Why has the ‘15-minute city’ taken off in Paris but become a controversial idea in the UK?
-Urbanist Carlos Moreno on how his concept is transforming French life and what is hindering change across the Channel

為什么“15分鐘城市”在巴黎成功了，但在英國卻成了一個(gè)有爭議的想法？
——城市規(guī)劃師卡洛斯·莫雷諾講述了他的概念如何改變法國人的生活，以及是什么阻礙了英吉利海峽對(duì)岸的變化
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(Clichy-Batignolles in the north-west of Paris has been transformed with a quarter of the area taken up by green space and a new park.)

（位于巴黎西北部的克里希-巴蒂尼奧勒已經(jīng)被改造，四分之一的面積被綠地和一個(gè)新的公園所占據(jù)。）
新聞：

The “15-minute city” has become a toxic phrase in the UK, so controversial that the city of Oxford has stopped using it and the transport minister has spread discredited conspiracy theories about the urban planning scheme.

在英國，“15分鐘城市”已成為一個(gè)有毒的詞匯，爭議如此之大，以至于牛津郡已停止使用這個(gè)詞，交通大臣也散布了有關(guān)該城市規(guī)劃方案的不可信的陰謀論。

But while fake news spreads about officials enacting “climate lockdowns” to “imprison” people in their neighbourhoods, across the Channel, Parisians are enjoying their new 15-minute neighbourhoods. The French are stereotyped for their love of protest, so the lack of uproar around the redesign of their capital is in stark contrast to the frenzied response in Oxford.

然而，盡管有關(guān)官員實(shí)施“氣候封鎖”、將人們“囚禁”在自己社區(qū)的假新聞四處傳播，但在英吉利海峽對(duì)岸，巴黎人正在享受他們新的15分鐘社區(qū)。人們對(duì)法國人的印象是他們喜歡抗議，因此，沒看到對(duì)首都重新設(shè)計(jì)的不滿騷動(dòng)，與牛津的狂熱反應(yīng)形成鮮明對(duì)比。

Carlos Moreno, a jovial and owlish professor at the Sorbonne University, came up with the phrase “15-minute cities” and has been quietly getting on setting them up in Paris. He has a bemused air when asked about how his modest proposal for a more enjoyable urban life has caused such vile conspiracy theories, and takes it all in good humour despite the death threats and other abuse he has received.

索邦大學(xué)教授卡洛斯·莫雷諾是一位性格開朗、貓頭鷹般的的教授，他提出了“15分鐘城市”這一說法，并一直在悄悄地在巴黎建立這樣的城市。當(dāng)被問及他為更愉快的城市生活提出的溫和建議如何引發(fā)了如此惡毒的陰謀論時(shí)，他顯得很困惑，盡管他收到了死亡威脅和其他辱罵，但他還是很幽默地接受了這一切。

Moreno says: “We don’t have the conspiracy mongers, because it is impossible to say in Paris that Moreno wants to create a new Paris lockdown. This is impossible to say that I am Pol Pot or that I am Stalin – because we live in Paris, I can invite guests to visit me and they see this is impossible.

莫雷諾說：“我們沒有陰謀販子，因?yàn)樵诎屠璨豢赡苷f‘莫雷諾想要建立一個(gè)新的巴黎封鎖’。說我是波爾布特或斯大林是不可能的——因?yàn)槲覀冏≡诎屠瑁铱梢匝埧腿藖戆菰L我，而他們認(rèn)為這是不可能的。

“We have created a lot of new districts and they have been popular. The opposition in Paris is not the same that you have in the UK, because nobody can say in Paris we want to create an open jail – this is evident that it is not the case. We have beautiful new green spaces and areas to live.”

“我們創(chuàng)建了很多新區(qū)，它們很受歡迎。巴黎的反對(duì)者和英國的不一樣，因?yàn)闆]有人能在巴黎說我們想要建立一個(gè)開放的監(jiān)獄——很明顯，情況并非如此。我們有美麗的新綠色空間和居住區(qū)域?！?/b>

Moreno has been working with the Paris mayor, Anne Hidalgo, to make its arrondissements more prosperous and pleasurable to live in. He says there are 50 15-minute cities up and running, with more to come.

