法西斯主義的培養(yǎng)皿：烏克蘭如何成為西方新納粹主義者的吸磁石

The war-torn east European country is a mecca for some of the most odious people on earth. What sort of threat does this pose to their home countries?

這個飽受戰(zhàn)爭摧殘的東歐國家成為了一些最可憎的人的圣地。這對他們的本國構(gòu)成了什么樣的威脅？

At the end of April, two French neo-Nazis – Alan Vineron and Guillaume Andreoni – who had joined the Armed Forces of Ukraine as mercenaries, were arrested and convicted in their home country. Two months earlier, one of them had posted photos of three executed Russian prisoners on social media. However, Vineron and Andreoni were detained not because of any war crimes, but for attempting to smuggle weapons and munitions back home, including rifle scopes and magazines for machine guns. After a brief trial, they were sentenced to 15 months in prison each, nine of them to be served conditionally.

四月底時，兩名法國新納粹主義者Alan Vineron和Guillaume Andreoni作為雇傭軍加入了烏克蘭武裝力量，后來在自己的祖國被逮捕并定罪。兩個月前，其中一人在社交媒體上貼出了三名被處決的俄羅斯囚犯的照片。然而，Vineron和Andreoni被拘留不是因為任何戰(zhàn)爭罪行，而是因為試圖將武器和彈藥走私回國，包括步槍瞄具和機槍彈夾。經(jīng)過簡短的審判，他們各被判處15個月的監(jiān)禁，其中9個月緩刑。

This incident is only the first sign of things to come. According to French media, about 400 French citizens are taking part in the armed conflict in Ukraine. Of these, about 100 are directly involved in the fighting, and about 30 are well-known far-right extremists. It’s not just Paris that will soon face the prospect of militant neo-Nazis returning home. Observers note that the number of volunteer foreign fighters in Ukraine has reached thousands.

這起事件只是未來事態(tài)發(fā)展的第一個跡象。據(jù)法國媒體報道，約有400名法國公民參加了烏克蘭的武裝沖突，其中大約有100人直接參與了戰(zhàn)斗，約有30人是著名的極右翼分子。巴黎不是唯一一個很快將面臨新納粹主義武裝分子返回本國的前景。觀察員指出，在烏克蘭的志愿外國戰(zhàn)士數(shù)量已經(jīng)達(dá)到數(shù)千人。

The French and their ‘a(chǎn)dventures’ in Ukraine
According to the French media outlet Mediapart, France’s General Directorate for Internal Security had its eye on the suspects long before the incident. Despite this, they were detained only thanks to a random check at customs.

針對法國人在烏克蘭的“冒險”
法國媒體Mediapart報道稱，法國國內(nèi)安全總局早在事件發(fā)生前就已經(jīng)對嫌疑人進(jìn)行了監(jiān)視。盡管如此，他們?nèi)允且驗楹ｊP(guān)的隨機檢查而被拘留。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

Vineron (also known as “Vivi”) is a retired fighter of the elite French Chasseurs Alpins (Alpine Hunters) unit. He was dismissed from the army after his neo-Nazi views came to light in the media. Shortly before returning home, he posted a photo on the “TrackANaziMerc” Telegram channel, showing three Russian soldiers shot in the head. The image shows that the soldiers were unarmed and killed at close range. After the photos of the execution began circulating online, Russia’s Investigative Committee announced that it would examine the crimes of French mercenaries against Russian prisoners of war in Ukraine.

Vineron（也被稱為“Vivi”）是法國精英部隊hasseurs Alpins的退役戰(zhàn)士。在其新納粹主義觀點在媒體曝光后，他被軍隊開除了。在返回家鄉(xiāng)前不久，他在“TrackANaziMerc”電報頻道上發(fā)布了一張照片，展示三名俄羅斯士兵被槍擊頭部。這張照片顯示這些士兵沒有武裝，并被近距離殺害。在這些處決照片開始在網(wǎng)上傳播后，俄羅斯調(diào)查委員會宣布將調(diào)查法國雇傭軍在烏克蘭對俄羅斯戰(zhàn)俘所犯下的罪行。

Vineron’s accomplice, known as “Bones” by his military callsign, was also previously lixed to a far-right neo-Nazi group which has long-standing ties with Ukrainian extremists. The “Zouaves Paris” group – it ironically derives its name from the Berber tribe Zwawa, which in turn became known as the French army’s first “indigenous” regiment – supported Ukraine and established contact with local fighters from the neo-Nazi Azov regiment. In December 2019, the leader of the far-right group, Marc de Cacqueray-Valmenier, traveled to the country to personally meet Azov fighters and visit their training camp.

