為什么人類學(xué)家對進(jìn)入中國第一位皇帝的陵墓猶豫不決？
Why are anthropologists hesitant to enter the tomb of the first emperor of China?
譯文簡介
首先，與其說是人類學(xué)家，不如說是考古學(xué)家。
正文翻譯
Why are anthropologists hesitant to enter the tomb of the first emperor of China?
為什么人類學(xué)家對進(jìn)入中國第一位皇帝的陵墓猶豫不決？
為什么人類學(xué)家對進(jìn)入中國第一位皇帝的陵墓猶豫不決？
評論翻譯
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First, it’s probably better to say archaeologists than anthropologists. In the US, archaeology is often treated as a branch of anthropology, but archaeologists working on historical eras can come from different traditions, and I believe something vaguely similar (that is, archaeologists are not necessarily anthropologists) is going on in Chinese archaeology.
首先，與其說是人類學(xué)家，不如說是考古學(xué)家。在美國，考古學(xué)通常被視為人類學(xué)的一個分支，但研究歷史時代的考古學(xué)家可能來自不同的傳統(tǒng)，我相信中國考古學(xué)中也有一些模糊的相似之處(也就是說，考古學(xué)家不一定是人類學(xué)家)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
第二，如果有猶豫，那也是一種惱怒的、不情愿的猶豫。我們已經(jīng)很好地了解了在這個龐大的陵墓群中，第一位皇帝可能會被安葬在哪里。然而，對實際挖掘有很大的阻力，因為這將是一項龐大而昂貴的任務(wù)，而且對是否能很好發(fā)掘存在嚴(yán)重的問題。
例如，盡管著名的兵馬俑很壯觀，但如果這些俑能得到妥善保存，它可能會更加壯觀。它們曾被涂上了大量的油漆，但油漆暴露在光線和空氣中而褪色?？脊艑W(xué)家們決心不再犯同樣的錯誤。當(dāng)最終準(zhǔn)備好時，發(fā)掘工作會做得很好，但這意味著大量的準(zhǔn)備和資金。
此外，還有對現(xiàn)場有毒環(huán)境的擔(dān)憂。迄今為止，對陵墓的描述相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確，提到了一個房間，里面有一幅由珍貴材料制成的帝國地圖，用水銀來描繪河流和水體。此外，近年來的土壤測試發(fā)現(xiàn)汞含量升高，盡管這可能是該地區(qū)工業(yè)污染的結(jié)果。
無論哪種方式，這都表明發(fā)掘工作可能有重金屬中毒的風(fēng)險，因此安全問題給這樣的項目帶來了額外的復(fù)雜性(和成本)。
Because of the Ming tombs experience.
The Ming Tombs were sealed tombs near Beijing, and were sealed against air intrusion. In the 1960s, the tombs were opened for study, but the sudden introduction of outside air damaged numerous artworks, clothes, scrolls etc that were in the tombs.
因為明十三陵的經(jīng)歷。
明十三陵是北京附近的封閉陵墓，是為了防止空氣侵入而封閉的。在20世紀(jì)60年代，陵墓被開放供研究，但突然引入的外部空氣損壞了墳?zāi)怪械脑S多藝術(shù)品，衣服，卷軸等。
High levels of mercury found in soil in the area may indicate that the ancient descxtion by Sima Qian of the tomb having a sort of huge map and fountains of mercury representing the rivers and lakes in the Qin realm may well be true. If so, excavation may release mercury vapor into the atmosphere and pose huge danger to excavator crews and people living nearby.
外界的空氣侵入破壞了秦始皇陵周圍出土的兵馬俑的油漆。兵馬俑最初是彩繪的。
在該地區(qū)土壤中發(fā)現(xiàn)的高汞含量可能表明，古代司馬遷對墳?zāi)沟拿枋龊芸赡苁钦鎸嵉?，他說有一副巨大的地圖和代表秦國河流和湖泊的水銀噴泉。如果是這樣，挖掘可能會將汞蒸汽釋放到大氣中，并對挖掘人員和附近居民構(gòu)成巨大危險。
It’s also quite likely that there are nontrivial and still-functioning booby traps that excavating crews would have to deal with.
