QA問答：古代中國(guó)人對(duì)于帝國(guó)及其統(tǒng)治者有何看法？他們是否將帝國(guó)視為高于自身的某種信仰，還是將其視為生活的一部分？
What were the beliefs of ancient Chinese regarding the empire and its ruler? Did they view the empire as superior to themselves or as a natural part of life?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
回溯中國(guó)歷史，到4000年前，中國(guó)古史書上就有第一個(gè)王朝的誕生記載：
正文翻譯
@Aya Shawn
Looking back at the history of China to 4,000 years ago, ancient Chinese history books recorded the birth of the first dynasty:
A man named Dayu led the young men of the tribe to dig ditches to guide the floods. Saved the entire area. He was elected as the leader and managed the entire region.
When he died, his rights were seized by his son, who established the first dynasty in Chinese history: the xia Dynasty.
回溯中國(guó)歷史，到4000年前，中國(guó)古史書上就有第一個(gè)王朝的誕生記載：
一個(gè)叫大禹的人帶領(lǐng)部落的年輕人挖溝引水，拯救了整個(gè)地區(qū)。他被選為領(lǐng)袖，管理整個(gè)地區(qū)。
他死后，其權(quán)利被其兒子繼承，建立了中國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)朝代：夏朝。
Looking back at the history of China to 4,000 years ago, ancient Chinese history books recorded the birth of the first dynasty:
A man named Dayu led the young men of the tribe to dig ditches to guide the floods. Saved the entire area. He was elected as the leader and managed the entire region.
When he died, his rights were seized by his son, who established the first dynasty in Chinese history: the xia Dynasty.
回溯中國(guó)歷史，到4000年前，中國(guó)古史書上就有第一個(gè)王朝的誕生記載：
一個(gè)叫大禹的人帶領(lǐng)部落的年輕人挖溝引水，拯救了整個(gè)地區(qū)。他被選為領(lǐng)袖，管理整個(gè)地區(qū)。
他死后，其權(quán)利被其兒子繼承，建立了中國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)朝代：夏朝。
From the establishment of the xia Dynasty, the legitimacy of the ruler in the Chinese consciousness was established: if he can lead everyone to jointly fight against threats (natural threats and enemy threats), he becomes qualified as a ruler.
The Chinese abstract this legalization into a concept: The Mandate of Heaven
Meaning: God appointed him to lead this country to prosperity.
Therefore, in the eyes of the ancient Chinese, the rulers of the empire were noble, mysterious and worthy of respect. They are usually correct and will lead everyone to fight against threats and give everyone a stable life.
從夏朝建立開始，統(tǒng)治者的合法性在中國(guó)人意識(shí)中就已經(jīng)確立：如果他能帶領(lǐng)大家共同對(duì)抗威脅（自然的威脅和敵人的威脅），他就是一個(gè)合格的統(tǒng)治者。
中國(guó)人把這種合法化抽象為一個(gè)概念：天命
意思是：上天任命他帶領(lǐng)這個(gè)國(guó)家走向繁榮。
因此在古中國(guó)人的眼中，帝國(guó)的統(tǒng)治者是高貴的、神秘的、值得尊敬的，他們通常都是正確的，會(huì)帶領(lǐng)大家對(duì)抗威脅，給大家一個(gè)安定的生活。
The Chinese abstract this legalization into a concept: The Mandate of Heaven
Meaning: God appointed him to lead this country to prosperity.
Therefore, in the eyes of the ancient Chinese, the rulers of the empire were noble, mysterious and worthy of respect. They are usually correct and will lead everyone to fight against threats and give everyone a stable life.
從夏朝建立開始，統(tǒng)治者的合法性在中國(guó)人意識(shí)中就已經(jīng)確立：如果他能帶領(lǐng)大家共同對(duì)抗威脅（自然的威脅和敵人的威脅），他就是一個(gè)合格的統(tǒng)治者。
中國(guó)人把這種合法化抽象為一個(gè)概念：天命
意思是：上天任命他帶領(lǐng)這個(gè)國(guó)家走向繁榮。
因此在古中國(guó)人的眼中，帝國(guó)的統(tǒng)治者是高貴的、神秘的、值得尊敬的，他們通常都是正確的，會(huì)帶領(lǐng)大家對(duì)抗威脅，給大家一個(gè)安定的生活。
In fact, every ancient Chinese empire did this. The existence of the ancient Chinese empire had several key missions:
1. Food
The empire needs to solve the problem of food for everyone. When this problem cannot be solved, it usually means the collapse of the empire. People think that the empire has lost "The Mandate of Heaven".