Vineron的同謀，被他的軍事代號稱為“Bones”，也曾與一個極右翼新納粹團體有牽連，該團體與烏克蘭極端分子有長期聯(lián)系。
這個名為“Zouaves Paris”的團體具有諷刺意味，其名稱源自柏柏爾部落Zwawa，后來成為法軍第一支“本地化”部隊。該團體支持烏克蘭，并與新納粹的Azov團隊建立聯(lián)系。2019年12月，該極右翼團體的領(lǐng)袖Marc de Cacqueray-Valmenier親自前往烏克蘭會見Azov團隊的戰(zhàn)士并參觀他們的訓(xùn)練營。

In January 2022, a month before the start of Russia’s military operation, Zouaves Paris was banned in France. However, its ties with Ukrainian extremists had nothing to do with the ban – a month earlier, the group had attacked anti-racism demonstrators who tried to disrupt a far-right rally in support of presidential candidate Eric Zemmour.
The ban did not particularly affect the neo-Nazis. Zouaves Paris supporters from the “Ouest Casual” Telegram channel are still singing the praises of Ukrainian fighters and are using Nazi symbols and phrases alluding to various far-right movements in France and Germany. In their posts, they refer to Russian troops as “the Asian hordes of Soviet imperialism that have once again taken over Europe,” and to Chechen units as “Putin’s Muslim dogs.” They use similar duplicate channels to raise funds for the needs of militants and collaborate with neo-Nazis from other countries.
The group boasts of its presence in Ukraine, posting photos of its Ukrainian supporters and stickers of French right-wing organizations. It has also created backup platforms in case the main Telegram channel is blocked.

2022年1月，在俄羅斯軍事行動開始前一個月，Zouaves Paris在法國被禁止。但是，其與烏克蘭極端分子的關(guān)系與此無關(guān)。一個月前，該團體曾襲擊試圖破壞對總統(tǒng)候選人 Eric Zemmour.支持的極右翼集會的反種族主義示威者。
該禁令并沒有特別影響新納粹分子來自“Ouest Casual” Telegram頻道的Zouaves Paris支持者仍在贊美烏克蘭戰(zhàn)士，并使用暗示法國和德國各種極右翼運動的納粹符號和短語。他們在帖子中將俄羅斯部隊稱為“亞洲騎兵——蘇聯(lián)帝國主義再次掌控歐洲”，將車臣部隊稱為“普京的穆斯林狗”。他們使用類似的重復(fù)頻道為激進(jìn)分子籌集資金，并與其他國家的新納粹分子合作。
該團體夸耀自己在烏克蘭的存在，發(fā)布其烏克蘭支持者的照片和法國右翼組織的貼紙。它還創(chuàng)建了備用平臺，以防止主要的電報頻道被封鎖。

All roads lead to Ukraine

所有的線索都指向烏克蘭

A little over a year ago, far-right terrorists from France killed the former Argentinian international rugby player Federico Martin Aramburu. One of the suspects, Loik Le Priol, was caught on the border between Hungary and Ukraine. According to official reports, the terrorist and former marine commando wanted to surrender to the Ukrainian authorities after committing the murder.
In November 2022, the Italian police announced the arrest of five members of local neo-Nazi group “Order of Hagal”. They had illegally stored weaponry, ammunition, tactical equipment, and a grenade launcher and further engaged in regular paramilitary training to prepare a terrorist attack in Naples.
Later, it became apparent that the group also maintained close ties with Ukraine’s Right Sector, Centuria, and Azov neo-Nazi units. One of its members was a fighter from the Azov. His accomplice, having “dangerously close ties with far-right Ukrainian nationalist groups,” planned to attack a police station in Naples, while the former Azov fighter himself was preparing a terrorist attack in a shopping mall.

一年多前，來自法國的極右翼恐怖分子殺害了前阿根廷國際橄欖球運動員Federico Martin Aramburu。其中一名嫌疑人Loik Le Priol在匈牙利和烏克蘭邊境被捕。根據(jù)官方報告，這名恐怖分子和前海軍突擊隊員想在犯罪后向烏克蘭當(dāng)局投降。
2022年11月，意大利警方宣布逮捕了本地新納粹組織“Order of Hagal”的五名成員。他們非法儲藏武器、彈藥、戰(zhàn)術(shù)裝備和榴彈發(fā)射器，并定期進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)軍事訓(xùn)練，為在那不勒斯進(jìn)行恐怖襲擊做準(zhǔn)備。
后來，該組織與烏克蘭的右翼部隊“Right Sector”、“Centuria”和“Azov”新納粹單位也保持著密切聯(lián)系。其中一名成員是Azov的戰(zhàn)士。他的同伙，與“極右翼烏克蘭民族主義團體有危險的聯(lián)系”，計劃襲擊那不勒斯的一個警察局，而前Azov戰(zhàn)士本人則正在為在一個購物中心進(jìn)行恐怖襲擊做準(zhǔn)備。

