歷史上,英國對待美國和對待印度的殖民政策相似嗎?(三)
?Do British history books treat US and Indian colonialism similarly?譯文簡介
網(wǎng)友:對我們印度人來說,最可悲的事實之一是,英國書籍對殖民歷史的重視程度非常之低。在殖民輝煌的鼎盛時期,他們統(tǒng)治著世界近75%的土地。除了美國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭、愛爾蘭等主要是白人土地的國家外,所有其他殖民國家都是非洲、亞洲、阿拉伯和中國。
正文翻譯
Do British history books treat US and Indian colonialism similarly?
歷史上,英國對待美國和對待印度的殖民政策相似嗎?
歷史上,英國對待美國和對待印度的殖民政策相似嗎?
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One of the saddest truths for us in India is how little importance is given to the colonial history in British books. They were master of nearly 75% of the world during the height of their colonial glory. Except USA, Canada, Australia, Newzealand, Ireland and such like countries which were predominantly whiteman's lands, all other colonial countries were, African, Asian , Arab and the Chinese. Evolved British do follow equality between races. But their History books give very little importance to non-white nations that they had ruled. For example, Mahatma Gandhi gets about 2–3 pages. doesn't highlight Brigadier Gen Reginald Dyer's mass murder, doesn't highlight the contributions of soldiers from the United India in the first and second wars. After relinquishing their rule over colonies, Britain shrunk itself to its true, miniscule size, physically and mentally. As a rough approximation, it would be fair to say that 100 pages in our texts that might reflect the British period in India, the British texts might be happy to use ten pages perhaps on India.
對我們印度人來說,最可悲的事實之一是,英國書籍對殖民歷史的重視程度非常之低。在殖民輝煌的鼎盛時期,他們統(tǒng)治著世界近75%的土地。除了美國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭、愛爾蘭等主要是白人土地的國家外,所有其他殖民國家都是非洲、亞洲、阿拉伯和中國。進化后的英國人確實遵循種族平等。但他們的歷史書對他們曾經(jīng)統(tǒng)治過的非白人國家卻很少重視。例如,圣雄甘地大概就2-3頁。沒有強調(diào)雷金納德·戴爾準將的大屠殺,沒有強調(diào)聯(lián)合印度士兵在第一次和第二次戰(zhàn)爭中的貢獻。在放棄對殖民地的統(tǒng)治后,英國在自身規(guī)模和精神上都縮小到了真正的、極小的規(guī)模。粗略地說,可以公平地說,我們的教科書中可能有100頁反映了英國在印度殖民歷史,英國的教科書可能就很樂意用那么10頁來描述印度的事情。
About 80% of the continent of North America was colonized by the British both directly and indirectly through the two countries they spawned: the United States and Canada. Britain had several very important colonies in Caribbean (traditionally considered North America) and one minor colony in South America (today’s Guyana).
大約80%的北美大陸被英國人直接或間接地殖民,通過他們衍生出兩個國家:美國和加拿大。英國在加勒比海(傳統(tǒng)上被認為是北美)有幾個非常重要的殖民地,在南美洲(今天的圭亞那)有一個小殖民地。
Question: How was British Indian colonialism different from other British colonies?
Answer: The British run it like a business enterprise and each one was unique. British India was their largest colony with most subjects under the crown.
Economic exploitation is a common thread everywhere. They were militarily successful in all places except the thirteen American colonies. They wanted to genuinely govern but ended up misgoverning mostly as they couldn’t comprehend the history, nature and aspirations of their local subjects.
問題:英屬印度殖民主義與其他英國殖民地有何不同?
答:英國人像經(jīng)營企業(yè)一樣經(jīng)營它,每一個都是獨一無二的。英屬印度是他們最大的殖民地,擁有大多數(shù)臣民。
經(jīng)濟剝削是無處不在的共通之處。除了美國的13個殖民地外,他們在所有地方都取得了軍事上的成功。他們想要真正地治理,但最終卻治理不善,主要是因為他們無法理解當?shù)爻济竦臍v史、性質(zhì)和愿望。
In India, the British rule before 1857 was by the East India company. They came to India for trade in 1600, indulged in it for about one and half centuries and by 1757 they won their significant victory and established their foothold. It expanded further through conflicts and became significant by 1857. The war of Indian independence, that they call Indian mutiny struck in 1857. After 1858, the British Raj came under the British crown. They tried to govern but because of the size and complexity of the nation and because they had no clue of governing a complex nation like India, they made a mess of it. By 1947, they granted independence.
So, we can say, British Indian colony from 1858 to 1947 was an attempt to govern, but ended up misgoverning. There was significant economic exploitation, as their primary purpose to come to India was trade.
