為什么東南亞最富有的人主要是華人？真實(shí)原因原來(lái)是這樣

They seized the largest Dutch, Indo, and Peranakan Chinese owned businesses and nationalised them. One such company was Kian Gwan. Formerly the largest multinational in Southeast Asia, owned by Indonesia’s very own Crazy Rich Asians: The Oei Family of Semarang. Kian Gwan was eventually converted into the state-owned agricultural, pharmaceutical, and trading company, Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia.
But at this point Indonesia began experiencing massive brain drain as many of the Dutch leaning elites, fleeing persecution, fled Indonesia. Taking with them their resources, skills, and knowledge.

To jumpstart the economy, the Pribumi political elites formed a pact with the Totok Chinese. The Totok Chinese were not in as good of a position as the Peranakan at the time as they were less adapted locally and had less time to build up their wealth after fleeing from war. That being said, many (though not all) were merchants or craftsmen that had brought their skills and knowledge from China. They were still better off than the average Pribumi at the time who may have been a simple farmer. The Totok Chinese also had little connection or leaning to the former colonial government. They were the perfect business partners for the Pribumi political elites, and titled cukong (主公).

The political elites would favour specific businesses, giving them immunity to certain laws, or helping them grow in other ways. This would grow a new class of business elites who control massive conglomerations, and get the economy rolling. Partnership between political elites and business elites is not unique to Indonesia. It was a common way for Asian countries to grow their economies post-WW2. See Chaebol in South Korea and Zaibatsu in Japan.

他們奪取了荷蘭人、印度人和土生華人擁有的最大企業(yè)，并將其國(guó)有化。建源公司（Kian Gwan）就是這樣一家公司。以前是東南亞最大的跨國(guó)公司，由印尼自己的亞洲巨富：三寶壟的黃氏家族（Oei）所有。Kian Gwan最終轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閲?guó)有農(nóng)業(yè)、制藥和貿(mào)易公司（印尼大型農(nóng)業(yè)國(guó)有控股公司）。
（譯注：三寶壟（印尼語(yǔ)：Semarang），簡(jiǎn)稱壟川，為印度尼西亞爪哇島北岸的城市，為中爪哇省的首府。人口約150萬(wàn)，為印度尼西亞第五大城市。三寶壟是為數(shù)眾多的華人聚居的印尼城市之一。在荷蘭人統(tǒng)治時(shí)期就是主要大港，直至今日。三寶壟的地名由來(lái)起自于鄭和本名。鄭和本名為“馬三寶”，后因于“靖難之役”有功，故受皇帝賜姓“鄭”。）
這么一搞，印尼開(kāi)始經(jīng)歷大規(guī)模的人才外流，許多傾向荷蘭的精英逃離迫害，逃離印尼。帶上他們的資源、技能和知識(shí)。
為了刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)，土著印尼人的政治精英們與新客華人達(dá)成了一項(xiàng)協(xié)議。新客華人當(dāng)時(shí)的處境不如土生華人，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)诋?dāng)?shù)氐倪m應(yīng)能力較差，逃離中國(guó)本土的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后也沒(méi)有時(shí)間積累財(cái)富。話雖如此，許多（盡管不是全部）是從中國(guó)帶來(lái)技能和知識(shí)的商人或工匠。他們的生活仍然比當(dāng)時(shí)的普通土著印尼人要好，普通土著印尼人通?？赡苤皇且粋€(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的農(nóng)民。新客華人也與前殖民地政府幾乎沒(méi)有聯(lián)系或傾向。他們是土著印尼人政治精英的完美商業(yè)伙伴，并被稱為cukong(主公)；
政治精英會(huì)支持特定的企業(yè)，使其免受某些法律的約束，或者幫助它們以其他方式發(fā)展。這將培養(yǎng)出一批新的商業(yè)精英，他們控制著大規(guī)模的企業(yè)集團(tuán)，并推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。政治精英和商業(yè)精英之間的伙伴關(guān)系并非印尼獨(dú)有。這是亞洲國(guó)家在二戰(zhàn)后發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的一種常見(jiàn)方式。參見(jiàn)韓國(guó)的財(cái)閥和日本的財(cái)團(tuán)。

Here are some cukong whose companies skyrocketed in growth during Soeharto’s dictatorship (New Order Era):

以下是一些在蘇哈托獨(dú)裁時(shí)期（新秩序時(shí)代）公司飛速發(fā)展的華人公司:
(譯注：以下人名全是印尼榜上有名的華人富豪的印尼語(yǔ)之類的名字，譯者也不懂，
例如Susilo Wonowidjojo（蔡道平）………………就不放上來(lái)了。

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And how could we forget the most well-known of them all? Liem Sioe Liong of Indofood (right) and his beloved President Soeharto (left).

