孟加拉國形成的歷史是怎樣的?

Nehal Mahmud Khan
Does Bangladesh have its own history?
Yes,it does. We have a long and a very proud history. Let me divide it on the basis of four separate timeline and write it all in short
Ancient times - Stone Age tools were found here and that indicates settlement for thousands of years. There were consequent waves of migration from Austroasiatics, Dravidians and finally Indo-Aryans who set up the Hinduism religion. Speaking of Hinduism let's talk about Buddhism as well and they contributed to excellent dynasties of Ancient Bengal such as Maurya,Sena,Deva,Pala,Samatata,Gupta,Pundra etc. In fact back then Bengal was even mentioned in the Greek and Roman records. These dynasties gifted us with these monuments

孟加拉國有它自己的歷史嗎？
是的，它確實(shí)有自己的歷史。我們的歷史既悠久又令人自豪。我將基于四個(gè)不同的時(shí)間段來概述，盡量簡(jiǎn)明扼要：
古代時(shí)期 - 在這里發(fā)現(xiàn)了石器時(shí)代的工具，這表明該地區(qū)有著數(shù)千年的人類居住歷史。隨之而來的是來自南亞人、達(dá)羅毗荼人以及最終建立印度教的印度雅利安人的移民浪潮。說到印度教，讓我們來談?wù)劮鸾?，他們?yōu)楣琶霞永膬?yōu)秀王朝做出了貢獻(xiàn)，如孔雀、塞納、提婆、帕拉、薩馬塔塔、笈多、龐德拉等。實(shí)際上，當(dāng)時(shí)的孟加拉甚至在希臘和羅馬的文獻(xiàn)中有所記載。這些王朝為我們留下了許多寶貴的遺跡。

Middle Ages - It is time for the most hated people of the alt-right conservatives aka Musli.... They started to arrive in the ancient period but they couldn't annex Bengal until 1204 by Bakhtiar Khilji and after that Bengal was under different empires such as Mamluk,Tughluq and finally Mughal Empire when emperor Akbar conquered Bengal. They gave us these monuments

中世紀(jì) - 是時(shí)候輪到那些最令人討厭的另類右翼保守派，也就是穆斯林了。他們從古代開始就到達(dá)這里，但直到1204年才由巴克提亞?契吉(Bakhtiar Khilji)征服了孟加拉。此后，孟加拉先后處于馬穆魯克、圖格魯克等不同帝國的統(tǒng)治之下，最終在阿克巴爾大帝征服孟加拉后，成為莫臥兒帝國的一部分,這些帝國為我們留下了許多歷史遺跡。

Modern Period - During the Mughal period trade was flourished and that brought in many business communities such as Armenian,Dutch,Portuguese,French,British but the British wanted dominance and dominance is what they got through the war of 1757 which although took place in India put Bangladesh under the rule of British East India company as well. Because until 1947 India, Pakistan and Bangladesh formed a single country. It took another 100 years to be under British government. Anyways,the period saw multiple chaos and struggles until we got independence from Britain in 1947 however we were part of Pakistan then because according to the partition British India was divided into Hindu Majority India and Muslim majority Pakistan. Bangladesh was then called East Pakistan

現(xiàn)代時(shí)期 - 在莫臥兒帝國時(shí)期，貿(mào)易蓬勃發(fā)展，吸引了亞美尼亞、荷蘭、葡萄牙、法國、英國等眾多商業(yè)團(tuán)體。但英國人追求的是支配地位，他們通過1757年的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)獲得了這一地位，這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)雖然發(fā)生在印度，但也使孟加拉成為了英國東印度公司的統(tǒng)治范圍。因?yàn)橹钡?947年，印度、巴基斯坦和孟加拉國才組成了一個(gè)國家。之后，我們又被英國政府統(tǒng)治了一百年。無論如何，這個(gè)時(shí)期充滿了混亂和斗爭(zhēng)，直到1947年我們從英國手中獲得獨(dú)立。然而，那時(shí)我們是巴基斯坦的一部分，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)分治計(jì)劃，英屬印度被劃分為印度教徒占多數(shù)的印度和穆斯林占多數(shù)的巴基斯坦。那時(shí)的孟加拉被稱為東巴基斯坦。

After 1947 - We had lots of struggle after the partition. The partition itself killed over a million people in Indian sub continent and prior to that in 1943 Bengal province of India had a deadly famine which claimed over 2 million lives mostly in the Bangladesh side. What could get worse? Being under Pakistan. They tried to dominate the fuck out of us and we fought back in 1952,1966,1969 and finally in 1971 when after being invaded by Pakistan Army we defeated them in a war of nine months and became independent in 16 December,1971
I assume that is enough history lesson. Thanks for reading

1947年之后——印巴分治后我們經(jīng)歷了很多斗爭(zhēng)。分治本身造成印度次大陸超過100萬人死亡，在此之前，1943年印度孟加拉省發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)致命的饑荒，造成200多萬人死亡，其中大部分在孟加拉國一側(cè)。還有比這更糟的嗎（處于巴基斯坦的統(tǒng)治之下）？他們?cè)噲D統(tǒng)治我們，我們?cè)?952年、1966年、1969年進(jìn)行了反抗，并最終在1971年被巴基斯坦軍隊(duì)入侵后，我們?cè)?個(gè)月的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中擊敗了他們，于1971年12月16日贏得了獨(dú)立。
我想歷史課上得夠多了，感謝閱讀。

Kip Cassino
Through the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, British rule stretched from Pakistan to Bangladesh and beyond. Fledgling movements toward independence were brutally suppressed, as was the case at Amritsar in 1919.
By the end of World War II, demands for self-determination and independence from within this vast empire could no longer be ignored or silenced by a war-weary British government. The Mountbatten Plan, put into effect in June, 1947, attempted to carve India into a pair of states, one Hindu and one Muslim.
As careful as British planners tried to be, their new map created vast unrest in the two just-born nations. Populations from both sides of the new borders or the other were left isolated from their co-religionists. Atrocities occurred on both sides. Too many on both sides ignored the tenets of Gandhi in favor of club, knife, or gun. The great man himself was assassinated the following January, in Delhi.