英屬印度
在印度,1857年以前由來自英國的東印度公司統(tǒng)治。1600年,他們來到印度進行貿(mào)易,沉迷于其中大約一個半世紀,到1757年,他們贏得了重大勝利,站穩(wěn)了腳跟。它在沖突中進一步擴張,到1857年變得重要起來。1857年爆發(fā)了印度獨立戰(zhàn)爭,他們稱之為印度兵變。1858年后,英屬印度歸英國統(tǒng)治。他們試圖治理國家,但由于國家的規(guī)模和復雜性,因為他們不知道如何治理像印度這樣復雜的國家,他們把事情搞得一團糟。到1947年,他們批準了印度的獨立。
所以,我們可以說,從1858年到1947年,英屬印度殖民地是一種治理的嘗試,但最終治理不善。因為他們來印度的主要目的是貿(mào)易,所以經(jīng)濟剝削非常嚴重。
In the case of American colonies, they went their also for trade but tried to rule it with British subjects. The British subjects of American colonies rebelled and revolted in 1776 and they ended up losing that country in the revolution. British rule in Canada was partly governance and exploitation of the native Americans.
Australia & New Zealand
In the case of Australia, it was an island set up for British convicts. Their too the locals were exploited. They wanted to change the ways of living of the locals in all the areas that they conquered and genuinely thought at that time that they were reforming. But here too economic exploitation continued. It was the same case in New Zealand also.
英屬美洲殖民地
在美國殖民地的情況下,他們也進行貿(mào)易,但試圖與英國臣民一起統(tǒng)治。1776年,美國殖民地的英國臣民們奮起反抗,最終在革命中失去了這個國家。英國在加拿大的統(tǒng)治在一定程度上是對美洲原住民的統(tǒng)治和剝削。
澳大利亞和新西蘭
以澳大利亞為例,它是一個為英國囚犯設立的島嶼。他們和當?shù)厝艘粯邮艿絼兿?。他們想要改變他們所征服的所有地區(qū)的當?shù)厝说纳罘绞?,當時他們真的認為自己在進行改革。但這里的經(jīng)濟剝削也在繼續(xù)。新西蘭也出現(xiàn)了同樣的情況。
In the case of Africa in South Africa and other colonies, the Africans were defeated. The Dutch who had long settled in South Africa were also defeated but didn’t suffer exploitation like the black Africans. Their too the economic exploitation continued. There too they thought they were governing and civilizing the locals but ended up misgoverning.
Small British colonies
In smaller colonies Falklands or Hong Kong (till 1997), they could govern it reasonably well as it was not as complex like the rest of the big and populous colonies.
英屬非洲殖民地
就非洲而言,在南非和其他殖民地,非洲人被打敗了。長期在南非定居的荷蘭人也被打敗了,但他們沒有像非洲黑人那樣遭受剝削。他們的經(jīng)濟剝削還在繼續(xù)。在那里,他們也認為自己在治理和教化當?shù)厝?,但最終卻治理不善。
英國小殖民地
在較小的殖民地??颂m群島或香港(直到1997年),他們可以很好地管理它,因為它不像其他人口眾多的大殖民地那么復雜。
They were very clear not to mix politics with Religion.They were concerned with illiteracy and poverty and I'll health of general public.They were perplexed with Caste system and its social stigma in Indian society which is the root cause of Indian backwardness in the world.
Though basically they were traders and colonization. People, but they did started school and Hospitals for general public and specially for down trodden people who were grossly neglected and out casted by upper caste people.
They did introduced Transportation facilities like Buses, Railways, introduced latest Medical facilities,Postal facilities, Scientific Education to all, telegraph , telephone, Cinema entertainment, like so many novel things they introduced for the social upliftment of Indian society at large which native Indian rulers never bothered to eradicate these causes for backwardness of India.
他們非常清楚不能把政治和宗教混為一談。他們關心的是文盲和貧困以及公眾的健康。他們對種姓制度及其在印度社會的恥辱感到困惑,這是印度在世界上落后的根本原因。
盡管他們基本上是商人和殖民者。但他們確實為公眾開辦了學校和醫(yī)院,特別是為那些被上層種姓嚴重忽視和被拋棄的被踐踏的人。
他們確實引進了公共汽車、鐵路等交通設施,引進了最新的醫(yī)療設施、郵政設施、全民科學教育、電報、電話、電影院娛樂,就像他們?yōu)檎麄€印度社會的社會提升引入的許多新奇事物一樣,印度本土統(tǒng)治者從未費心消除這些導致印度落后的原因。
Interesting Question, well the Textbook and syllabus in Indian Schools during the British Empire mainly revolved around three important things
Creating a Loyal Servant for the Imperial Clearical post
Emphasizing and installing a sense of sub-servant towards the British
Destruction of native history and replacement with the pro Brits mindset
To achieve this they single handedly destroyed the Indian History by Suppressing the Ancient, Showing Medi as Dark Age and coming of British as Enlightenment and as Modern Age. They also systematically destroyed India's Ancient Science and Technology, Ayurveda and Theology.