Archaeologists are still trying to figure out how to conduct an investigation of the site without encountering the above problems.
《對秦始皇陵墓的五種猜測》——中國網(wǎng)
此外也很有可能有一些重要的、仍然有效的詭雷，挖掘人員必須處理。
考古學(xué)家仍在努力研究如何在不遇到上述問題的情況下對遺址進(jìn)行調(diào)查。
Like with the terracotta soldiers. I suspect that the internal structure of the main tomb will have collapsed.
The only way to excavate and physically investigate the tomb will be to dismantle it layer by layer, which would also destroy it.
This can only be done once.
The Chinese archaeologists will want to be absolutely certain that they can do this without losing important data. If it takes another century or two to work out how to find out as much as possible in a non destructive manner first. The tomb can wait. It has been there a long time and it isn't as if it is going to go anywhere any time soon.
What is more, The Chinese have a long standing culture of ancestor worship. And this isn't any old ancestor. This is the tomb of THE Emperor.
I can easily imagine that there will be a strong cultural inhibition for many Chinese people against attempting to disturb the tomb.
就像兵馬俑。我懷疑主墓的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)坍塌。
挖掘和物理調(diào)查陵墓的唯一方法是將其逐層拆除，這依然會破壞陵墓。而且這只有一次機(jī)會。
中國考古學(xué)家想要絕對確定他們可以在不丟失重要數(shù)據(jù)的情況下做到這一點。如果要花上一兩個世紀(jì)的時間來研究如何以一種非破壞性的方式找到盡可能多的東西。陵墓可以等，它已經(jīng)存在了很長一段時間，似乎再多點時間也沒什么區(qū)別。
更重要的是，中國人有悠久的祖先崇拜文化。這不是任何一個古老的祖先。這是始皇帝的墳?zāi)埂?br /> 我可以很容易地想象，對于許多中國人來說，試圖打擾陵墓會有一種強(qiáng)烈的文化上的反對聲浪。
I heard another version of this, that the first Emperor has a reputation of being a bit of a brutal despot, and in a culture that reveres / fears ancestral spirits, he’s not an ancestor you want to piss off.
我聽到的另一個版本是，秦始皇有一點殘暴暴君的名聲，在一個敬畏/害怕祖先靈魂的文化中，他不是一個你想惹惱的祖先。
There's some sort of prophecy or curse attached, along the lines of “When my tomb is opened, C.... will be destroyed”. Well, on the one hand he would say that. On the other….
里面有某種預(yù)言或詛咒，比如“當(dāng)我的墳?zāi)贡淮蜷_時，C將被毀滅”。一方面，他會這么說。另一方面....
Some interesting parts of Pompei are not yet touched either. Careful, careful. This can only be done once.
龐貝的一些有趣的部分也還沒有被觸及。小心,小心。只有一次機(jī)會。
One of my relatives was living around that area and he witnessed the whole process. He even told me how the Emperor and his two wives' bodies were found.
During that time the Chinese archaeologists were not very experienced, they didn’t plan it well. They spent a whole year only to find the main entrance.
To clarify, among the 13 Ming Emperor Tombs, only one underground tomb(this one mentioned above) has been opened so far. Other than the QinShiHuang tomb, there is another tomb that everyone wants to take a look at. The tomb of Empress Wu Zetian, the only woman emperor of China. The government announced will not open it for at least 50 years, to protect it from damage.
我的一個親戚住在那附近，他目睹了整個過程。他甚至告訴我皇帝和他的兩個妻子的遺體是如何被發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
當(dāng)時的中國考古學(xué)家發(fā)掘經(jīng)驗不充分，他們沒有做好充足的計劃。他們花了整整一年才找到正門。
澄清一下，在十三座明皇陵中，到目前為止只有一座地下陵墓(上面提到的)被打開。除了秦始皇墓，還有一座墓大家都想去看一看——武則天皇后的墓，中國唯一的女皇帝。政府宣布至少在50年內(nèi)不會發(fā)掘，以保護(hù)它免受破壞。
鏈接：《乾陵》
Is it possible to send in a remote-controlled robot to photograph the tomb?
有沒有可能派一個遙控機(jī)器人去給陵墓拍照?