2. Law and security
The empire needs to maintain social stability and fight crime. When many criminal gangs appear in the Empire and cannot be controlled, it usually means the collapse of the Empire, and it is believed that the Empire has lost "The Mandate of Heaven".
3. Fight against disasters
Cold, drought, flood; causing huge losses. These are all problems that need to be solved by the empire. They must continue to build water conservancy projects, maintain levees on rivers, and maintain canals and reservoirs. If an empire loses its ability to withstand natural disasters, it usually means the collapse of the empire, and it is believed that the empire has lost "The Mandate of Heaven".
4. Fight against the enemy
Most of the time, it refers to the enemy in the north. Nomads are always trying to invade and plunder. The empire must maintain a strong military to solve problems. The Great Wall is the greatest remaining evidence of this work. If an empire loses its ability to fight its enemies, it usually means the empire's collapse, and it is believed that the empire has lost "The Mandate of Heaven".
其實(shí)，每一個(gè)中國(guó)古代帝國(guó)都是這么做的。中國(guó)古代帝國(guó)的存在，有幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵的使命：
1. 食物
帝國(guó)需要解決所有人的吃飯問題。當(dāng)這個(gè)問題無(wú)法解決時(shí)，通常意味著帝國(guó)的崩潰。人們認(rèn)為帝國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了“天命”。
2. 法律和安全
帝國(guó)需要維持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，打擊犯罪。當(dāng)?shù)蹏?guó)出現(xiàn)許多犯罪團(tuán)伙，無(wú)法控制時(shí)，通常意味著帝國(guó)的崩潰，人們認(rèn)為帝國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了“天命”。
3. 抗擊災(zāi)害
寒冷、干旱、洪水，造成巨大損失。這些都是帝國(guó)需要解決的問題。他們必須持續(xù)修建水利工程，維護(hù)河流上的堤壩，維護(hù)運(yùn)河和水庫(kù)。如果一個(gè)帝國(guó)失去了抵御自然災(zāi)害的能力，這通常意味著帝國(guó)的崩潰，人們認(rèn)為帝國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了“天命”。
4. 與敵人作戰(zhàn)
大部分時(shí)候，它指的是北方的敵人。游牧民族總是試圖入侵和掠奪。帝國(guó)必須保持強(qiáng)大的軍事力量來(lái)解決問題。長(zhǎng)城是這項(xiàng)工作留下的最大證據(jù)。如果一個(gè)帝國(guó)失去了與敵人作戰(zhàn)的能力，這通常意味著帝國(guó)的崩潰，人們認(rèn)為帝國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了“天命”。
1. Food
The empire needs to solve the problem of food for everyone. When this problem cannot be solved, it usually means the collapse of the empire. People think that the empire has lost "The Mandate of Heaven".
2. Law and security
The empire needs to maintain social stability and fight crime. When many criminal gangs appear in the Empire and cannot be controlled, it usually means the collapse of the Empire, and it is believed that the Empire has lost "The Mandate of Heaven".
3. Fight against disasters
Cold, drought, flood; causing huge losses. These are all problems that need to be solved by the empire. They must continue to build water conservancy projects, maintain levees on rivers, and maintain canals and reservoirs. If an empire loses its ability to withstand natural disasters, it usually means the collapse of the empire, and it is believed that the empire has lost "The Mandate of Heaven".
4. Fight against the enemy
Most of the time, it refers to the enemy in the north. Nomads are always trying to invade and plunder. The empire must maintain a strong military to solve problems. The Great Wall is the greatest remaining evidence of this work. If an empire loses its ability to fight its enemies, it usually means the empire's collapse, and it is believed that the empire has lost "The Mandate of Heaven".
其實(shí)，每一個(gè)中國(guó)古代帝國(guó)都是這么做的。中國(guó)古代帝國(guó)的存在，有幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵的使命：
1. 食物
帝國(guó)需要解決所有人的吃飯問題。當(dāng)這個(gè)問題無(wú)法解決時(shí)，通常意味著帝國(guó)的崩潰。人們認(rèn)為帝國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了“天命”。
2. 法律和安全
帝國(guó)需要維持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，打擊犯罪。當(dāng)?shù)蹏?guó)出現(xiàn)許多犯罪團(tuán)伙，無(wú)法控制時(shí)，通常意味著帝國(guó)的崩潰，人們認(rèn)為帝國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了“天命”。
3. 抗擊災(zāi)害
寒冷、干旱、洪水，造成巨大損失。這些都是帝國(guó)需要解決的問題。他們必須持續(xù)修建水利工程，維護(hù)河流上的堤壩，維護(hù)運(yùn)河和水庫(kù)。如果一個(gè)帝國(guó)失去了抵御自然災(zāi)害的能力，這通常意味著帝國(guó)的崩潰，人們認(rèn)為帝國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了“天命”。
4. 與敵人作戰(zhàn)
大部分時(shí)候，它指的是北方的敵人。游牧民族總是試圖入侵和掠奪。帝國(guó)必須保持強(qiáng)大的軍事力量來(lái)解決問題。長(zhǎng)城是這項(xiàng)工作留下的最大證據(jù)。如果一個(gè)帝國(guó)失去了與敵人作戰(zhàn)的能力，這通常意味著帝國(guó)的崩潰，人們認(rèn)為帝國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了“天命”。
Once an empire fails to complete two, two or three of the above four tasks, the Chinese people lose trust in the empire, and resistance and revolution often follow. There have been 11 powerful empires and dozens of relatively small dynasties in Chinese history. Their collapse and demise were basically due to problems with the above four tasks.
