我們怎么了解美國歷史?（三）
How do I know USA history?
譯文簡介
網友：歷史不是過去本身，而是對過去的書面記錄，一種記憶，一種以抽象書面形式進行的重建。因此，當人類經歷的書面記錄開始時，歷史就開始了。歷史是捕捉可恢復的過去現(xiàn)實，并盡可能接近實際發(fā)生的事情，拼湊出一個相當準確的故事,顯然，有時證據(jù)是很少的......
正文翻譯
How do I know USA history?
我們怎么了解美國歷史?（三）
我們怎么了解美國歷史?（三）
評論翻譯
很贊 ( 1 )
收藏
History is not the past itself but rather a written record of the past, a memory, a reconstruction put into abstract written . Therefore, history began when written records of human experience began. History is the capturing of recoverable past realities and reconstructing as close as possible what actually happened, piecing together a reasonably accurate story. Obviously, sometimes evidences are scarce
Prehistory was the time before written records.
The Past itself does NOT exist! It is gone forever and can never repeated as many erroneously believe. It is impossible for the past to repeat and cyclic similarities are not actually repeating history. We live in a time space continuum that is linear and moving down the corridor of time and once something happens it must be recorded or left to memory because it is gone into the abyss of nothingness or non-existence.
歷史不是過去本身，而是對過去的書面記錄，一種記憶，一種以抽象書面形式進行的重建。因此，當人類經歷的書面記錄開始時，歷史就開始了。歷史是捕捉可恢復的過去現(xiàn)實，并盡可能接近實際發(fā)生的事情，拼湊出一個相當準確的故事,顯然，有時證據(jù)是很少的。
史前史是沒有文字記錄的時代。
過去本身并不存在！它已經一去不復返了，再也不會像許多人錯誤地相信的那樣重演了。過去是不可能重復的，循環(huán)的相似性實際上并不是在重復歷史。我們生活在一個時間空間連續(xù)體中，它是線性的，沿著時間的走廊移動，一旦發(fā)生了什么事情，就必須被記錄下來或留給記憶，因為它已經進入了虛無或不存在的深淵。
嚴格意義來說，歷史始于文字記錄；歷史是對過去的書面記錄，而不是真實的過去本身——它是一個抽象的人類經驗，但不是實際的經驗，因為那是現(xiàn)在，而不是過去。例如：約翰尼出生于1957年1月1日。這是一種人類的經歷，當它發(fā)生的時候，它就是現(xiàn)在。一旦發(fā)生，它就會滑入時空的深淵，永遠消失，不復存在。還剩下什么?人類經歷的記錄，我們稱之為歷史，或者具體地說，出生證明，那份證明不是約翰尼出生的真實事件，對吧?那什么是——摘要，書面記錄。約翰尼再也不會出生了，人類的一切經歷都是如此、二戰(zhàn)再也不會發(fā)生了。是的，類似的戰(zhàn)爭可能會發(fā)生，但這并不是歷史重演。如果歷史重演，那么1957年1月1日，約翰尼的出生事件可能會再次發(fā)生。
The start of American history (written record keeping of the past) began with European invasion and that would be 1492 (not counting Mayan local history). Human experience in America began 1000s of yrs ago but was not recorded in a coherent written record. Archeologists & anthropologists can reconstruct prehistory thru other means but of course that means much of the piecing together a comprehensive history requires a lot of theory, hypotheses, and extrapolations. True, the Mayans had a writing system and recorded some of their localized history way before 1492 but writing was restricted to a minority of cultural elites and it did not effectuate continental history as the European writings did. This is why Columbus gets credit for discovering America when we all know that millions of Natives were here centuries before as were the Vikings. Hence, the term discovery becomes a matter of definition in the context of historical studies.