我們?cè)趺茨芡浰麄冎凶钪娜四兀坑《嗍称饭镜腖iem Sioe Liong（右）和他敬愛(ài)的蘇哈托總統(tǒng)（左）。

So, what do all these tycoons have in common?
They are men of Fuqing.
Referring to the latter seven Totok groups on the list, their population sizes are estimated to be much smaller than the former seven. Makes sense, right? There was a smaller window of immigration for newcomers. Among them, Hokcia from Fuqing are the most sizeable. Yet, they still don’t hold a candle to the number of Teochew or Cantonese in the country. Let alone to the Hakka or Hokkien. Hokcia are a minority within a minority.
And Fuqing is but one DISTRICT in China, within the city of Fuzhou.
It’s population around 1.4 million (in 2018), compared to the South Jakarta district’s 2 million (in 2010). Contrast that with say the Hakka who came from a multitude of cities from Yongding, Meizhou, Huizhou, Heyuan, Shanwei, Shenzhen, etc.

那么，所有這些大亨都有什么共同點(diǎn)呢？
他們是福清人。
關(guān)于名單上的后七個(gè)新客群體，其人口規(guī)模估計(jì)要比前七個(gè)群體小得多。情理之中，對(duì)吧？畢竟新移民的入境窗口變小了。其中，來(lái)自福清的Hokcia規(guī)模最大。然而，他們?nèi)匀粺o(wú)法與這個(gè)國(guó)家的潮州話或廣府群體相比。更別說(shuō)客家人或福建人了。而福州是少數(shù)中的少數(shù)。
而福清只是中國(guó)福州市的一個(gè)地區(qū)。
它的人口約為140萬(wàn)（2018年），而南雅加達(dá)區(qū)的人口為200萬(wàn)（2010年）。相比之下，客家人來(lái)自永定、梅州、惠州、河源、汕尾、深圳等多個(gè)城市。

Now look at the Top 10 Richest Indonesians of 2020 (ancestry on the right):

現(xiàn)在看看2020年最富有的10名印尼人（祖籍在右邊）:

15. Hartono brothers (Chinese - Hokcia) 香港人
16. Widjaja family (Chinese - Hokkien) 福建人
17. Prajogo Pangestu (Chinese - Hakka) 客家人
18. Susilo Wonowidjojo (Chinese - Hokcia) 福清人
19. Sri Prakash Lohia (Indian - Delhi) 印度人
20. Anthoni Salim (Chinese - Hokcia) 福清人
21. Tahir (Chinese - Hokcia) 福清人
22. Boenjamin Setiawan (Chinese - unknown) 華人 祖籍未知
23. Chairul Tanjung (Batak - Mandailing) 印尼本地人
24. Jogi Hendra Atmadja (Chinese - unknown) 華人祖籍未知
How many of them are Chinese? 8/10 他們中有多少是華人？8成是華人。
How many of the Chinese are Hokcia? 4~6/8 有多少華人是福清人？4-6成。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Indeed, many of the wealthiest people in Indonesia are of Min descent. But more specifically - Hokcia.

事實(shí)上，印尼許多最富有的人都是閩人后裔。但更確切地說(shuō)是福清人。

Disclaimer:
Not all Chinese Indonesians are elite. Most are middle class or below- you just don’t hear about them. They are the fishermen in Riau, the truck drivers in Bangka, the farmers in West Kalimantan, the warung owners in Lasem, etc.
These publications listing the wealthiest people of X country list mostly private sector conglomerates. The truly rich often have wealth too diverse and unknown to be quantified. Ever see the Queen of England or King of the Netherlands on Forbes?
The aforementioned political elites of Indonesia are often just as wealthy, if not wealthier, than those that make the Forbes listings. They are the policy makers, the corrupt officials, with major shares everywhere (including cukong-owned businesses), and able to steer the spotlight away from them and onto the cukong.
By some estimates, President Soeharto had embezzled as much as 35 billion USD over his 32 year dictatorship. The most corrupt leader in history. Why isn’t he on Forbes?