I think Egypt used a robot before to investigate the Great Pyramid. But the case is different here. They usually have pyramid ventilation shafts. Those underground Chinese ones have been sealed for thousands of years. You will need to open the entrance to let the robot in. Once the outside air gets in even with a small opening, the balance within the tomb will be damaged. (this answer also mentioned it). Highly volatile mercury will also be leaking out through that opening.
Even if they want to try it with robots or drones, they may want to first practice the technique on a not-so-important site.
我想埃及以前用過機(jī)器人來調(diào)查大金字塔。但這里的情況不同。他們通常有金字塔式的通風(fēng)井。那些中國的地下建筑已經(jīng)被封閉了幾千年。你需要打開入口讓機(jī)器人進(jìn)去。一旦外部空氣進(jìn)入，即使只有一個很小的開口，也會破壞墳?zāi)箖?nèi)部的平衡。(這個答案也提到了這一點)。高度揮發(fā)性的汞也會通過這個開口泄漏出去。
即使他們想用機(jī)器人或無人機(jī)來嘗試，他們也可能想先在一個不太重要的地方練習(xí)這項技術(shù)。
None of this sounds like a serious obstacle though. An airlock could surely be constructed over the entry point, for example, and survey teams with drones and hazmat suits sent in. I can’t help wonder if there’s an element of superstition at work. Qin Shi HuangDi was a pretty terrifying figure, after all. When Tamerlane’s tomb was opened in Samarkand the Axis invaded the Soviet unx two days later, so I can’t blame the Chinese for being wary.
不過，這些聽起來都不是什么嚴(yán)重的阻礙。例如，顯然可以在入口上方建造一個氣閘，并派出配備無人機(jī)和防護(hù)服的調(diào)查隊。
我不禁懷疑這里面是否有迷信的成分。畢竟秦始皇是一個相當(dāng)可怕的人物。
The main reason is that China has a dynasty history of 5,000 years, and there are many historical relics, There are many tombs of emperors, princes and princesses or important ministers… the archaeological teams are busy.So if you don't have complete assurance and don't have enough reasons, don't do it.
For example,There are princes or princesses tombs under every university in xi 'an.
xi 'an subway plan relies on the archaeological team.many kinds of cultural relics excavated during the subway excavation even display in the subway stations.
This is the subway station,not museum.Watch it every day on the way to work
主要原因是中國有5000年的王朝歷史，有很多歷史遺跡，有很多皇帝、王子和公主或重要大臣的墳?zāi)埂脊艌F(tuán)隊很忙。所以如果你沒有完全的把握，也沒有足夠的理由，那就不要去挖掘。
例如，西安的每一所大學(xué)下面都有王子或公主的墳?zāi)?。西安地鐵的規(guī)劃有賴于考古隊。在地鐵挖掘過程中挖掘出的各種文物甚至在地鐵站內(nèi)展示。
這里是地鐵站，不是博物館。每天上班的路上都會看到。
元朝的歷史遺跡直接保存在地鐵站里。懶得發(fā)掘了/笑
In addition, the Qin and Han Dynasties started unified pattern of China.These emperors had a profound influence on China.Not only the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, but also the mausoleum of the emperors of the Han Dynasty we have confirmed location, but no dig (Two emperors' tombs were partially destroyed by grave robbers, but the underground palace behind there were protected after rescue excavation)
There is one thing that you are right. Chinese people believe in geomantic omen and ancestors' blessing…Some superstitions are mysterious.
For example, a stone carving was stolen from the tomb of Wei Qing, a general of the Han Dynasty, and then there was a big drought there.