有趣的問題,大英帝國時期印度學校的教科書和教學大綱主要圍繞著三件重要的事情
為帝國文官職位創(chuàng)造一個忠誠的仆人
強調(diào)和給英國人一種附庸的感覺
破壞本土歷史,用親英心態(tài)取而代之
為了實現(xiàn)這一目標,他們一手摧毀了印度歷史,把中世紀描繪成黑暗時代,把英國的到來描繪成啟蒙時代和現(xiàn)代時代。他們還系統(tǒng)地摧毀了印度的古代科學技術、阿耶維達療法(印度傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)術)和神學。
How important was the Indian colony for the British Empire?
During 1612–1757, the East India Company set up "factories" in several locations, mostly in coastal India, with the consent of the Moghul emperors or local rulers. Its rivals were the merchant trading companies of Holland and France. By the mid-18th century, three "Presidency towns": Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta had grown in size.
The English were enjoying success in India, at Surat, after the establishment of a factory in 1613.
In 1757 Mir Jafar, the commander in chief of the army of the Nawab of Bengal, along with Jagat Seth, Maharaja Krishna Nath, Umi Chand and some others, secretly connived with the British, asking support to overthrow the Nawab in return for trade grants. The British forces, whose sole duty until then was guarding Company property, were numerically inferior to the Bengali armed forces. At the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, fought between the British under the command of Robert Clive and the Nawab, Mir Jafar's forces betrayed the Nawab and helped defeat him. Jafar was installed on the throne as a British subservient ruler. The battle transformed British perspective as they realized their strength and potential to conquer smaller Indian kingdoms and marked the beginning of the imperial or colonial era in the subcontinent.
印度殖民地對大英帝國有多重要?
1612年至1757年間,東印度公司在莫臥兒皇帝或當?shù)亟y(tǒng)治者的同意下,在幾個地方設立了“工廠”,主要在印度沿海地區(qū)。它的競爭對手是荷蘭和法國的商業(yè)貿(mào)易公司。到18世紀中期,馬德拉斯、孟買和加爾各答這三個“總統(tǒng)府鎮(zhèn)”的規(guī)模已經(jīng)擴大。
英國人在印度蘇拉特(Surat)于1613年建立了一家工廠后,正在享受成功。
1757年,孟加拉納瓦布的軍隊總司令米爾·賈法爾(Mir Jafar)與賈加特·賽斯(Jagat Seth)、瑪哈拉賈·克里希納·納特(Maharaja Krishna Nath)、烏米·昌德(Umi Chand)等人秘密地與英國人串通一氣,要求英國支持推翻納瓦布,以換取貿(mào)易補貼。在此之前,英國軍隊的唯一職責是保衛(wèi)公司財產(chǎn),在人數(shù)上不如孟加拉武裝部隊。1757年6月23日,在羅伯特·克萊夫指揮下的英國人與納瓦布人之間的普萊西戰(zhàn)役中,米爾·賈法爾的部隊背叛了納瓦布人,并幫助擊敗了他。賈法爾作為臣服于英國的統(tǒng)治者登上了王位。這場戰(zhàn)役改變了英國人的觀點,他們意識到自己有實力和潛力征服較小的印度王國,標志著印度次大陸帝國或殖民時代的開始。
Resources, Labour & Armed Forces.
1) India had lost most of it's resources to most of the Mughal Rulers who ruled & looted India For almost 3 centuries. But still it had enough to increase its economic growth & stabilize itself.
All these resources were readily available to the Britishers.
2) Labour was easily available as people in India were eager to earn money to support their livelihood. Large population made it much more easier to attract people towards working opportunities.
3) Indian army soldiers were constantly supporting & fighting with the British forces for many battles including the World war II.
As Lord Curzon said: "As long as we rule India, we are the greatest power in the world. If we lose it, we shall drop straight away to a third-rate Power!"
主要有三件事對英國人來說是最重要的:
資源、勞動力和武裝力量。
1、 印度失去了大部分的資源給莫臥兒統(tǒng)治者,他們統(tǒng)治和掠奪了印度近3個世紀。但它仍然有足夠的資金來促進經(jīng)濟增長和穩(wěn)定自身。
所有這些資源對英國人來說都是唾手可得的。
2、勞動力很容易獲得,因為印度人渴望賺錢來維持生計。龐大的人口使它更容易吸引人們獲得工作機會。
3、在包括第二次世界大戰(zhàn)在內(nèi)的許多戰(zhàn)役中,印度軍隊士兵一直在支持和與英國軍隊作戰(zhàn)。
正如寇松勛爵所說:“只要我們統(tǒng)治印度,我們就是世界上最強大的國家;如果我們失去了它,我們就會立刻淪為一個三流國家!”