莫雷諾一直在與巴黎市長安妮·伊達(dá)爾戈合作，使巴黎各區(qū)更加繁榮，居住更加愉快。他說，現(xiàn)在有50個(gè)15分鐘的城市正在運(yùn)行，未來還會(huì)有更多。

“We have an outstanding mayor, who is committed to tackling climate change. She said the 15-minute city will be the backbone for creating a new urban plan. The last time Paris had a new urban plan was in 2000, so this road map will be relevant for the next 10 or 15 years at least,” he explains.

“我們有一位杰出的市長，他致力于應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。她說，‘15分鐘城市’將成為制定新城市規(guī)劃的支柱。巴黎上一次制定新的城市規(guī)劃是在2000年，因此這張路線圖至少在未來10年或15年將具有相關(guān)性。

“I said to Hidalgo, the 15-minute city is not an urban traffic plan. The 15-minute city is a radical change of our life.”

“我對(duì)伊達(dá)爾戈說，15分鐘城市不是一個(gè)城市交通計(jì)劃。這個(gè)15分鐘的城市徹底改變了我們的生活。”

Moreno has written a new book, The 15-Minute City, about his theory, which is being implemented in cities from Milan to Buenos Aires. In it, he explains his theory, which is quite simple. When many modern cities were designed, they were for men to work in. Their wives and family stayed in the suburbs, while the workers drove in. So they have been designed around the car, and segmented into different districts: the financial district (think Canary Wharf), the cultural area (for example, the West End) and then the suburbs. They have also often been segmented into wealthier and poorer areas; in the less prosperous area to the north-east of Paris, Moreno says up to 40% of homes are social housing. In the wealthier west of Paris, this drops below 5%.

莫雷諾寫了一本新書《15分鐘城市》，講述了他的理論，并在米蘭和布宜諾斯艾利斯等城市得到了應(yīng)用。在書中，他解釋了他的理論，這很簡單。當(dāng)許多現(xiàn)代城市被設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，它們圍繞著男性在其中工作。工人開車進(jìn)城，他們的妻子和家人都住在郊區(qū)。因此，它們是圍繞汽車設(shè)計(jì)的，并劃分為不同的區(qū)域：金融區(qū)（想想金絲雀碼頭）、文化區(qū)（比如倫敦西區(qū)），然后是郊區(qū)。它們也經(jīng)常被劃分為較富裕和較貧窮的地區(qū)；莫雷諾說，在巴黎東北部不太繁榮的地區(qū)，多達(dá)40%的房屋是社會(huì)住房。在巴黎較富裕的西部，這一比例降至5%以下。

“My idea is to break this triple segregation,” he says.

“我的想法是打破這種三重隔離，”他說。

Moreno thinks this segregation leads to a poorer quality of life, one designed around outdated “masculine desires”, so his proposal is to mix this up, creating housing developments with a mixture of social, affordable and more expensive housing so different social strata can intermingle. He also wants to bring schools and children’s areas closer to work and home, so caregivers can more easily travel around and participate in society. He also thinks office should generally be closer to homes, as well as cultural venues, doctors, shops and other amenities. Shared spaces such as parks help the people living in the areas to form communities.

莫雷諾認(rèn)為，這種隔離導(dǎo)致生活質(zhì)量下降，是圍繞過時(shí)的“男性欲望”設(shè)計(jì)的，所以他的建議是將這種隔離混合起來，創(chuàng)建混合了社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房和更昂貴住房的住房開發(fā)項(xiàng)目，這樣不同的社會(huì)階層就可以融合在一起。他還想讓學(xué)校和兒童區(qū)離工作和家庭更近，這樣照顧者就可以更容易地四處旅行和參與社會(huì)活動(dòng)。他還認(rèn)為，辦公室通常應(yīng)該離家更近，還有文化場所、醫(yī)生、商店和其他便利設(shè)施。公園等共享空間幫助居住在該地區(qū)的人們形成社區(qū)。
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An example of this is the new ?lot Saint-Germain development in one of Paris’s most chic neighbourhoods. It is situated in the old defence ministry, and flats with sweeping views of the Eiffel Tower go for a social rent of €600 (￡515) a month.