Therefore, for the ancient Chinese, empire was an important part of their lives. If the empire is running well, everyone supports him. If there was a problem with its operation, they would overthrow it and replace it with a new one. Their only criterion for looking at empires and rulers is how well they run, not based on any "belief".
一個(gè)帝國(guó)一旦不能完成上述四項(xiàng)任務(wù)中的兩到三項(xiàng)，中國(guó)人民就會(huì)對(duì)帝國(guó)失去信任，反抗和革命往往隨之而來(lái)。中國(guó)歷史上出現(xiàn)過十一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的帝國(guó)和幾十個(gè)相對(duì)較小的王朝，它們的覆滅，基本上都是因?yàn)樯鲜鏊捻?xiàng)任務(wù)出了問題。
因此，對(duì)古代中國(guó)人來(lái)說，國(guó)家是他們生活中很重要的一部分。如果國(guó)家運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得好，每個(gè)人都會(huì)擁護(hù)他。如果國(guó)家運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得有問題，他們就會(huì)推翻它，換一個(gè)新的。他們看待帝國(guó)和統(tǒng)治者的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是他們運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得好不好，而不是基于什么“信仰”。
Therefore, for the ancient Chinese, empire was an important part of their lives. If the empire is running well, everyone supports him. If there was a problem with its operation, they would overthrow it and replace it with a new one. Their only criterion for looking at empires and rulers is how well they run, not based on any "belief".
一個(gè)帝國(guó)一旦不能完成上述四項(xiàng)任務(wù)中的兩到三項(xiàng)，中國(guó)人民就會(huì)對(duì)帝國(guó)失去信任，反抗和革命往往隨之而來(lái)。中國(guó)歷史上出現(xiàn)過十一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的帝國(guó)和幾十個(gè)相對(duì)較小的王朝，它們的覆滅，基本上都是因?yàn)樯鲜鏊捻?xiàng)任務(wù)出了問題。
因此，對(duì)古代中國(guó)人來(lái)說，國(guó)家是他們生活中很重要的一部分。如果國(guó)家運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得好，每個(gè)人都會(huì)擁護(hù)他。如果國(guó)家運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得有問題，他們就會(huì)推翻它，換一個(gè)新的。他們看待帝國(guó)和統(tǒng)治者的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是他們運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得好不好，而不是基于什么“信仰”。
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I've tried to explain the concept to my expats colleagues in a simple term - it's a contract, we give you the power, you do your job to look after us. If you failed, you can't do the sh*t, then it's my turn. C** or emperor or whatever, all same. The change cost is high, usually one hundred years of disastrous life, but after new CEO appointed by “us”, he rules. Then new cycle begins.
我曾嘗試用簡(jiǎn)單的術(shù)語(yǔ)向我的外籍同事解釋這個(gè)概念——這是一份合同，我們給你權(quán)力，你做你的工作來(lái)照顧我們。如果你失敗了，你做不了，就輪到我了。不管是**黨還是皇帝，都一樣。變革的成本很高，通常是一百年的災(zāi)難性生活，但在“我們”任命新的首席執(zhí)行官后，他就會(huì)統(tǒng)治。然后新的周期開始。
Morons pretending to be educated democrats can't understand!
US history is one of aggressive individuality. Each pioneer that landed in the new world equip himself with guns and supplies then move off into the wild to make his way.
This has engraved the love of individuality above collectivism in latter day Americans.
China is the opposite, the well being of Chinese is closely correlated with a strong central authority working for the good of all.
Now the west led by US is trying to get China to abandon its root and adopt Western fierce individuality.
If Chinese fall into that trap another century of humiliation is guaranteed.
