（1945年新墨西哥州三位一體試驗(yàn)場發(fā)生歷史性爆炸后，蘑菇云形成）

TULAROSA, N.M. — A strong rumble woke 13-year-old Lucy Benavidez Garwood in the darkness, shaking the three-room adobe house where she and her family lived and rattling dishes in the kitchen cupboard. Neighbors who gathered that morning agreed it must have been an earthquake.
They learned the truth several weeks later when U.S. forces attacked Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The atomic bombs dropped on the two cities had been developed in Tularosa’s own backyard — that pre-dawn test blast jolting communities across southern New Mexico, shooting a mushroom cloud 10 miles into the sky, then raining radioactive ash on thousands of unsuspecting residents.
What happened here in the aftermath, surviving “downwinders” and their relatives say, is a legacy of serious health consequences that have gone unacknowledged for 78 years. Their struggles continue to be pushed aside; the new blockbuster film “Oppenheimer,” which spotlights the scientist most credited for the bomb, ignores completely the people who lived in the shadow of his test site.

新墨西哥州圖拉羅薩——黑暗中，一聲巨響驚醒了13歲的露西·貝納維德茲·加伍德，震動(dòng)了她和家人居住的三間土坯房，廚房櫥柜里的盤子也發(fā)出了嘎嘎聲。那天早上聚集在一起的鄰居們一致認(rèn)為這一定是一場地震。
幾周后，當(dāng)美軍襲擊日本廣島和長崎時(shí)，他們得知了真相。投在這兩座城市的原子彈是在圖拉羅薩自己的后院研制出來的——黎明前的試驗(yàn)爆炸震動(dòng)了新墨西哥州南部的社區(qū)，將蘑菇云射向10英里高的天空，隨后將放射性灰塵降落在數(shù)千名毫無戒備的居民頭上。
幸存的“下風(fēng)居民（生活在核試驗(yàn)或其他有毒物質(zhì)釋放地點(diǎn)下風(fēng)方向的居民）”和他們的親屬說，在此之后發(fā)生的事情是78年來未被承認(rèn)的嚴(yán)重健康后果的遺留問題。他們的掙扎繼續(xù)被擱置一邊；新的大片《奧本海默》聚焦于為這顆原子彈做出最大貢獻(xiàn)的科學(xué)家，卻完全忽視了生活在他的試驗(yàn)場陰影下的人們。
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“They were counting on us to be unsophisticated and uneducated and unable to stick up for ourselves,” said Tina Cordova, a Tularosa native who for 18 years has led the Tularosa Basin Downwinders Consortium, which she co-founded after being diagnosed with thyroid cancer. “We’re not those people anymore.”
The Trinity site, about 60 miles northwest of tiny Tularosa, was chosen in part for its supposed isolation. Nearly half a million people lived within a 150-mile radius, though. Manhattan Project leaders knew a nuclear test would put them at risk, but with the nation at war, secrecy was the priority. Evacuation plans were never acted upon. The military concocted a cover story: The boom was an explosion of an ammunitions magazine.
“I feel like we weren’t valued,” said Garwood, now 91, with a family tree scarred by cancers. “Like they didn’t value our lives or our culture.”

“他們指望我們是不成熟和沒有受過教育的，無法為自己辯護(hù)的人，”圖拉羅薩本地人蒂娜·科爾多瓦說道。18年來，她一直領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著圖拉羅薩盆地下風(fēng)居民聯(lián)盟，這個(gè)組織是她在被診斷出甲狀腺癌后共同創(chuàng)立的?！拔覀儾辉偈悄切┤肆恕！?br /> 位于圖拉羅薩以西約60英里的三位一體試驗(yàn)場，部分原因是因?yàn)樗徽J(rèn)為是相對隔離的地方。然而，在150英里半徑內(nèi)居住著近50萬人。曼哈頓計(jì)劃的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人知道核試驗(yàn)會(huì)讓他們面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但在國家處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)下，保密才是最重要的。撤離計(jì)劃從未實(shí)施過。軍方編造了一個(gè)掩蓋故事：那聲巨響是軍火庫爆炸引起的。
“我覺得我們沒有受到重視，”現(xiàn)年91歲的加伍德說，她的家族因癌癥而遭受了創(chuàng)傷。“就像他們不重視我們的生命或我們的文化。”

The July 16, 1945, blast was more massive than Oppenheimer and his fellow scientists expected, equivalent to nearly 25,000 tons of TNT, according to recent estimates. Witnesses said the plutonium ash fell for days, on areas where people grew their own food, drank rainwater collected in cisterns and cooled off in irrigation canals that made the arid region fertile.
Jimmy Villavicencio was 4 years old when the bomb detonated near his home in Oscura, a railroad camp to the east. He was outside helping his mother and a neighbor do laundry in the cool before sunrise.
“I looked over to a big cloud, what my mother called a tsunami,” Villavicencio, another cancer survivor, recalled several days ago. His mother frantically removed the wet clothes from the line and hung the pillowcases in the windows to protect their home from the incoming dust. “We heard, like, a gush of wind, and right behind it came the dirt, and I mean dirt.”

