean Lafitte may have been one of the sources that helped him pilfer the French valuables. Or not.
我一直以來都是一個(gè)熱心的歷史學(xué)生。有報(bào)道稱,拿破侖在被粗魯?shù)貜U黜前數(shù)年清空了他攫取的一些資源。有一些報(bào)告顯示,讓·拉菲特可能是幫助他竊取法國(guó)財(cái)寶的其中一個(gè)來源?;蛘咭部赡懿皇?。
Bonaparte could arbitrarily nationalize any thing at any place under the command of his troops at any time making the calculation impossible. All dictatorships are in effect command economies whether or not they are philosophically so.
波拿巴可以任意收歸其部隊(duì)所控制地區(qū)的任何東西,使得計(jì)算成為不可能。所有的獨(dú)裁政權(quán)實(shí)際上都是命令經(jīng)濟(jì),無論它們是否在哲學(xué)上如此。
Thank you for asking me this, Daniel. I don’t have the figures, but I’m sure they’ll be available somewhere. But, in general terms, Napoleon started out as a younger son in a family of the poorer nobility. As a Republican general, he accumulated some personal wealth, then, once he became First Consul, a large salary would have been added to this.
When Napoleon became Emperor, in essence he was as wealthy as he decided to be - there were fewer restraints upon him than upon recent Kings of France. But I understand that he didn’t show any extraordinary greed in this respect, although the first Empress was noted for extravagance, I believe.
Thank you again - every good wish,
Barrie
感謝你的提問,丹尼爾。我沒有具體數(shù)字,但相信這些數(shù)據(jù)在某些地方可以找到。總的來說,拿破侖開始是一個(gè)貧窮的貴族家庭的幼子。作為一名共和軍隊(duì)將領(lǐng),他積累了一些個(gè)人財(cái)富,隨后成為第一執(zhí)政官后又獲得了高額薪水。
當(dāng)拿破侖成為皇帝時(shí),他能夠擁有任何想要的財(cái)富 - 與法國(guó)最近的國(guó)王相比,他面臨的限制更少。但據(jù)我了解,他在這方面并未表現(xiàn)出過度的貪婪,雖然第一任皇后被認(rèn)為是揮霍無度。再次表示感謝 - 祝一切順利,
No one really knows for sure, but it’s estimated to be $27 trillion. As the emperor of France, he had access to the immense wealth of a vast empire that spanned across much of Europe.
But there aren’t many historical records showing what assets belonged to him and which belonged to the state.
The only real record of Napoleon’s wealth is a personal bank account mentioned in his will worth about six million francs.
But while he may not have benefited personally from the vast empire he helped create, his cultural legacy in France still lives on to this day.
Because Napoleon confiscated thousands of precious artworks back to France after his conquest of Italy, with the aim to “unite the greatest masterpieces of art in Paris”.
And he stored them in an immense gallery which would eventually become the Louvre.
But he’s not the only “royal” that had an eye for art. In fact, fine art has historically been a very popular investment vehicle for the ultra rich.
沒有人確切知道,但估計(jì)數(shù)字是27萬億美元。作為法國(guó)皇帝,他可以接觸到橫跨歐洲大部分地區(qū)的龐大帝國(guó)的巨大財(cái)富。但是,很少有歷史記錄顯示哪些資產(chǎn)屬于他個(gè)人,哪些屬于國(guó)家。
拿破侖唯一真正的財(cái)富記錄是在他的遺囑中提到的一個(gè)個(gè)人銀行賬戶,價(jià)值約600萬法郎。
雖然他可能沒有從他幫助創(chuàng)建的龐大帝國(guó)中獲得個(gè)人利益,但他在法國(guó)的文化遺產(chǎn)至今仍然存在。因?yàn)槟闷苼鲈谡鞣獯罄髮?shù)千件珍貴藝術(shù)品運(yùn)回法國(guó),旨在“將最偉大的藝術(shù)杰作匯集于巴黎”。他將它們存放在一個(gè)巨大的畫廊里,最終成為了盧浮宮。
但他并不是唯一一個(gè)對(duì)藝術(shù)品感興趣的“王室成員”。實(shí)際上,精美藝術(shù)品歷來是超級(jí)富豪非常受歡迎的投資工具。
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And the Rockefellers and the Rothschilds both amassed collections worth billions.