人類在美州的經歷始于上一個冰河時期西伯利亞獵人的遷徙。在超過20000年的時間里，移民遍及整個大陸和南美洲。那是史前的美洲。
美國歷史的開始(對過去的書面記錄)始于1492年歐洲人的入侵(不包括瑪雅當?shù)貧v史)。人類在美洲的經歷開始于幾千年前，但沒有被記錄在連貫的書面記錄中?？脊艑W家和人類學家可以通過其他方式重建史前歷史，但這當然意味著，要拼湊出一段全面的歷史，需要大量的理論、假設和推斷。沒錯，早在1492年之前，瑪雅人就有書寫系統(tǒng)，并記錄了一些當?shù)氐臍v史，但書寫僅限于少數(shù)文化精英，它沒有像歐洲人那樣對大陸歷史產生影響。這就是為什么哥倫布因為發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲而受到贊譽，而我們都知道，幾個世紀前就有數(shù)百萬土著居民和維京人來到這里。因此，在歷史研究的背景下，“發(fā)現(xiàn)”一詞變成了一個定義問題。
(I’m going to assume that you mean the United States of America, and not the continents North and South America. The question’s topics reflect this.)
The history of the United States of America is quite long and complex, but I’ll try to summarize it.
Native Americans lived in America for a long time.
Then Europeans came to America (including present-day Canada, Mexico, etc.)
The Europeans took the Native Americans’ land and established colonies.
In 1776, the 13 British colonies in the present-day United States declared their independence from British rule.
A war ensued, which the United States won. The war ended in 1783.
The now-former colonies established a government based on a document that they wrote called the “Articles of Confederation.”
The Articles of Confederation were very weak, however, and they were subsequently replaced by a new document: the Constitution of the United States.
George Washington was elected the 1st president of the United States after the Constitution was ratified.
(我假設你指的是美利堅合眾國，而不是南北美洲大陸。問題的主題反映了這一點。)
美利堅合眾國的歷史是相當漫長和復雜的，但我將嘗試對其進行總結。
印第安人在美洲生活了很長時間。
后來歐洲人來到美國（包括現(xiàn)在的加拿大、墨西哥等）
歐洲人占領了美洲原住民的土地并建立了殖民地。
1776年，位于今天美國的13個英國殖民地宣布脫離英國統(tǒng)治，從而獨立。
隨后發(fā)生了一場戰(zhàn)爭，美國取得了勝利，戰(zhàn)爭于1783年結束。
現(xiàn)在的前殖民地根據(jù)他們寫的一份名為“邦聯(lián)條款”的文件建立了政府
然而，《邦聯(lián)條款》邏輯不周密，隨后被一份新文件取代：《美國憲法》。
喬治·華盛頓當選為美國憲法批準后的第一任總統(tǒng)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網 http://top-shui.cn 轉載請注明出處
In 1812, the United States went to war with Britain again. The war was fought to a draw and ended with a treaty in 1814 (although the last battle was fought in 1815).
In 1846, the United States went to war with Mexico. The war, which ended in 1848, was won by the United States. The United States seized a huge portion of territory from Mexico in the war.
In 1853, the United States purchased some more territory from Mexico. This event is known as the Gadsden Purchase.
In December 1860, South Carolina, one of the states of the United States, seceded from the United States.
Other states followed South Carolina in early 1861. They organized their own country: the Confederate States of America.
The American Civil War was fought between the United States (in present-day northern and western United States) and the Confederate States (in present-day southern United States).
The American Civil War ended in 1865. The United States defeated the Confederate States, and the unx was preserved.
In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia.
1803年，美國從法國手中購買了路易斯安那領地，這大大擴大了美利堅合眾國的規(guī)模。
1812年，美國再次與英國開戰(zhàn)。戰(zhàn)爭以平局結束，并于1814年簽訂了一項條約(盡管最后一場戰(zhàn)斗是在1815年進行的)。
1846年，美國與墨西哥開戰(zhàn)。這場戰(zhàn)爭于1848年結束，美國贏得了勝利。美國在戰(zhàn)爭中從墨西哥手中奪取了很大一部分領土。
1853年，美國從墨西哥購買了更多的領土。這一事件被稱為加茲登購地。
1860年12月，美國的一個州南卡羅來納州脫離美國。
1861年初，其他州也紛紛效仿南卡羅來納州。他們建立了自己的國家:美利堅聯(lián)盟國。
美國在美利堅合眾國（今美國北部和西部）和美利堅聯(lián)盟國（今美國南部）之間發(fā)生內戰(zhàn)。
美國內戰(zhàn)于1865年結束。合眾國打敗了美聯(lián)邦，美聯(lián)邦得以維持。
1867年，美國從俄羅斯手中買下了阿拉斯加。
Also in 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii.
