日本人是中國人的后裔嗎?（一）
Are the Japanese descended from Chinese?（一）
譯文簡介
有相當強的證據(jù)表明，日本人和韓國人的原始文化和大部分祖先起源于幾千年前的內(nèi)蒙古附近。這是一個與當時已經(jīng)存在于更南方的原始中國文化相分離且獨特的文化。
正文翻譯
Rebecca Barnes
The evidence seems fairly strong that the proto-culture and the majority of the ancestors of Japanese and Korean people originated together near Inner Mongolia, thousands of years ago. This was a separate and distinct culture from the proto-Chinese culture which at the time had already been in existence further south. Of course, there have been both cultural and genetic interactions between Chinese and Korean/Japanese and the later split groups of Koreanic and Japonic people for thousands of years, so these have never been completely separate, isolated populations. But the idea that Japanese and Koreans were “once Chinese” doesn’t really seem to comport with the evidence. Obviously at some time even earlier, however, all three groups likely branched off from a common migration from the west, long ago in prehistory.
有相當強的證據(jù)表明，日本人和韓國人的原始文化和大部分祖先起源于幾千年前的內(nèi)蒙古附近。這是一個與當時已經(jīng)存在于更南方的原始中國文化相分離且獨特的文化。當然，中國人與韓國人/日本人之間存在著文化和基因的互動，以及朝鮮語系和日本語系人群的歷史交織，因此它們從未完全分離、孤立的群體。但是，認為日本人和韓國人"曾經(jīng)是中國人"的觀點似乎與證據(jù)不符。顯然，在更早的時候，這三個群體很可能都源自一個共同的來自西方的遷徙，遠在史前時期。
The evidence seems fairly strong that the proto-culture and the majority of the ancestors of Japanese and Korean people originated together near Inner Mongolia, thousands of years ago. This was a separate and distinct culture from the proto-Chinese culture which at the time had already been in existence further south. Of course, there have been both cultural and genetic interactions between Chinese and Korean/Japanese and the later split groups of Koreanic and Japonic people for thousands of years, so these have never been completely separate, isolated populations. But the idea that Japanese and Koreans were “once Chinese” doesn’t really seem to comport with the evidence. Obviously at some time even earlier, however, all three groups likely branched off from a common migration from the west, long ago in prehistory.
有相當強的證據(jù)表明，日本人和韓國人的原始文化和大部分祖先起源于幾千年前的內(nèi)蒙古附近。這是一個與當時已經(jīng)存在于更南方的原始中國文化相分離且獨特的文化。當然，中國人與韓國人/日本人之間存在著文化和基因的互動，以及朝鮮語系和日本語系人群的歷史交織，因此它們從未完全分離、孤立的群體。但是，認為日本人和韓國人"曾經(jīng)是中國人"的觀點似乎與證據(jù)不符。顯然，在更早的時候，這三個群體很可能都源自一個共同的來自西方的遷徙，遠在史前時期。
評論翻譯
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Current genetic research has concluded that
The majority of Japanese people come from the Yayoi people, who migrated to the Japanese archipelago from Asia (during Korea or China) during the Yayoi period (1000 BC - 300 CE) and the Ancient Burial Period (250-538 CE). They are considered to be the direct ancestors of the modern Yamato people, the majority of the Japanese and the Ryukyu people. It is estimated that modern Japanese and Yayoi make up on average about 90% of their genome.
當前的遺傳研究得出的結論是，大多數(shù)日本人來自彌生人，他們在彌生時期（公元前1000年至公元300年）和古墳時代（公元250年至538年）從亞洲（經(jīng)由朝鮮或中國）遷徙到日本列島。他們被認為是現(xiàn)代大和人、大部分日本人和琉球人的直接祖先。據(jù)估計，現(xiàn)代日本人和彌生人的基因組平均占比約為90%。
彌生人源自中國東北的朝鮮族和滿族人，在2008年由Chao Tian等人進行的東亞人類基因組全序列多態(tài)性研究中得出。該報告指出，日本人在基因上與其他東亞人，如朝鮮人和漢族人有明顯區(qū)別，并與朝鮮人有關聯(lián)，而后者與漢族人更為密切相關。然而，與朝鮮人相比，日本人在基因上與漢族人更為疏遠。
Studies have shown that the haplogroups O1b2 and O1, which are common among present-day Koreans, Japanese and some Manchu, were one of the carriers of the Yangtze civilisation. With the decline of the Yangtze civilisation, several tribes travelled west and north across the Shandong Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago.
中國東北的滿族和朝鮮族源自中國的長江文明。研究表明，在現(xiàn)代朝鮮人、日本人和一些滿族人中普遍存在的單倍群O1b2和O1是長江文明的載體之一。隨著長江文明的衰落，幾個部落向西和向北穿越了山東半島、朝鮮半島和日本列島遷徙。
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During the Qin Dynasty, Xu Fu took 3,000 men with him to Fusang in search of a cure for Qin Shi Huang.