那些假裝受過教育的民主人士的白癡根本無(wú)法理解！
美國(guó)歷史是一部充滿個(gè)性和進(jìn)取精神的歷史，每個(gè)踏上新大陸的拓荒者都帶著槍和物資，在荒野中開拓自己的道路。
這在后來(lái)的美國(guó)人心中根深蒂固地認(rèn)為，個(gè)體高于集體主義。
中國(guó)則相反，中國(guó)人的福祉與一個(gè)為所有人謀福利的強(qiáng)大的中央權(quán)力密切相關(guān)。
如今以美國(guó)為首的西方正試圖讓中國(guó)拋棄自己的根源，接受西方激烈的個(gè)體化思想。
如果中國(guó)落入這個(gè)陷阱，注定會(huì)再遭受百年屈辱。
Looking at the Chinese com...st Party’s disaster relief capabilities, food and resource reserves, and strategic mobilization capabilities, the com...st Party will definitely not give up its fundamentals of “serving the people.”
以中g(shù)的救災(zāi)能力、糧食資源儲(chǔ)備能力、戰(zhàn)略動(dòng)員能力來(lái)看，黨是絕不會(huì)放棄“為人民服務(wù)”的根本的。
“Meaning: God appointed him to lead this country to prosperity.”
Ancient China wasn't monotheistic. It would be less God and more like the universe.
“意思是：上天任命他帶領(lǐng)這個(gè)國(guó)家走向繁榮。”
古代中國(guó)不是一神教。它與神的關(guān)系較少，而與宇宙關(guān)系較多。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
For a very long time, most Chinese people are always lack of food. I think that’s partly the reason why there is so many different types and stylish food in China, we need to find ways to preserve food.
很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間以來(lái)，大多數(shù)中國(guó)人都處于糧食短缺的狀態(tài)。我認(rèn)為這也是為什么中國(guó)有這么多種類和風(fēng)格的美食的原因之一，我們需要找到保存食物的方法。
Thanks, Aya Shawn! Good explanation on Chinese people belief in the Mandate of the Heaven!
謝謝，Aya Shawn ！很好地解釋了中國(guó)人對(duì)天命的信仰！
Before seeing this answer, I always thought that China's "Mandate of the Heaven" was some kind of mysticism
It seems that it is just real politics wrapped in a mysterious cloak
在看到這個(gè)答案之前，我一直以為中國(guó)的“天命”是某種神秘主義
看來(lái)，它只是現(xiàn)實(shí)政治被包裹上了神秘的外衣
The concept of mandate of heaven isn't myth
The start of the mandate of heaven started with zhou was just passed down.
It's basically the right to rebellion in modern times.
天命的概念并非神話
天命始于周，傳承于今。
這基本上就是現(xiàn)代的“反抗的權(quán)利”。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
What do you know about Mandate of the Heaven? Care to share?
你對(duì)天命了解多少？愿意分享嗎？
Agree. Just like that carpenter in Middle East who died and then rose again, and that man who ate the apple instead of the snake. All are myths.
同意。就像中東那個(gè)死而復(fù)生的木匠，還有那個(gè)吃蘋果而不吃蛇的人。都是神話。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
In ancient China, the beliefs regarding the empire and its ruler were rooted in Confucianism. According to Confucian teachings, the empire was seen as a natural part of life, and the ruler held a position of great importance and responsibility. The empire was considered superior, but not in a way that diminished the value of the individuals within it. Instead, it emphasized the harmony and order that the empire provided for its people. The ruler was expected to govern with benevolence and virtue, ensuring the well-being of the people. So, it was a combination of viewing the empire as superior while also recognizing the interconnectedness between the ruler and the people.
在古代中國(guó)，關(guān)于帝國(guó)及其統(tǒng)治者的信仰植根于儒家思想。 根據(jù)儒家教義，帝國(guó)被視為生活的自然組成部分，統(tǒng)治者占據(jù)著重要地位和責(zé)任。 帝國(guó)被認(rèn)為是更高層面的，但并沒有降低帝國(guó)內(nèi)部個(gè)人的價(jià)值。 相反，它強(qiáng)調(diào)帝國(guó)為其人民提供的和諧與秩序。 統(tǒng)治者應(yīng)當(dāng)以仁德施政，確保人民的福祉。 因此，這是一種將帝國(guó)視為更高層面的同時(shí)也認(rèn)識(shí)到統(tǒng)治者與人民之間相互聯(lián)系的結(jié)合。
Ancient Chinese beliefs regarding the empire and its ruler were deeply intertwined with their understanding of the natural order of the world. The concept of the Mandate of Heaven played a crucial role in shaping these beliefs, asserting that the ruler was chosen by the divine forces to govern the empire. This belief system positioned the empire and its ruler as integral parts of a harmonious cosmic order.