The United States joined World War I in 1917 and World War II in 1941. (Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii, was attacked in 1941, which is what led to the United States entering the war.) From 1929 to 1941 — the majority of the “interwar period” — the United States, among other countries, suffered from the Great Depression, a time of severe economic hardship.
From 1947 to 1989/1998, the United States was locked in a dispute with the Soviet unx. The United States supported the spread of capitalism, while the Soviet unx supported the spread of Com...ism.
The United States fought in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, and the Vietnam War from the 1950s/1960s to 1973.
The 1960s also saw the Civil Rights Movement, in which African-Americans gained equality. (Racism was unfortunately very prent in the United States prior to this.)
On September 11, 2001, America was attacked by terrorists of Al-Qaeda. The Taliban government in Afghanistan supported Al-Qaeda, so the United States, and their allies in NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), invaded Afghanistan.
The United States, among other countries, experienced the “Great Recession” from around 2007 to 2012. That was also a time of economic hardship, although not as severe as the Great Depression.
The United States, and some of their allies, invaded Iraq in 2003. That war lasted until 2011 (although it led to the Iraqi Civil War from 2014–2017, although the United States did not directly fight in that).
1898年，美國與西班牙開戰(zhàn)。在美國因戰(zhàn)爭從西班牙獲得的領土中，美國還向西班牙支付了2000萬美元。
同樣在1898年，美國吞并了夏威夷。
美國于1917年加入第一次世界大戰(zhàn)，1941年加入第二次世界大戰(zhàn)。（夏威夷的珍珠港于1941年遭到襲擊，這正是美國參戰(zhàn)的原因。）從1929年到1941年，也就是“兩次世界大戰(zhàn)期間”的大部分時間，美國和其他國家一樣都遭受了經濟嚴重困難的大蕭條時期。
從1947年到1989/1998年，美國陷入了與蘇聯(lián)的爭端。美國支持資本主義的傳播，而蘇聯(lián)則支持共產主義的傳播。
1950年至1953年，美國參加了朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭，從1950 /1960年代到1973年的越南戰(zhàn)爭。
20世紀60年代還發(fā)生了民權運動，非裔美國人獲得了平等權利。(不幸的是，在此之前，種族主義在美國非常普遍。)
2001年9月11日，美國遭到基地組織恐怖分子的襲擊。阿富汗的塔利班政府支持基地組織，因此美國及其在北約的盟友入侵了阿富汗。
美國和其他國家在2007年至2012年左右經歷了“大衰退”。那也是一個經濟困難時期，不過沒有大蕭條時期那么嚴重。
2003年，美國及其一些盟友入侵伊拉克。這場戰(zhàn)爭一直持續(xù)到2011年（不過它導致了2014-2017年的伊拉克內戰(zhàn)，但是美國沒有直接參與戰(zhàn)爭）
Millenials occupy a unique place in history. They are the first generation to be raised in an age where technology is ubiquitous.
They are unique in that they have more social communication than any other generation but less personal connections.
They certainly have their unique challenges, but so does every generation. Philosophically they are not unique as people, as every new generation faces challenges their parents don’t.
What makes them unique is the scale of change they must deal with. Time will tell whether they have the skills to successfully navigate these challenges. They certainly have to talk face to face with each other more.