免責(zé)（錯(cuò)）聲明:
并非所有印尼華人都是精英。大多數(shù)是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)或以下——你只是沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他們。他們是廖內(nèi)的漁民，邦加的卡車司機(jī)，西加里曼丹的農(nóng)民，拉辛的小餐館老板等。
那些出版物上列出的各國(guó)最富有的人都是民營(yíng)大公司。而真正的富人往往擁有多種多樣、難以量化的未知財(cái)富。在福布斯雜志上見(jiàn)過(guò)英國(guó)女王或荷蘭國(guó)王嗎？
前面提到的印度尼西亞政治精英往往與福布斯排行榜上的人一樣富有，如果不是更富有的話。他們是政策制定者，是腐敗官員，在任何地方都擁有主要股份（包括主公擁有的企業(yè)），并能夠?qū)⒕酃鉄魪乃麄兩砩限D(zhuǎn)移到主公身上。
據(jù)估計(jì)，蘇哈托總統(tǒng)在他32年的獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治中貪污了350億美元。歷史上最腐敗的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。他為什么不在福布斯上？

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ML Gutiérrez Chan 「陳信安」

Wow very interesting, I think this is sort of similar in a way in the Philippines too, but a few differences. In the philippines, most Chinese filipinos have overwhelmingly Hokkien descent, as in Southern Min specifically mostly Quanzhou specifically usually Jinjiang or Nan'an within Quanzhou, sometimes some from xiamen or some older families rarely from Zhangzhou, not anywhere else in Fujian so people here do not even know what is hokciu/hokchew or tiociu/teochew or even hakka. There is also a few rare people of cantonese descent here, specifically Taishanese descent or people from Macau or Canton/Guangzhou or Hong kong, but these people are rare minority of minority and those that have cantonese spelled surnames that come from Hong kong are usually also mostly Hokkien too that simply jumped from Fujian to Hong kong before moving to ph.

哇，非常有趣，我認(rèn)為這在菲律賓也有點(diǎn)相似，但也有一些不同。在菲律賓，大多數(shù)華裔律賓人都有福建血統(tǒng)，祖籍在閩南，尤其是泉州，通常是泉州境內(nèi)的晉江或南安，有時(shí)一些人來(lái)自廈門；或者一些來(lái)得比較早的家族來(lái)自漳州，但這群很少；福建其他地方的血統(tǒng)基本沒(méi)有，所以這里的人甚至不知道什么是福州（hocciu/hokchew）或潮州（tiociu/teochew），甚至也不知道什么是客家人。這里也有一些罕見(jiàn)的廣府人后裔，特別是臺(tái)山人或澳門人、廣州人或香港人，但這些人是少數(shù)族裔中罕見(jiàn)的少數(shù)，那些來(lái)自香港的廣東人，通過(guò)姓氏可以看出也大多是福建人，他們只是從福建先到香港，然后才轉(zhuǎn)到菲律賓。

Then, if Indonesia has Peranakan and Totok, Philippines has Sangley/Mestizo de Sangley and Lannang/Chinoy and well. In Spanish colonial times, Sangley were the colonial era Chinese who were usually middle to lower class merchants, artisans and kargadors(coolies) and later their mixed assimilated filipino descendants were known formally as Mestizo de Sangley(Chinese Mestizo), but casually as simply mestiso just like all other mestizos tho they were the more populous bunch of the demographic tho the Mestizo de Espa?ol (Spanish Mestizo) held more popular representation and status in the common mind when one thinks of Mestizos. Generations later they would all be generalized as simply mestizo filipino families, regardless if originally Chinese mestizo or spanish mestizo or both or even the rarer indian mestizo or japanese mestizo. The ones that eventually became wealthy landowners, political elites, business elites who were formerly land tenant families of haciendas(plantations), town capitans/mayors, and etc were the mestiso families. Till now, philippine politics, under the padrino/patronage system of big political families and their political dynasties, and the ones running big infrastructure conglomerate companies are all run by mestiso families or a few old pure spanish elite families. The mestiso and spanish filipino families mostly focus as political elites or landowning or infrastructure companies. Meanwhile, the modern wealthy lannang/chinoy families focus at being business elites.