In ancient China, the emperor was seen as the Son of Heaven, the intermediary between the earthly realm and the divine realm. As such, the ruler was expected to embody virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, and wisdom in order to maintain the balance between heaven and earth. The emperor’s legitimacy to rule was derived from his ability to uphold this moral code and govern with the welfare of the people in mind.
While the emperor held a position of supreme authority within the empire, the ancient Chinese did not necessarily view the empire as superior to themselves in a hierarchical sense. Instead, they saw the emperor as a fatherly figure, responsible for guiding and protecting his subjects. The emperor’s power was believed to be granted by heaven, but it was also contingent upon his ability to govern justly and effectively.As the OP said, once the emperor becomes incompetent, its legitimacy comes into question
The ancient Chinese viewed the empire as a natural part of life, reflecting the cyclical nature of existence and the interconnectedness of all things. The emperor’s role was to maintain harmony and order within the empire, ensuring that the cosmic balance was preserved. In this way, the empire was seen as a reflection of the larger cosmic order, with the ruler serving as a steward of this balance.
However, it is important to note that not all emperors lived up to the ideals of the Mandate of Heaven. Throughout Chinese history, there were instances of corrupt or tyrannical rulers who abused their power and brought suffering to the people. In these cases, popular uprisings or dynastic changes often occurred as a means of restoring balance and legitimacy to the empire.
Overall, ancient Chinese beliefs regarding the empire and its ruler were complex and multifaceted, shaped by a deep reverence for the natural order of the world and the role of the divine in human affairs. The emperor was both a symbol of authority and a custodian of cosmic harmony, tasked with upholding virtue and righteousness in governance. This worldview reflected the interconnectedness of humanity, nature, and the divine, emphasizing the importance of maintaining balance and harmony in all aspects of life.
古代中國(guó)關(guān)于帝國(guó)及其統(tǒng)治者的信仰與他們對(duì)世界自然秩序的理解深深地交織在一起。 天命的概念在塑造這些信仰方面發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用，它聲稱統(tǒng)治者是由神圣力量選擇來(lái)統(tǒng)治帝國(guó)的。 這種信仰體系將帝國(guó)及其統(tǒng)治者定位為和諧宇宙秩序的組成部分。
在古代中國(guó)，皇帝被視為天子，是塵世與神界之間的中介。 因此，統(tǒng)治者需要體現(xiàn)仁、義、智等美德，以維持天地之間的平衡。 皇帝的統(tǒng)治合法性來(lái)自于他能夠堅(jiān)守這一道德準(zhǔn)則并以人民的福祉為重。
雖然皇帝在帝國(guó)內(nèi)擁有至高無(wú)上的權(quán)力，但古代中國(guó)人并不一定認(rèn)為帝國(guó)在等級(jí)意義上高于自己。 相反，他們將皇帝視為父親般的人物，負(fù)責(zé)指導(dǎo)和保護(hù)他的臣民。 皇帝的權(quán)力被認(rèn)為是上天賜予的，但這也取決于他公正和有效統(tǒng)治的能力。正如答主所說，一旦皇帝變得無(wú)能，它的合法性就會(huì)受到質(zhì)疑
古代中國(guó)人將帝國(guó)視為生命的自然組成部分，反映了存在的循環(huán)性和萬(wàn)物的相互聯(lián)系。 皇帝的職責(zé)是維持帝國(guó)內(nèi)部的和諧與秩序，確保宇宙的平衡得以維持。 通過這種方式，帝國(guó)被視為更大的宇宙秩序的反映，而統(tǒng)治者則是這種平衡的管理者。
然而，值得注意的是，并非所有皇帝都實(shí)現(xiàn)了天命的理想。 縱觀中國(guó)歷史，不乏腐敗殘暴的統(tǒng)治者濫用職權(quán)，給人民帶來(lái)苦難的事例。 在這些情況下，民眾起義或王朝更迭常常作為恢復(fù)帝國(guó)平衡和合法性的手段而發(fā)生。
總體而言，古代中國(guó)關(guān)于帝國(guó)及其統(tǒng)治者的信仰是復(fù)雜而多方面的，是由對(duì)世界自然秩序和神在人類事務(wù)中的作用的深深尊重而形成的。 皇帝既是權(quán)力的象征，又是宇宙和諧的守護(hù)者，肩負(fù)著在治理中維護(hù)德性和正義的使命。 這種世界觀反映了人性、自然和神性的相互聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)在生活的各個(gè)方面保持平衡與和諧的重要性。
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