千禧一代在歷史上占有獨特的地位。他們是在科技無處不在的時代長大的第一代人。
他們的獨特之處在于，他們比其他任何一代人的社交交流更多，但個人聯(lián)系較少。
他們當然有自己獨特的挑戰(zhàn)，但每一代人都是如此。從哲學上講，他們并不是獨一無二的人，因為每一代人都面臨著他們父母所沒有的挑戰(zhàn)。
他們的獨特之處在于他們必須應對的變革規(guī)模。時間會告訴他們是否有能力成功應對這些挑戰(zhàn)。他們當然要更多地面對面交談。
Millennials are not that unique, they are young at an important turn in human history. Millennials have the burden of deconstructing the past, and accepting the inevitability of economic change. Both generations prior to the Millennials resisted change, but the Millennials themselves will have no choice in the aftermath of environmental challenges and collapse of the US empire of overseas proxy governments.
千禧一代并不是獨一無二的，他們正處于人類歷史的重要轉折點。千禧一代肩負著解構過去、接受不可避免的經濟變革的重擔。千禧一代之前的兩代人都抵制變革，但在環(huán)境挑戰(zhàn)和美國海外代理政府帝國崩潰的后果下，千禧一代自己將別無選擇。
IBM conducted a global study that aimed to separate fact from fiction so that we can learn what Millennials are really all about.
Here’s what they found:
MYTH #1: MILLENNIALS HAVE UNREALISTIC CAREER GOALS
FACT: As it turns out, Millennials are just like everyone else in the workplace. They’re after financial and job security, first and foremost. And who can blame them? That’s a big part of why we work in the first place.
So don’t expect your younger workers to make unrealistic requests of you and your company.
IBM進行了一項全球研究，旨在將事實與虛構區(qū)分開來，以便我們了解千禧一代的真實情況。
以下是他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)：
神話1：千禧一代的職業(yè)目標不切實際
事實：事實證明，千禧一代和職場上的其他人一樣。他們首先追求的是經濟和工作保障。誰能責怪他們呢？這是我們工作的主要原因。
所以不要指望你的年輕員工對你和你的公司提出不切實際的要求。
FACT: Not only are Millennials not after endless praise from their manager, their #1 preference in a boss is the same as Boomers. Both want a fair boss who freely shares information. It’s Generation Xers who believe that everyone involved in a successful project should be rewarded, and members of this generation are in their early 30s to 50s.
神話2：千禧一代期待著無盡的贊美，因為他們是在“人人都有獎杯”的文化中長大的
事實：千禧一代不僅不追求經理無休止的表揚，他們對老板的第一偏好也和嬰兒潮一代一樣。他們都想要一個公平的老板，自由地分享信息。X一代認為每個參與成功項目的人都應該得到獎勵，這一代的成員年齡在30歲到50歲之間。
FACT: The opposite is true. Millennials are actually much less likely to blur the boundaries between their work and private lives because they’ve been raised with technology. They've been bred on nuances that many older workers fail to understand. In fact, Millennials are 4X more likely than Boomers to keep their work and personal lives separate when it comes to technology.
神話3：千禧一代非常沉迷于科技，以至于他們在工作和私人生活之間缺乏界限。
事實：事實恰恰相反。千禧一代實際上不太可能模糊工作和私人生活之間的界限，因為他們是在科技的熏陶下長大的。他們是在許多老員工無法理解的細微差別中成長起來的。事實上，在科技方面，千禧一代將工作和個人生活分開的可能性是嬰兒潮一代的4倍。
FACT: Millennials are no more likely than Generation X to seek group consensus when making decisions. They simply aren’t as timid about making decisions as everyone thinks they are.
And, contrary to the mistaken assumption that Millennials have a tendency to buck authority, more than 50% of them trust their company’s leadership to make decisions that are sound (a figure that's in line with Boomers and Generation X).
MYTH #5: MILLENNIALS WILL QUIT A JOB THAT DOESN'T FULFILL THEIR PASSIONS.
FACT: When it comes to changing jobs, Millennials are just like everybody else. The #1 reason they leave is for money. And, just like Boomers and Generation X, Millennials are twice as likely to leave a job for money than if the job fails to fulfill their passions.