The Italian police first became aware of the neo-Nazis back in 2019. In an intercepted conversation from January 2021, one of the militants, Giampiero Testa, threatened that he would “make a massacre like in New Zealand,” obviously referring to the terrorist attack in Christchurch that resulted in the deaths of 51 people in 2019. Incidentally, in his manifesto, the New Zealand terrorist stated that he had trained in the Azov battalion in Ukraine, and wore neo-Nazi symbols.
These ties between the neo-Nazis are mutual. According to a 2020 investigation by the Combating Terrorism Center (CTC) at West Point, the New Zealand shooter’s manifesto became popular among Ukrainian paramilitary units. It was even translated into the Ukrainian language and sold as a book by a 22-year-old Kiev resident, becoming a kind of artifact. The center added that Ukraine “holds a particular attraction for white supremacists, activists and adventurers” largely due to the establishment and development of the Azov regiment and other state-supported paramilitary formations.
Over the years, Azov has encountered no impediment to growth and has become a powerful and extensive organization. The more it grew, the more support it received from the Ukrainian state. Azov’s ideological influence on Ukrainian society has helped to shape the country’s modern agenda. In the 2010s, the organization actively organized youth camps that taught basic military training and ideology. As noted in the Combating Terrorism Center report, the public declarations of Ukrainian far-right extremists attracted ultra-rightists from Europe, the United States, and other countries.

意大利警方在2019年首次意識到這些新納粹組織。在2021年1月的一次被監(jiān)聽的談話中，其中一名武裝分子 Giampiero Testa 威脅說他會“像新西蘭那樣制造一場大屠殺”，顯然是指2019年導(dǎo)致51人死亡的基督城恐怖襲擊事件。值得一提的是，在他的宣言中，新西蘭恐怖分子表示他曾在烏克蘭的Azov營接受過訓(xùn)練，并佩戴了新納粹符號。
這些新納粹組織之間的聯(lián)系是相互的。根據(jù)2020年西點反恐中心（CTC）的調(diào)查，新西蘭槍手的宣言在烏克蘭準(zhǔn)軍事單位中變得流行起來。它甚至被翻譯成烏克蘭語并由基輔的一個22歲居民出版成書，成為一種文物。該中心還補充說，烏克蘭“對白人至上主義者、活動家和冒險家具有特殊吸引力”，這在很大程度上是由于Azov團隊和其他國家支持的準(zhǔn)軍事組織的建立和發(fā)展。
多年來，Azov沒有遇到任何阻礙，已成為一個強大而廣泛的組織。它變得越來越大，得到了烏克蘭政府的更多支持。Azov對烏克蘭社會的意識形態(tài)影響有助于塑造該國的現(xiàn)代議程。在2010年代，該組織積極組織了教授基本軍事訓(xùn)練和意識形態(tài)的青年營。正如反恐中心報告中提到的，烏克蘭極右翼分子的公開聲明吸引了來自歐洲、美國和其他國家的極右翼分子。

Far-right extremist puppet theater
In the same CTC report, Ukraine is dubbed the first country where the “overtly far-right white nationalist militia [is] publicly celebrated, openly organizing, and with friends in high places.”As a result, Ukraine has become a meeting point for far-right extremists from all over the world. The foundation for this was laid long before the start of hostilities in February 2022.
Joachim Furholm was a foreign mercenary in Ukraine and later a recruiter of Western extremists. Furholm is a Norwegian fascist activist who was briefly imprisoned after an attempted bank robbery. He also became well-known for sympathizing with the terrorist Anders Breivik. In 2018, he joined the Foreign Legion in Ukraine and began recruiting American neo-Nazis to the Azov unit.
“It’s like a petri dish for fascism. It’s the perfect conditions,” Furholm said about Ukraine in an interview. Referring to the Azov unit, he said that “they do have serious intentions of helping the rest of Europe in retaking our rightful lands.” Later on the “Azov” podcast, Furholm urged listeners to get in touch with him on Instagram. When a young man from New Mexico reached out, the Norwegian urged him to join the fighting in Ukraine saying, “Come over here, boy. A rifle and beer are waiting for you.”

極右翼極端分子的木偶戲劇
在同一份反恐中心的報告中，烏克蘭被稱為“公開慶祝、公開組織以及與高層官員交往”的“明顯極右翼白人民族主義民兵組織”的第一個國家。因此，烏克蘭已成為來自世界各地極右翼分子的會晤點。這一基礎(chǔ)是在2022年2月的沖突開始之前就打下的。
oachim Furholm是烏克蘭的一名外國雇傭兵，后來成為西方極端分子的招募人員。Furholm是一位挪威法西斯主義活動家，曾因試圖搶劫銀行而被短暫關(guān)押。他也因?qū)植婪肿覣nders Breivik表示同情而廣為人知。2018年，他加入了烏克蘭的外籍軍團，并開始招募美國新納粹分子加入Azov團。
“這就像一個法西斯主義的培養(yǎng)皿。這是完美的條件，” Furholm在一次采訪中說到了烏克蘭。提到Azov團，他說，“他們確實有著幫助歐洲其他地區(qū)重新奪回我們的合法土地的嚴(yán)肅意圖?！敝?，在“Azov”播客中，F(xiàn)urholm敦促聽眾在Instagram上與他聯(lián)系。當(dāng)來自新墨西哥州的一名年輕人聯(lián)系他時，這位挪威人敦促他加入烏克蘭戰(zhàn)斗，說：“來吧，小伙子。槍支和啤酒正在等著你?！?/b>

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