此外，秦漢時期開始了中國統(tǒng)一的格局。這些皇帝對中國有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。不僅秦始皇，而且漢朝歷代皇帝的陵墓我們都有確定的位置，但沒有挖掘(兩位皇帝的陵墓被盜墓賊部分毀壞，但后面的地下宮殿經(jīng)過搶救挖掘后得到了保護(hù))。
有一件事你是對的。中國人相信風(fēng)水和祖先的祝?！行┟孕藕苌衩?。例如，漢朝將軍衛(wèi)青墓的石雕被盜，然后那里發(fā)生了一場大干旱。
陜西省漢中市的市花是一棵桂花樹，由漢朝開國宰相蕭何于2100年前種植。那棵桂花樹相當(dāng)大。如果它開花，半個南鄭縣都能聞到香味。但這棵樹在2006年底逐漸枯萎，并于2007年死亡。不久之后，2008年，四川北部靠近漢中市的地方發(fā)生了大地震。每個人都不想說什么，2008年底，枯死的桂花樹又在根部附近長出了新枝，有獲新生。
I would imagine the tomb was magnificent! In the late 1980’s, the Government of China purchased and constructed a theme park called Splendid China in Kissimmee, Fl. It was beautifully constructed by Chinese artesians and featured buildings reminiscent of the Forbidden City and miniatures of the Great Wall and many other historical sites. I suspect it looked very similar to the first emperor’s tomb. The detail on the work, as well as the Bonsai Trees and other miniature landscape were as perfect as the real thing. Unfortunately the park was a dismal failure. The property and the many miniatures, including the Great Wall, built with actual tiny blocks, were auctioned off, and the site is now a housing development with restaurants and stores. It exemplified the fact that from the time of the first emperor through to the 20th century, the Chinese were still highly skilled in miniature cities
我可以想象陵墓的宏偉！
在20世紀(jì)80年代末，中國政府在佛羅里達(dá)州基西米購買并建造了一個名為“錦繡中國”的主題公園。它是由中國手藝人建造的，建筑精美，讓人想起紫禁城、長城和許多其他歷史遺跡的縮影。我懷疑它看起來很像秦始皇的陵墓。
作品上的細(xì)節(jié)，以及盆景樹等微縮景觀都與實物一樣完美。不幸的是，這個公園很短命。這處房產(chǎn)和許多用真正的小塊積木建造的模型，包括長城，都被拍賣了，現(xiàn)在這里是一個有餐館和商店的住宅開發(fā)項目。
它證明了一個事實，即從秦始皇到20世紀(jì)，中國人仍然非常擅長建造微型城市。
Booby traps? I thought that was only in movies.
陷阱?我以為只有在電影里才會這樣。
The Sima Qian article about the tomb from the first century BC discusses “automated” crossbow traps. As the use of mercury in the “big map” also discussed in the article has possible confirmation in the high levels of mercury in the soil immediately around the tomb mound, it makes sense that excavators would be very careful about other stuff mentioned in the article.
公元前1世紀(jì)的司馬遷關(guān)于古墓的文章討論了“自動”弩陷阱。由于文章中討論的“大地圖”中汞的使用使得墓丘周圍土壤中可能存在高含量的汞中得到了證實，因此挖掘者對文章中提到的其他東西非常小心是有道理的。
It’s amazing that the tomb still has so many relics inside.
It has been raided for 2000+ years, by rebels and even the last century by warlords. The first raider was xiongyu who toppled the Qin dynasty (merely a decade or so after emperor died), they excavated it for 30 days, the loot was a mountain of relics.
古墓里居然還有這么多文物，真是太神奇了。
它已經(jīng)被盜獵分子偷盜了2000多年，甚至在上個世紀(jì)也被軍閥盜掘過。第一個盜墓者是推翻秦朝的項羽(秦始皇死后僅僅十年左右)，他們挖掘了30天，戰(zhàn)利品是一座堆成山的文物。
Umm, so LIDAR is a real thing . They could see exactly what's down there without harming a blade of grass.
都已經(jīng)有雷達(dá)了。/扶額
他們可以在不傷害一根草的情況下準(zhǔn)確地看到下面的情況。
They may well have done so already and not published the results. The tomb is almost certainly a buried large stone building (as described in Sima Qian’s article), and quite possibly collapsed (the xi’an area definitely has earthquakes).
My guess is whatever can be done externally has already been done, and either the results are incomplete, uninteresting without more study, or being kept secret for some reason.
他們很可能已經(jīng)這么做了，只是沒有公布結(jié)果。陵墓幾乎可以肯定是一座被掩埋的大型石頭建筑(正如司馬遷的文章所描述的那樣)，很可能是倒塌的(西安地區(qū)肯定有地震)。
我的猜測是，外部可以做的事情都已經(jīng)做了，要么是結(jié)果不完整，需要更多研究，要么是出于某種保密的原因。