Billionaires like David Geffen, Jeff Bezos, and Bill Gates are all avid art collectors.
Plus, there’s a long list of celebrities like Jay-Z, Oprah Winfrey, Steven Spielberg, Jack Nicholson, Madonna, and Ellen Degeneres who have invested millions into art.
The only problem is, regular investors have always been locked out of this asset class because it usually takes millions of dollars to purchase just one iconic piece.
But thanks to a revolutionary new investment platform called Masterworks investing in art just got easier.
Because they provide a simple way for anyone to invest in fractional shares of art from famous artists like Picasso, Banksy and Basquiat, for a fraction of the cost it would take to buy a single iconic piece.
英國(guó)王室家族幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來一直將他們的部分財(cái)富投資于藝術(shù)品,他們的收藏品價(jià)值估計(jì)超過100億美元。羅克菲勒和羅斯柴爾德家族都建立起了價(jià)值數(shù)十億美元的收藏品。
像大衛(wèi)·蓋芬、杰夫·貝索斯和比爾·蓋茨這樣的億萬富翁都是狂熱的藝術(shù)品收藏家。
此外,還有一長(zhǎng)串名人,如Jay-Z、奧普拉·溫弗瑞、史蒂文·斯皮爾伯格、杰克·尼科爾森、麥當(dāng)娜和艾倫·德詹尼斯等,他們已經(jīng)向藝術(shù)品投資了數(shù)百萬美元。
唯一的問題是,普通投資者總是被排除在這種資產(chǎn)類別之外,因?yàn)橘?gòu)買一個(gè)標(biāo)志性的作品通常需要數(shù)百萬美元。
The Powerful don’t need to be “rich”, in a conventional sense. Joe Stalin didn’t need a penny in his bank account. He didn’t need his name on a deed to the Kremlin. All he had to do was request something and she-zam! it would appear! Money’s only meaningful in a free society.
有權(quán)勢(shì)的人不需要以傳統(tǒng)意義上的“富有”為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。斯大林在銀行賬戶里一分錢都沒有,克里姆林宮的產(chǎn)權(quán)證書上也沒有他的名字。他只需要提出請(qǐng)求,瞬間就會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)! 在自由社會(huì)中,金錢才具有真正意義。
How could any of Napoleon’s assets belong to him? Surely those from whom whom the assets were stolen would not agree that they belonged to Napoleon.
拿破侖的任何財(cái)產(chǎn)怎么可能歸他所有呢?那些被搶走財(cái)產(chǎn)的人肯定不會(huì)同意這些財(cái)產(chǎn)屬于拿破侖。
So rich that I keep seeing this over and over and over again. Even twice in one page.
太有錢了,以至于我總是看到這樣的情況一遍又一遍,甚至在同一頁(yè)上看到兩次。
The entire French economy (GDP) wouldn’t come to $27 trillion francs today, much less when Napoleon was emperor. What sort of rubbish is this?
整個(gè)法國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)(GDP)今天不可能達(dá)到2700萬億法郎,更不要說拿破侖當(dāng)皇帝的時(shí)候了。這是什么垃圾言論?
Baron Rothschild was his financier. Napoleon traded land for cash, to pay for his wars.
巴倫·羅斯柴爾德是拿破侖的財(cái)務(wù)顧問。拿破侖通過出售土地來?yè)Q取現(xiàn)金,用于支付自己的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開支。
This is a bit of a tricky question to answer because
a) Napoleon Bonaparte’s wealth depended on his ever-changing status and
b) I often find it hard to discern between his personal money and that of the state (for example, I understand that the clothes Josephine was so famously spending incredible sums for did not actually belong to her but were property of the state).