此外，許多中國人在數(shù)千年間移居到日本。例如，秦朝時期，徐福率領3000人前往扶桑為秦始皇求藥。
在南北朝時期，分布在樂浪和帶方兩個郡的中國人大量被流亡到日本。
此外，2020年4月發(fā)表的一項遺傳研究表明，在組成分析中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)日本人口與中國北部的漢族完全重疊。
Are ethnic Chinese people descended from Central Asia foragers, who are descended from migrants from Africa? Yes and yes. Are the ethnic Han one homogenous ethnicity? No. The Han people, like all of us, are the produced of multiple human migrations. We all come from Africa but this schoolyard smack talk seems to be a strange fixation to many people in China to “pull rank” on their neighbors in Asia. For the record, the first human inhabitants in Japan, the Jomon, likely arrived from Siberia well before China, the nation-state or ethnicity, ever existed at all.
中國人是中亞采集者的后裔，還是非洲移民的后裔？是的。漢族是同一個民族嗎？不是。漢族人，就像我們所有人一樣，是多次人類遷徙的產(chǎn)物。我們都源自非洲，但中國許多人似乎對這種與鄰國爭執(zhí)的話題情有獨鐘，好像要在亞洲地區(qū)彰顯自己的身份地位。值得一提的是，日本的第一個人類居住者——繩文人，很可能早在中國國家或民族存在之前就從西伯利亞移居到了日本。
I have read through quite a few of the answers and comments to this question and it dawned on me that there is a lot of confusion as most of the answers and comments have one major false assumption!
In trying to compare the Japanese people to the Chinese, it is definitely correct to say that on the Japanese side there is some “Chinese” or mainland North-East Asian influence both genetically as well as culturally.
The confusion is a result of not examining closely the other side of the comparison, i.e., what does it mean to be “Chinese”!
我已經(jīng)閱讀了這個問題的許多答案和評論，我意識到有很多混淆，因為大多數(shù)答案和評論存在一個主要的錯誤假設！ 在試圖將日本人與中國人進行比較時，絕對可以說，在日本方面，無論從遺傳學上還是從文化上，都存在一些“中國”或大陸東北亞的影響。 混淆的原因在于沒有仔細審視比較的另一方面，即什么是“中國人”！
許多人隱含的錯誤假設是，“中國性”是一個民族或遺傳上的構造。我個人認為，“中國性”主要是一個文化構建，在東亞地區(qū)占主導地位。這個地區(qū)在大部分記載歷史中是一個與其他文化（如西亞等）相隔離并獨立發(fā)展的地區(qū)，類似于前哥倫布時期的美洲文化。
The Han Chinese culture became dominant as it became synonymous with civilization. The Chinese culture through certain accidents of history developed a great resilience. China was conquered many times in history - Tang, Yuan and Ching dynasties and each time the conquering peoples became another type of Chinese - being absorbed into the 5,000 year old tapestry that is Chinese culture. Some possible examples of those fortuitous accidents of history could be the spread and acceptance of Confucianism and, perhaps more powerfully, the unifying and farsighted reforms of the first emperor of the united China - Qin Shi Huang Di - civil service by the governing mandarins - unifying written scxt and sheer force of his will. Time - 3,000 years before and 2,000 years after that significant event (unification) of cultural isolation thereafter and dominance over the East Asian region. I am sure there are other factors that I may have missed out that cemented the construct of Chineseness in that region.
不同之處在于，中國文化是所有早期文化中唯一幸存下來的(到目前為止)。隨著帝國的發(fā)展和演變，漢人的概念與羅馬人的概念相似。許多現(xiàn)代歐洲文化仍然保留著羅馬風格的遺跡——使用沙皇、凱撒等。
漢文化成為了文明的代名詞，占據(jù)了主導地位。中國文化通過歷史上的偶然事件發(fā)展出了強大的韌性。中國在歷史上多次被征服——唐、元、清王朝，每次征服的民族都變成了另一種中國人——被吸收到5000年歷史的中國文化中。這些歷史偶然事件的一些可能的例子可能是儒家思想的傳播和接受，也許更有力的是，統(tǒng)一中國的第一位皇帝——秦始皇——統(tǒng)一和有遠見的改革——由執(zhí)政的官員實行文官制度——統(tǒng)一書面文字和他的意志的純粹力量。時間——在那次重大事件(統(tǒng)一)之前3000年和之后2000年，之后的文化隔離和對東亞地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治。我敢肯定，還有其他一些我可能忽略了的因素，這些因素鞏固了該地區(qū)的中國特色。
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As an interesting addendum - the conquering Qin Shi Huang Di was from a group that at that time was not considered a true Han Chinese group (they were on the fringe of the region considered truly Han Chinese) - yet his conquest is the main event that defines what it means to be Chinese! This is just like Alexander the Great, a Macedonian, who was not considered a true Greek!