這方面的一個(gè)例子是在巴黎最時(shí)髦的街區(qū)之一的新開發(fā)的?lot圣日耳曼。它坐落在舊的國防部里，可以看到埃菲爾鐵塔的公寓每月的社會(huì)租金為600歐元（515英鎊）。

Moreno says there was some “aggressive” opposition to this, not from conspiracy theorists but from wealthy Parisians who did not want lower-income people living in their district.

莫雷諾說，有一些“激進(jìn)”的反對(duì)意見，不是來自陰謀論者，而是來自富裕的巴黎人，他們不希望低收入者住在他們的地區(qū)。

“It was a scandal for the richest to have the working class living here in the 7th arrondissement. They said we will have a reduction in the price of our real estate, there will be more crime. The local mayor of the arrondissement opposed it. But now, it is so, so beautiful with increased quality of life, the development has won awards, it is a desirable place to live.”

“最富有的人讓工人階級(jí)住在第七區(qū)，這是一件丑聞。他們說我們的房價(jià)會(huì)下降，犯罪會(huì)增加。該地區(qū)的市長對(duì)此表示反對(duì)。但現(xiàn)在，它是如此美麗，生活質(zhì)量提高，發(fā)展贏得了獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，這是一個(gè)理想的居住地?！?/b>

The city has also been regenerating the Clichy-Batignolles district in the less prosperous north-west of Paris to have a green, village-like feel. About a quarter of it is taken up by green space and a new park.

該市還在改造位于巴黎不太繁榮的西北部的克利希-巴提尼奧勒區(qū)，使其擁有一種綠色的、村莊般的感覺。大約四分之一的面積被綠地和一個(gè)新的公園所占據(jù)。

“As a 15-minute district, it is incredible,” says Moreno. “It is beautiful, it has proximity, social mixing, 50% of the inhabitants live in social housing, 25% in middle class and 25% own their homes.”

莫雷諾說：“作為一個(gè)15分鐘車程的地區(qū)，這是不可思議的。它很美，距離近，社會(huì)融合，50%的居民住在社會(huì)保障房，25%的人是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，25%的人擁有自己的房子?！?/b>

Many of his proposals are dear to the culture of the French. In a large, wealthy metropolis such as Paris, it is easy for small shops to be choked out by large chains. The city of Paris, in its new plan, has put measures in to stop this.

他的許多建議深受法國文化的喜愛。在巴黎這樣一個(gè)富裕的大都市，小商店很容易被大型連鎖店擠垮。巴黎市在其新計(jì)劃中采取了措施來阻止這種情況。

“We have a commercial subsidiary of the city of Paris which has put €200m into managing retail areas in the city with rates below the speculative real estate market. This is specifically to rent to small shops, artisans, bakeries, bookstores. This is not only a good investment because it creates a good economic model, but it keeps the culture of the city of Paris,” says Moreno. This is in keeping with the 15-minute city plan as it keeps local shops close to housing, so people can stroll down from their apartment to pick up a fresh baguette from an independent baker. “It creates a more vibrant neighbourhood,” he adds.