This is for the time when Napoleon was emperor: According to the constitution, the “l(fā)iste civile” (basically his personal income, taken from the French treasury ,i.e., tax payers’ money) of the emperor was 25 million Franc per year. 15 millions of that sum were needed for the imperial household, i.e., Napoleon’s personal entourage and court life. According to Pierre Branda (“Napoléon et ses hommes”), this household comprised 3384 people. I do not know how this compares to the other two European imperial courts, however, those of Austria and Russia. It surely does not sound like a small sum. In comparison: a construction worker at the time earned three Franc per day.
So, I guess one can say there was some inequality of wealth distribution.
這個(gè)問題有些棘手,因?yàn)椋?br /> a)拿破侖·波拿巴的財(cái)富取決于他不斷變化的地位;
b)我常常很難區(qū)分他個(gè)人的金錢和國(guó)家的金錢(例如,我了解到約瑟芬為了衣服而花費(fèi)巨款的那些衣服實(shí)際上并不屬于她,而是國(guó)家的財(cái)產(chǎn))。
以下是關(guān)于拿破侖成為皇帝時(shí)期的情況:根據(jù)憲法,“Civile liste”(即從法國(guó)財(cái)政部獲取的他的個(gè)人收入,也就是納稅人的錢)每年為2500萬法郎。其中1,500萬法郎用于帝國(guó)家庭,即拿破侖的個(gè)人隨從和朝臣生活所需。據(jù)彼埃爾·布蘭達(dá)(《拿破侖及其人員》)所述,這個(gè)家庭共有3384人。我不知道這與其他兩個(gè)歐洲帝國(guó)的宮廷相比如何,即奧地利和俄羅斯。但肯定不像一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。相比之下,當(dāng)時(shí)一名建筑工人每天只賺三法郎。
所以,我想可以說存在財(cái)富分配不均的情況。
Pretty wealthy. Especially at the top of his power when he was basically the emperor of most of mainland Europe. As an emperor he had all of the power in his large empire and he could acquire any item he needed. So enough wealth to acquire anything in the time he lived in. Pretty wealthy I would say.
非常富有。尤其是在他成為歐洲大陸大部分地區(qū)皇帝的巔峰時(shí)期,基本上擁有了全部帝國(guó)的權(quán)力,可以獲取任何需要的物品。作為皇帝,他有足夠的財(cái)富在他所處的那個(gè)時(shí)代獲取任何東西。所以,我認(rèn)為他非常富有。
Why did so many people like Napoleon?
What happens when all of Europe gang up on France ? With so much people in a coalition, surely the coalition should win right ? No. France under Napoléon beated the sh*t out of them ! FIVE times. In a ROW.
Napoléon appointed a woman, Sophie Blanchard, as his minister to plan an AERIAL invasion of England with aerostats. How cool is that. The Grande Armée was actually formed from the army that was supposed to invade England.
The Civil Code of the French (Napoleon Code) was considered at the time as the greatest piece of law to have been written. Everyone copied it afterwards.
Napoléon was also the jerk that restored slavery. This ought to be said.
It was a pyrrhic victory but Napoléon took Moscow. Hitler did not.
Napoléon was a master of propaganda. His campaign of Egypt was a loss, but he still managed to make it glorious to the French public.
You like egyptology ? It started with the people Napoléon brought with him in Egypt. It was a French soldier that found the Rosetta stone.
Napoléon destroyed the Holy Roman Empire, a venerable old state, that as Voltaire said, was neither Holy, neither Roman and neither an Empire.
For quite some times Italians had had enough of the German princes governing the north and the Bourbons in the South, and it was Napoléon that recreated a Kingdom of Italy. The Italians fought the entire 19th century to recreate a Kingdom of Italy, to be at last a power in Europe.