然后，如果印尼有土著華人和新客華人，菲律賓對(duì)應(yīng)的就是（生理人Sangley）/Mestizo de Sangley（中國(guó)混血兒：土著華人）和Lannang/Chinoy（新華人）
（譯注：Sangley是西班牙語(yǔ)對(duì)于菲律賓華人的稱呼，源自古代，西班牙人征服菲律賓聽(tīng)當(dāng)?shù)厝私兄袊?guó)人為"生理人，問(wèn)中國(guó)人，中國(guó)人說(shuō)他們是來(lái)做“生理”的；于是才有了這個(gè)詞（Sangley），可能是方言的緣故，這個(gè)生理人就是生意人的意思。當(dāng)然西班牙史學(xué)家還有另外一種說(shuō)法，認(rèn)為這個(gè)詞是常來(lái)人和商旅人的音譯。）
在西班牙殖民時(shí)代，生理人Sangley是殖民時(shí)代的中國(guó)人，他們通常是中下階層的商人、工匠和苦力，后來(lái)他們與菲律賓混血后裔被正式稱為Mestizo de Sangley（中國(guó)混血兒），但與所有其他混血兒相比，他們是人口較多的群體，因此當(dāng)人們想到混血兒時(shí)，西班牙混血兒在公眾心目中會(huì)擁有更受歡迎的代表性和地位。幾代人之后，他們都被簡(jiǎn)單的概括為混血兒家族，無(wú)論最初是中國(guó)混血，還是西班牙混血，或者兩者兼而有之，甚至是更罕見(jiàn)的印度混血兒以及日本混血兒。那些最終成為富有的土地所有者、政治精英、商業(yè)精英的人，他們以前是莊園（種植園）的土地租戶家庭；到目前為止，在大政治家族及其政治王朝的padrino/庇護(hù)制度下，菲律賓政治，以及經(jīng)營(yíng)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施企業(yè)集團(tuán)的公司，都是由梅斯提索家族或少數(shù)古老的純西班牙精英家族經(jīng)營(yíng)的。梅斯提索和西班牙裔菲律賓人家族大多專注于政治精英、土地所有者或基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施公司。與此同時(shí)，現(xiàn)代富有的新移民華人家族專注于成為商業(yè)精英。

Those of Chinese mestizo de sangley roots are usually mostly of Hokkien heritage with a few Cantonese/Taishanese heritage and maybe very rare obscure Hakka or Teochew or even Japanese heritage. The specific cities of origin are usually Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Canton (Guangzhou), Macau. They are generations mostly assimilated already tho like Peranakan so they usually just identify as nothing but filipino only, especially that the native filipino populace regards them as same as any filipino rather than being a separate people group. This is why there isn't as much racism among the filipino populace on the political front because the big oligarchic families and old elites are still regarded as filipino just like anyone even if they are more accurately usually mestiso.

那些有著中國(guó)混血血統(tǒng)的人通常大多是福建人，也有一些廣東人/臺(tái)山人的血統(tǒng)，可能還有非常罕見(jiàn)的不為人知的客家人、潮州人，甚至日本血統(tǒng)。具體的始發(fā)城市通常是泉州、漳州、廣州、澳門。他們是已經(jīng)被同化的一代，就像土生華人一樣，所以他們通常只被認(rèn)為是菲律賓人，特別是土生土長(zhǎng)的菲律賓民眾認(rèn)為他們和任何菲律賓人一樣，而不是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的人群。這就是為什么菲律賓民眾在政治方面沒(méi)有那么多種族主義，因?yàn)榇蠊杨^家族和舊精英也仍然被視為菲律賓人，就像任何人一樣，即使這些舊日精英家族更準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)通常是梅斯蒂索人。

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Muhammad Nurhaikal
Lives in Singapore
Because the other races don't really seek wealth I guess. They're happy with a decent, comfortable life. They don't see the need to work so hard cause after all, you only life once. Let's face it the successful people are usually those who work hard and have a pretty poor work life balance. Many of them aren't close to their family due to possibly time constraints etc.