“我們在巴黎市擁有一家商業(yè)子公司，該子公司已投入2億歐元用于管理該市的零售區(qū)域，其利率低于投機(jī)性房地產(chǎn)市場。這是專門租給小商店、工匠、面包店、書店的。這不僅是一項(xiàng)好的投資，因?yàn)樗鼊?chuàng)造了一個(gè)良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式，而且還保留了巴黎的城市文化，”莫雷諾說。這符合15分鐘的城市規(guī)劃，因?yàn)樗尞?dāng)?shù)氐纳痰觌x住房很近，這樣人們就可以從公寓里漫步下來，從獨(dú)立的面包師那里買到新鮮的法棍面包?！八鼊?chuàng)造了一個(gè)更有活力的社區(qū)，”他補(bǔ)充道。

Hidalgo inevitably faced a large backlash from the motorist lobby. Stroll down the banks of the Seine today in the new protected parks and outdoor bars, and it is hard to imagine that it was recently a traffic-choked highway. But with the guidance of Moreno, this became a reality.

伊達(dá)爾戈不可避免地面臨著來自司機(jī)游說團(tuán)體的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。今天，當(dāng)你漫步在塞納河岸邊新建的受保護(hù)的公園和戶外酒吧里時(shí)，你很難想象這條公路最近還是一條交通堵塞的公路。但在莫雷諾的指導(dǎo)下，這變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。

In London, there has been a furore around the expansion of the ultra-low emissions zone in London, and attempts to pedestrianise Oxford Street, the city’s busiest shopping district, have failed. So how did Hidalgo do it?

在倫敦，人們對(duì)倫敦超低排放區(qū)的擴(kuò)張感到憤怒，在倫敦最繁忙的購物區(qū)牛津街建立步行區(qū)的嘗試也以失敗告終。那么伊達(dá)爾戈是怎么做到的呢？

“The drivers were radically very noisy, saying that we wanted to attack their individual rights, their freedom. The motorist lobby said she cannot be elected without our support, that they are very powerful in France,” Moreno says. But Hidalgo called their bluff: “She often says ‘I was elected two times, with the opposition of the automotive lobby’. In 2024, nobody requests to open again the highway on the Seine, no one wants the Seine urban park to be open for cars.”

“司機(jī)們非常吵鬧，說我們想要攻擊他們的個(gè)人權(quán)利和自由。司機(jī)游說團(tuán)體說，沒有我們的支持，她不可能當(dāng)選，他們在法國非常強(qiáng)大，”莫雷諾說。但伊達(dá)爾戈揭穿了他們的虛張聲勢：“她經(jīng)常說，‘我是兩次在汽車業(yè)游說團(tuán)體的反對(duì)下當(dāng)選的’。2024年，沒有人要求重新開放塞納河上的高速公路，沒有人希望塞納河城市公園對(duì)汽車開放?！?/b>
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In his book, Moreno talks about the concept of a “giant metronome of the city” which causes people to rush around. He wants to slow this down, to allow people to reclaim their “useful time” back from commuting and travelling to shops and cultural areas.

在他的書中，莫雷諾談到了“城市的巨型節(jié)拍器”的概念，它導(dǎo)致人們四處奔波。他希望減緩這一趨勢，讓人們從通勤和前往商店和文化區(qū)的旅行中重新獲得“有用時(shí)間”。

Moreno says this is happening with or without him; after the Covid crisis many offices are selling up their large spaces in the financial district and moving closer to residential areas. People are choosing jobs they can work remotely from or that are situated closer to their homes.

莫雷諾說，不管有沒有他，這種情況都會(huì)發(fā)生；在新冠肺炎危機(jī)之后，許多辦公室正在出售其在金融區(qū)的大空間，并搬到離住宅區(qū)更近的地方。人們正在選擇可以遠(yuǎn)程工作或離家較近的工作。

“I bet for the next year, for the next decade, we will have this new transformation of corporation real estate,” he says. “Businesses are choosing multi-use areas with housing, schools, shops for their office space now. The time of the skyscrapers in the masculine design is finished.”

他表示：“我敢打賭，明年、未來十年，我們將迎來企業(yè)地產(chǎn)的新轉(zhuǎn)型。企業(yè)現(xiàn)在選擇有住房、學(xué)校和商店的多功能區(qū)域作為辦公場所。男性化設(shè)計(jì)的摩天大樓時(shí)代結(jié)束了?！?br />