值得注意的是，有一些群體抵制了中國文化的影響力，至少足夠保持文化上的獨立 - 韓國人、日本人、泰國人、越南人就是例子。 一個有趣的補充是 - 征服者秦始皇并不屬于當時被認為是真正漢族的群體（他們當時處于被認為是真正漢族地區(qū)的邊緣），但他的征服事件是定義“中國人”意義的主要事件！這就像亞歷山大大帝，一個馬其頓人，被認為并不是真正的希臘人一樣！
No, Some Koreans have a Chinese ancestry and maybe some of those Koreans again alternately became Japanese people's ancestors, thats why they may have some Chinese genes, or else the Japanese did not have any direct ancestry from China. The Han Culture influenced the Japanese but they r still different. The Japanese ancestry usually comes from the Austronesians, Altaic people (Ainu), and mostly Koreans.
有些韓國人可能具有中國的血統(tǒng)，而這些韓國人的一部分可能再次成為日本人的祖先，這就是他們可能擁有一些中國基因的原因，否則日本人沒有直接來自中國的祖先。漢文化影響了日本，但他們?nèi)匀挥兴煌?。日本人的祖先通常來自南島民族、阿爾泰民族（阿伊努族），以及大多數(shù)韓國人。
Most of the ancient Chinese did not speak Chinese, they had their own tribal language, but the rulers asked them to use Chinese instead; the pronunciation of the Japanese language is somewhat similar to the spoken language in some parts of southern China, it is not accidental;
For example, if you are on the second floor, but you say that you did not come up from the first floor, others will feel strange;
Looking at the geographical location of Japan, if you say that the Japanese have nothing to do with China, that is not acceptable;
大部分古代中國人并不是用漢語交流，他們有自己的部落語言，但統(tǒng)治者要求他們使用漢語；日語的發(fā)音在一些中國南方地區(qū)的口音上略有相似，這并非偶然； 例如，如果你在二樓，但你說你沒有從一樓上來，別人會感到奇怪； 從日本的地理位置來看，如果你說日本與中國沒有關系，那是不可接受的；
DNA classification is artificially prescribed; different letters are used to represent different DNA types, and when you see different letters, you immediately feel that they have different ancestors, which is an illusion;
日本女性的線粒體DNA類型大致與中國女性相同，而男性的Y染色體亞型并不完全相同，但與其他地區(qū)的人相比，中日的基因更接近； DNA分類是人為設定的；不同的字母表示不同的DNA類型，當你看到不同的字母時，你會立即感覺它們有不同的祖先，這是一個錯覺；
Deliberately speaking of Japan as a people with mysterious origins does not make sense;
就像一個姓氏，你可能有一個獨特的姓氏，但這并不意味著你有一個不同的神秘祖先； 故意將日本描繪成一個擁有神秘起源的民族是沒有意義的。
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Nope. As much as some Chinese (actually a lot of Chinese) enjoy parading our little fairy tales around that justify our superiority complex, Japanese didn’t start out from the 500 young boy and girls Xu Fu led on an oversea journey in searching of elixir of life.
不，盡管有些中國人（實際上是很多中國人）喜歡炫耀我們那些為我們的優(yōu)越感辯解的童話故事，但日本人并不是從許復帶領的500名少男少女在海外尋找長生不老藥的旅途中起步的。
There is evidence of human inhabitants as early as Paleolithic time period, long before Emperor Qin took power. Later on there's Jōmon period which was a hunter/gatherer culture. I have a hard time believe some hunter and gatherers from China decide it's a good idea to make a boat and sail to Japan during that time. There has been a lot of travelling between China and Japan through out history (after boats were invented…), and our cultures had influenced each other.
But Japanese culture should not be considered as a sub culture, or a derivative from Chinese culture. They're, perhaps more like brother sister culture, that shares a lot of things in common, but still independent.
在早期的舊石器時代，就有證據(jù)表明日本存在人類居民，比秦始皇上臺的時間要早得多。之后是狩獵采集文化的繩紋時代。我很難相信一些來自中國的狩獵采集者會在那個時候決定制作船只航行到日本。歷史上中日之間有很多交往（在船只發(fā)明之后），我們的文化互相影響。 但是日本文化不應被視為中國文化的子文化或派生物。它們更像是兄弟姐妹文化，有很多共同之處，但仍然獨立存在。
During the Yayoi period (彌生時代, Yayoi jidai, roughly 300 BC – 300 AD), archaeological evidence suggests that there was an influx of farmers (Yayoi people) from the Asian continent to Japan. They overwhelmed and displaced the native hunter-gatherer Jomon population of Japan. Modern Japanese are mostly descendants of the Yayoi people with only very small influence from the former Jomon hunter-gatherers.