我想是因?yàn)槠渌N族并不真正追求財(cái)富。他們對(duì)體面舒適的生活很滿意。他們不認(rèn)為有必要非常努力工作，因?yàn)楫吘鼓阒挥幸淮紊?。讓我們面?duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)吧，成功人士通常是那些努力工作、工作和生活平衡很差的人。由于時(shí)間限制等原因，他們中的許多人與家人不在一起。

Drews
You are a Singaporean Malay.
Is it true that Malays are discriminted and disenfranchised both in politics, education, economy so they are made very hard to climb social ladder and be rich or succesful and achieve high position?
Cause in Indonesia, many hardline Islamic clerics, also Zakir Naik siad this, that Malays in Singapore face situation like Palestinians under Israeli occupation, like Native and Blacks in USA during Jim Crow segregation era, and like Black Africans under Apartheid South Africa.
Are you being made very hard to build nosques and set up Halal restaurants?
Is it true?
This is the question from an Indonesian who wish to visit Singapore again.

你是新加坡馬來(lái)人。
馬來(lái)人在政治、教育和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面都受到歧視和剝奪權(quán)利，因此他們很難攀登社會(huì)階梯，變得富有或成功并獲得高地位，這是真的嗎？
因?yàn)樵谟∧幔S多強(qiáng)硬派伊斯蘭神職人員，就像扎基爾·納伊克說(shuō)新加坡的馬來(lái)人面臨的情況就像以色列占領(lǐng)下的巴勒斯坦人，像美國(guó)種族隔離時(shí)期的本地人和黑人，也像南非種族隔離時(shí)期的非洲黑人。
你們想要建設(shè)清真寺和清真產(chǎn)餐廳是否很困難？
是真的嗎？
這是一個(gè)希望再次訪問(wèn)新加坡的印尼人提出的問(wèn)題。

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Harry Teo
Because Chinese are hard working, intelligent and right now wealthy, it is this headstart is half the Battle win already. Most natives lack capital, less hardworking. You should know the rest. Natives got no history on business but Chinese got a long long history of doing trading etc..

因?yàn)槿A人努力工作，聰明，而且現(xiàn)在很富裕，這是一個(gè)良好的開(kāi)端，已經(jīng)成功了一半。大多數(shù)當(dāng)?shù)厝巳狈Y本，更不勤勞。剩下的你應(yīng)該知道了。當(dāng)?shù)厝藳](méi)有經(jīng)商的歷史，但華人有很長(zhǎng)很長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)商歷史。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

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Bill Smith
Lives in Perth, Western Australia
One theory is that the Chinese were used by colonial powers as middlemen between the colonisers and the colonised populations. In a divide and conquer style the locals could direct their anger at the people they had most contact with, the middlemen. The middlemen accepted this because it put them in the middle strata of society and gave them benefits not available to the locals. The colonisers became very rich, the middlemen (almost always Chinese in south east Asia) became a bit rich and the locals found it difficult to prosper. When the colonisers left this put the Chinese middlemen in the firing line as they were viewed as collaborators who'd prospered at the expense of the indigenous population.

一種說(shuō)法是華人被殖民國(guó)家用作殖民者和被殖民人口之間的中間人。在分而治之的方式下，當(dāng)?shù)厝丝梢园褢嵟l(fā)泄在他們接觸的最多的人身上，即中間商。中間人接受了這一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)檫@使他們處于社會(huì)的中層，并獲得了當(dāng)?shù)厝怂鶝](méi)有的好處。殖民者變得非常富有，中間商（東南亞幾乎都是華人）變得比較富裕，而當(dāng)?shù)厝税l(fā)現(xiàn)他們很難繁榮。當(dāng)殖民者離開(kāi)時(shí)，這使華裔中間商處于風(fēng)口浪尖上，因?yàn)樗麄儽灰暈闋奚林丝诶娑赂坏暮献髡摺?/b>
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