為什么那么多人喜歡拿破侖呢?當(dāng)整個(gè)歐洲聯(lián)合起來對(duì)抗法國(guó)時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)生什么?有這么多的人聯(lián)盟,聯(lián)盟一定會(huì)贏,不是嗎?但法國(guó)在拿破侖的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下接連打敗了他們五次。拿破侖任命女性索菲·布蘭查德?lián)嗡拇蟪?,?jì)劃利用飛艇進(jìn)行英格蘭的空中入侵,這多酷啊!大軍實(shí)際上是從原本準(zhǔn)備入侵英國(guó)的軍隊(duì)組成的。法蘭西民法典(即拿破侖法典)被認(rèn)為是當(dāng)時(shí)寫得最好的法律文件,其他人之后都效仿著寫。拿破侖還曾恢復(fù)奴隸制度,這必須要說清楚。拿破侖縱使在莫斯科取得了勝利,但卻是一場(chǎng)昂貴無比的勝利,而希特勒則沒有這么做到。拿破侖是宣傳大師,他的埃及戰(zhàn)役雖然失敗,但他仍然成功地讓法國(guó)公眾把它看作是一個(gè)輝煌的戰(zhàn)役。你喜歡埃及學(xué)嗎?它始于拿破侖帶到埃及的人。發(fā)現(xiàn)羅塞塔石碑的是一位法國(guó)士兵。拿破侖摧毀了一個(gè)尊崇的古老國(guó)家——神圣羅馬帝國(guó),正如伏爾泰所說,既不神圣、也不羅馬,更不是帝國(guó)。許多意大利人已經(jīng)受夠了德國(guó)王子在北部和波旁家族在南部執(zhí)政,而是拿破侖重建了意大利王國(guó)。整個(gè)19世紀(jì),意大利人為重新創(chuàng)立意大利王國(guó)而奮斗,終于成為歐洲的一支強(qiáng)國(guó)。
Related:Was Napoleon a great leader?
Of course he was. He was the author of terrible events like the slaughter of Egyptian officers as he felt he could not keep them and he was brutal in the handling of the Tyrolean rebellion for independence.
He was a very successful general in fact regarded as a genius and studied. He fought 70 battles and lost 7 not following the rules of battle as taught in school but being a strategic genius.
In the meantime he was a great ruler of France, he created honest tax collectors. Reformed the tax code, the legal system to what is used today emphasizing equality, the currency to what is used today, made a central bank, cleaned up Paris, made sewers and public health for free vaccinations, made secular high schools that taught science and military arts that the rest of Europe began to imitate and offered scholarships, he created the Legion of Honor, found sugar could be made cheaply of beets, united Italy, encouraged science and art, ended the Jewish ghettos everywhere he went, made divorce possible, he reformed the army, and made French the official language.
No one can compare but Peter the Great in reforming rot. But he lost and that was his sin. Going into Russia was his mistake. He took Moscow and expected that meant victory, but it was a big country.
相關(guān)問題:拿破侖是偉大的領(lǐng)袖嗎?