神話4：千禧一代害怕為自己做決定。
事實：千禧一代在做決定時尋求群體共識的可能性并不比X一代高。他們在做決定時并不像大家想象的那樣膽怯。
而且，與千禧一代傾向于反抗權威的錯誤假設相反，超過50%的千禧一代相信他們公司的領導層能夠做出明智的決策(這一數(shù)字與嬰兒潮一代和X一代一致)。
神話5：千禧一代會辭掉不能滿足他們激情的工作。
事實：說到換工作，千禧一代和其他人一樣。他們離開的首要原因是為了錢。而且，就像嬰兒潮一代和X一代一樣，千禧一代為了錢而離職的可能性是工作不能滿足他們激情的兩倍。
Just from a math perspective, Millennials are about 20% Hispanic, a few percentage points above the national average for all age cohorts. Since the generation runs from 1981 to 1996 roughly, the Hispanic portion of it is the result of increased immigration starting in the mid 1970’s.
As as a guess, I would think the improving economy after the stagflation of the 1970’s, continuing through the good economy of the 1990’s, led to higher birth rates.
And of course, as the population gets larger, even if birth rates stayed the same, the number of children born each year will be larger. And each generation loses some population each year, as mortality catches up due to age or even accidents.
僅從數(shù)學角度來看，千禧一代約有20%是西班牙裔，比全國所有年齡段的平均水平高出幾個百分點。由于這一代人大約從1981年到1996年，其中西班牙裔部分是20世紀70年代中期移民增加的結果。
作為一種猜測，我認為在20世紀70年代的滯脹之后，經濟的改善，一直持續(xù)到20世紀90年代的良好經濟，導致了更高的出生率。
當然，隨著人口的增長，即使出生率保持不變，每年出生的孩子數(shù)量也會增加。每一代人每年都會失去一些人口，因為年齡因素甚至事故導致死亡率上升。
As a millennial, I thought that our poverty was proverbial. Jokes about us not being able to.buy homes or pay rent have made it into mainstream popular culture. There was even a monopoly game released making fun of how broke we are (which was actually pretty funny, loathe though I am to admit it).
作為千禧一代，我認為我們的貧困是眾所周知的。關于我們買不起房子或付不起房租的笑話已經成為主流流行文化甚至還發(fā)行了一款大富翁游戲，拿我們身無分文的狀態(tài)開玩笑(這其實很有趣，盡管我不得不承認這一點)。
What are the top 5 most important events in U.S. history?
Events never happen in isolation. To truly understand history, context is necessary and interpretations are fluid. With that in mind, here are a few of the themes that define our nation in chronological order:
The journey from independence to imperialism
The deeply rooted reality of institutionalized racism
The atomic era and the war economy
The assassination of Malcolm X, JFK, RFK, & MLK
9/11 and the rise of the surveillance state
This century has already delivered multiple events that will inspire change and chapters of intended—and unintended consequences to be written. Key among these events is the undermining of democracy through growing inequality and the presidency of Donald Trump. In addition, the threat of pandemics, which seems to stretch into the foreseeable future, and the very urgent issues of climate change that cannot be put off much longer. It’s going to be a wild ride.
美國歷史上最重要的五件事是什么？
事件永遠不會孤立地發(fā)生。要真正理解歷史，背景是必要的，解讀是多變的。考慮到這一點，以下是按時間順序定義我們國家的一些主題:
從獨立到帝國主義的歷程
制度化的種族主義根深蒂固的現(xiàn)實
原子時代和戰(zhàn)時經濟
馬爾科姆·艾克斯、肯尼迪、肯尼迪和馬丁·路德·金的刺殺事件
9/11和監(jiān)控國家的興起
本世紀已經發(fā)生了許多事件，這些事件將激發(fā)變革，并將寫下有意或無意后果的篇章。這些事件中的關鍵是不平等加劇和唐納德·特朗普(Donald Trump)當選總統(tǒng)對民主的破壞。此外，流行病的威脅似乎延伸到可預見的未來，以及氣候變化的非常緊迫的問題，不能再拖延了。這將是一段瘋狂的旅程。