1945年7月16日的爆炸比奧本海默和他的科學(xué)家同事們預(yù)期的要大，根據(jù)最近的估計(jì)，相當(dāng)于近25000噸TNT。目擊者說，钚灰連續(xù)幾天落在一些地區(qū)，那里的人們自己種植糧食，飲用蓄水池收集的雨水，并在那些使干旱地區(qū)變得肥沃的灌溉渠道中冷卻。
核彈在他位于奧斯庫拉的家附近引爆時(shí)，吉米·維拉維森西奧只有4歲。奧斯庫拉是東部的一個(gè)鐵路營地。日出時(shí)分前，他在外面幫媽媽和鄰居洗衣服。
“我看向了一片巨大的云，我母親稱之為海嘯，”維拉維森西奧，另一位癌癥幸存者，幾天前回憶道。他的母親焦急地從晾衣繩上取下濕衣服，將枕套掛在窗戶上，以保護(hù)家免受飄進(jìn)的塵土的侵?jǐn)_?！拔覀兟牭搅讼袷菄娪康娘L(fēng)，隨即風(fēng)聲之后是塵土，我是說真的塵土?！?/b>

The debris caked the pillowcases. A powder coated their car. Long after the seeming storm had settled, “snowflakes kept falling,” he said. Weeks later, a neighbor’s chickens began dying. “We … are still paying the price,” he added.
According to a new study, the fallout floated to 46 states, Mexico and Canada within 10 days. In 28 of 33 New Mexico counties, it estimates the accumulation of radioactive material was higher than required under the federal compensation program.

碎片沾滿了枕套。他們的汽車被一層粉末覆蓋著。即便在這場看似的風(fēng)暴平息之后，"雪花仍在飄落，" 他說。數(shù)周后，鄰居家的雞開始死去。"我們... 仍在為此付出代價(jià)，" 他補(bǔ)充道。
根據(jù)一項(xiàng)新的研究，輻射塵埃在10天內(nèi)飄散到了46個(gè)州、墨西哥和加拿大。據(jù)估計(jì)，在新墨西哥州的33個(gè)縣中，有28個(gè)縣的放射性物質(zhì)積累量高于聯(lián)邦補(bǔ)償計(jì)劃所要求的水平。

That program — the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 — has paid out more than $2.5 billion to people who lived downwind of dozens of aboveground explosions conducted starting in the 1950s at the Nevada Test Site, as well as uranium industry workers and “on-site participants” at the Trinity test. New Mexico civilians have never been eligible.
Sens. Ben Ray Luján (D-N.M.) and Mike Crapo (R-Idaho) have pressed for years to expand RECA to include people who lived in their and other states during test periods. On Thursday, the Senate took up the amendment for the first time and passed it. Approval by the House remains uncertain, with some members contending the cost is too high. The program will expire next May without further action.
“This is a historic victory,” Luján said in an interview after the vote, which he attributed in part to the success of “Oppenheimer” and its scenes in New Mexico. “Any time there’s more stories being told, more information being shared, it educates all of us.”

該計(jì)劃——1990年的《輻射暴露補(bǔ)償法案》——已向居住在內(nèi)華達(dá)試驗(yàn)場1950年代開始進(jìn)行的數(shù)十次地面爆炸下風(fēng)處的人、鈾工業(yè)工人和三位一體試驗(yàn)“現(xiàn)場參與者”支付了超過25億美元。而新墨西哥州的平民從未有資格獲得補(bǔ)償。
參議員本·雷·盧漢（新墨西哥州民主黨人）和邁克·克拉波（愛達(dá)荷州共和黨人）多年來一直在努力擴(kuò)大《輻射暴露補(bǔ)償法案》的范圍，包括在試驗(yàn)期間居住在他們和其他州的人。周四，參議院首次審議并通過了這項(xiàng)修正案。眾議院是否批準(zhǔn)仍然不確定，一些議員認(rèn)為成本太高。如果不采取進(jìn)一步行動(dòng)，該計(jì)劃將于明年5月到期。
“這是一個(gè)歷史性的勝利?！北R漢在投票后接受采訪時(shí)說，他將其部分歸功于《奧本海默》的成功及其在新墨西哥州的場景。“每當(dāng)有更多的故事被講述，更多的信息被分享，它會(huì)教育我們所有人?！?/b>

“Why is our suffering different?” asks Bernice Gutierrez, who was born eight days after the test. She lived in Carrizozo, directly east of the Trinity site. She, her eldest son and daughter and 20 other family members have battled cancer, she said. “What has made us different than the other people given compensation?”

“為什么我們的遭遇不同？”測試八天后出生的伯尼絲·古鐵雷斯問道。她居住在卡里佐佐，就在三位一體試驗(yàn)場的正東方。她說，她和她的長子、女兒以及其他20名家庭成員一直在與癌癥作斗爭?！笆鞘裁醋屛覀兣c其他獲得賠償?shù)娜瞬煌俊?br />