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在彌生時代（公元前約300年至公元300年左右），考古證據(jù)表明，有大量來自亞洲大陸的農(nóng)民（彌生人）涌入日本，他們壓倒并取代了日本土著的狩獵采集者——繩紋人口?，F(xiàn)代日本人主要是彌生人的后代，只有極少量前繩紋狩獵采集者的影響。 該時期以東京附近的地區(qū)命名，考古學家在那里首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了人工制品……
The answer to this question is, “It is complicated”.
Take a look at this image.
這個問題的答案是，“這很復雜”。
看看這張圖。
This is a map that tracks population groups by y-DNA. Notice how the Japanese population group seems to be made up mostly of blue and yellow, with a bit of pink and a thin slice of another colour? That shows that while we can’t be 100% sure that Japanese people are Chinese, or Korea, well, there is good evidence that they’re genetically related to the people of South-East Asia (China and Korea being closest).
這是一張通過Y染色體追蹤人群分布的地圖。注意日本人群主要由藍色和黃色組成，還有少量粉色和其他顏色。這表明雖然我們不能百分之百確定日本人是中國人或韓國人，但有很多證據(jù)表明他們與東南亞人（中國和韓國最為接近）在基因上有關聯(lián)。
將此與上個冰河時代末期韓國和日本之間存在陸橋的歷史事實相聯(lián)系，很明顯現(xiàn)代日本人從東南亞（可能是通過韓國）獲得了基因的輸入。
然而，還有一個大塊塵黃色的DNA（D型），你會發(fā)現(xiàn)它在今天的西藏普遍存在?，F(xiàn)在，xz不是中國的一部分嗎？..........我不會發(fā)表意見，但這確實引發(fā)了一個有趣的問題，即當我們說“中國”時我們指的是什么。
現(xiàn)代中國相當龐大，但它并不是“中國”歷史上最大的。中國的大小和形狀在千年間發(fā)生了巨大變化——維基百科上有一張非常出色的動畫地圖展示了“中國”的變化。
這里的底線是,在科學證據(jù)方面，不可否認的是，“中國人”（我用引號括起來，因為對于這么龐大和基因多樣的群體做如此粗略的概括感覺相當荒謬）和“日本人”有許多共同的祖先，并且據(jù)稱日本完全可能是通過從東南亞穿過陸地橋在日本稱為繩文時代（繩文時代-維基百科）的時期進行人口遷徙的。
這大致對應于中國的夏朝，所以如果要技術上講，穿越陸地橋進入日本的人可能并沒有攜帶中國護照（如果當時存在此類東西），所以“技術上”來說，日本人不是中國人。
However they share a lot of the same ancestors, so in practical terms they are related.
… and all this question illustrates is the headaches I get when trying to explain the scientific reality (DNA groups) in terms of arbitrary and shifting social boundaries like countries.
然而，他們有很多相同的祖先，所以從實際角度來看，他們是有關聯(lián)的。
...... 這個問題只是說明，當我試圖解釋科學現(xiàn)實（DNA群體）與國家這樣的任意和不斷變化的社會界限之間的關系時，我會遇到困擾。
No they are a mixture of Korean invaders, and a small number of native Jomon people. Possibly small amounts of Ainu as well.
They are genetically most closely related to Southern Koreans.
But Koreans had more Mongolian admixture over the centuries. So the two groups are now pretty distinct.
Culturally; China was always the model to follow for Japan. Japanese culture has been strongly influenced by Tang Dynasty China. It has some Korean influence as well especially in the arts and crafts. And of course Japanese developped their own little special cultural things that made them unique.
But China was the largest civilization and the source of knowledge and progress for most of Japan's history.
The ethnicity on mainland China that Japanese would be closest to, would be Manchus. And Manchu are not Han.
(Don't tell China I said this but… most Chinese people are not Han either)
不，他們主要是由韓國侵略者和少量的原始繩文人組成的混合群體?？赡苓€有少量阿伊努人的血統(tǒng)。從基因上看，他們與韓國南部人關系最密切。但是，韓國人在幾個世紀以來受到了更多的蒙古混血影響，所以這兩個群體現(xiàn)在相當獨立。在文化上，中國一直是日本追隨的榜樣。日本文化受到唐代中國的強烈影響，也有一些韓國的藝術和工藝品方面的影響。當然，日本也發(fā)展出了自己獨特的文化特色。但是中國是日本歷史上的最大文明，是知識和進步的源泉。在中國大陸上，日本人最接近的族群將是滿族，而滿族并非漢族（別告訴中國我這么說，但是……大多數(shù)中國人也不是漢人）