當(dāng)然他是。他是可怕事件的制造者,比如屠殺埃及官員,因?yàn)樗X得無法保住他們,他在處理提洛爾叛亂時(shí)也非常殘酷,這場(chǎng)叛亂是為自由而戰(zhàn)。 實(shí)際上,他是非常成功的將軍,被認(rèn)為是天才并受到了深度的研究。他參加了70次戰(zhàn)斗,輸了7次,沒有按照學(xué)校教授的規(guī)則戰(zhàn)斗,而是憑借自己的戰(zhàn)略天賦取得了勝利。
與此同時(shí),他是法國(guó)的偉大統(tǒng)治者,他建立了誠(chéng)實(shí)的稅務(wù)人員。改革了稅法、法律制度使其更突出平等、改革貨幣體系,建立中央銀行、整頓巴黎城市規(guī)劃,為免費(fèi)接種疫苗的公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)建設(shè)排污系統(tǒng),推廣包容性的高等學(xué)校教科書、科學(xué)和軍事藝術(shù),并提供獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金,他創(chuàng)建了榮譽(yù)軍團(tuán),發(fā)現(xiàn)糖可以便宜地從甜菜中提取出來,統(tǒng)一了意大利,鼓勵(lì)科學(xué)和藝術(shù),并在他所到之處結(jié)束了猶太人的隔都制度,實(shí)現(xiàn)離婚合法化,他還改革了軍隊(duì),使法語成為官方語言。
在改革堆積如山的歷史上,他無與倫比,只有彼得大帝可以與之相比。但他失敗了,這是他的罪過。進(jìn)入俄國(guó)是他的錯(cuò)誤。他攻占莫斯科并期望這意味著勝利,但那是一個(gè)大國(guó)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
History is a commentary of the past events , persons and their deeds.Much of history is based on observers view point which is not entirely free of bias. In my opinion Napoleon met the following criteria of leadership :-
Set a vision for France and exhibited aspirations to cover Europe - with a singular aim of liberating people from rule of monarchy.
He was successful in executing a strategy of conquest and extended the French Empire to cover most of Europe. As a military strategist , he was exceptional till he was out smarted by the Russians.
Despite his physical stature he was able to cast a presence and command people’s respect . They saw in him as someone similar (not from nobility) yet with a magnetic power to make a difference.
Little known aspect outside of France “Napoléon Bonaparte believed that to be great, a nation has to be managed by a corps d'élites, la crème de la crème.Universities are for the mass, the brightest will be formed at the Grandes écoles. He also introduced the écoles Prépa to sélect the students who will get into the Grandes Ecoles.” This comment appeared in FB post from Mr Ponnoreay Iat - a French Citizen. He thought about high quality people for leadership positions.
While there are sevral criticisms about his ruthless treatment of foes and his dictatorship , I have no doubt in my mind , that Napoleon was a very effective leader who left a high impact.
歷史是對(duì)過去事件、人物和其行為的評(píng)論。大部分歷史都基于觀察者的視角,而這種視角并非完全沒有偏見。我認(rèn)為,拿破侖符合以下領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力標(biāo)準(zhǔn):他為法國(guó)設(shè)定了愿景,并表現(xiàn)出了歐洲范圍內(nèi)解放人民免于王室統(tǒng)治的愿望。
他成功地實(shí)施了征服策略,將法國(guó)帝國(guó)擴(kuò)張到覆蓋歐洲大部分地區(qū)。作為一名軍事戰(zhàn)略家,他表現(xiàn)出色,直到被俄國(guó)人打敗。
盡管身材不高,但他能夠樹立權(quán)威并贏得人們的尊重。他們把他視為一個(gè)與自己相似(沒有貴族出身),卻有凝聚力的人,可以改變局面。
除了在法國(guó)以外鮮為人知的一點(diǎn)是,“拿破侖·波拿巴(Napoléon Bonaparte)認(rèn)為,要想偉大,一個(gè)國(guó)家必須由一支精英隊(duì)伍來管理,即 creme de la crème。大學(xué)是為群眾服務(wù)的,最聰明的人會(huì)在Grands écoles(法國(guó)頭號(hào)建校之一)里得到培養(yǎng)。他還推出了écoles Prepа,以挑選那些有資格進(jìn)入Grands écoles(法國(guó)頭號(hào)建校之一)的學(xué)生?!边@段評(píng)論出自法國(guó)公民Ponnoreay Iat的FB帖子。他思考高質(zhì)量領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人才。
雖然有人對(duì)他無情對(duì)待敵人和專制統(tǒng)治提出了批評(píng),但我毫不懷疑,拿破侖是一個(gè)非常有效的領(lǐng)袖