在19世紀(jì)以及20世紀(jì)前半葉，英國的統(tǒng)治范圍從巴基斯坦一直延伸到孟加拉，甚至更遠(yuǎn)的地方。任何試圖爭(zhēng)取獨(dú)立的運(yùn)動(dòng)都遭到了殘酷的鎮(zhèn)壓，1919年的阿姆利則慘案就是一個(gè)例子。
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)末期，英國政府已經(jīng)無法再忽視或壓制其廣袤帝國內(nèi)部日益高漲的自決和獨(dú)立要求。1947年6月，開始實(shí)施蒙巴頓方案，該計(jì)劃試圖將印度劃分為兩個(gè)國家，一個(gè)是信仰印度教徒的國家，另一個(gè)是信仰穆斯林的國家。
盡管英國的規(guī)劃者們努力做到細(xì)致入微，但他們繪制的新地圖還是在這兩個(gè)新誕生的國家中引發(fā)了巨大的動(dòng)蕩。新邊界兩側(cè)的居民發(fā)現(xiàn)自己與同宗教的群體隔離開來。兩邊都發(fā)生了暴行。太多人背棄了甘地的非暴力原則，轉(zhuǎn)而訴諸棍棒、刀槍。甘地本人也在次年1月在德里遭到暗殺。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Eventually tempers cooled. What had been unified under the Raj was now two states, bitterly divided by religion — but Muslim Pakistan was split in two, with the largely Hindu Indian peninsula sitting between its territories.
Pakistani rule of its eastern lands was not amicable. The Bengali Musli... of the Bay of Bengal chaffed under western rule. Eventually, in 1971, the Pakistani government planned and executed “Operation Searchlight,” designed to root out and dispose of eastern dissident opposition and its leaders. The resulting unrest set the stage for Indian-Pakistani War of 1971, also known as the Bangladeshi War of Independence.
Better trained, better supplied, and better led Indian forces easily defended their western borders, and neatly sliced Pakistan’s eastern provinces from it, with help from the residents themselves. The result was a new, independent nation: Bangladesh, now the eighth most populous country in the world.

隨著時(shí)間的推移，緊張局勢(shì)逐漸緩和。曾經(jīng)在英屬印度統(tǒng)治下統(tǒng)一的地區(qū)，現(xiàn)在分裂成兩個(gè)因宗教而嚴(yán)重對(duì)立的國家——但信仰穆斯林的巴基斯坦卻被分割成兩部分，以信仰印度教為主的印度半島位于其領(lǐng)土之間。
巴基斯坦對(duì)其東部地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治并不順利。孟加拉灣的孟加拉穆斯林在西方的統(tǒng)治下痛苦不堪。到了1971年，巴基斯坦政府策劃并執(zhí)行了“探照燈”（Operation Searchlight）為代號(hào)的行動(dòng)，目的是鏟除東部的異見分子及其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。這引發(fā)的動(dòng)亂為同年的印巴戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，也即孟加拉國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，埋下了伏筆。
訓(xùn)練更為有素、物資更為充足、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)更為得力的印度軍隊(duì)輕松地保衛(wèi)了他們的西部邊境，并且在居民的幫助下，將巴基斯坦的東部省份從其版圖上割離。最終，一個(gè)全新的獨(dú)立國家誕生了：孟加拉國，如今已成為世界上人口第八大國。

Meghraj Kumawat
Pakistan was formed in the year 1947 as a nation for Musli... . in that order west part of India went into the hands of Pakistan forming the west Pakistan and east part of India went into the hands of also Pakistan . so until 1971 Pakistan had two parts west Pakistan and east Pakistan. Jinnah promised the Pakistan people that in Pakistan each section of people will be given equal rights and way of life. but Pakistan showed a paradoxical behaviour. In the eastern part of Pakistan there were mainly Bengali and their mother tongue was also Bengali. In western part of Pakistan there was huge influence of Punjabi . Till today they have a great say in Pakistan administration and Pakistan army. So during that period in Pakistan army there was a lion’s share of Punjabi and Bengali who were greater in numbers in the Pakistan were not given adequate representation. Apart from that there was discrimination on a larger bases . West Pakistan also tried to impose Urdu into the east Pakistan in spite of the fact that in eastern part Bengali was mother tongue.

巴基斯坦在1947年成立，原是為穆斯林建立的國家。根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的劃分，印度的西部地區(qū)成為了巴基斯坦的一部分，稱為西巴基斯坦；印度的東部地區(qū)同樣歸屬于巴基斯坦，稱為東巴基斯坦。這種情況一直持續(xù)到1971年，巴基斯坦有西巴基斯坦和東巴基斯坦兩部分。
巴基斯坦的創(chuàng)始人真納曾承諾，在巴基斯坦，每個(gè)階層的人都將獲得平等的權(quán)利和生活方式。然而，實(shí)際情況卻出現(xiàn)了悖論。在東巴基斯坦，主要居住的是孟加拉人，他們的母語是孟加拉語；而在西巴基斯坦，旁遮普文化和語言擁有巨大的影響力，直到今天，旁遮普人在巴基斯坦的行政管理和軍隊(duì)中仍然占據(jù)重要地位。這導(dǎo)致在數(shù)量上占優(yōu)的孟加拉人沒有在巴基斯坦軍隊(duì)和政府中獲得相應(yīng)的代表性。此外，還存在更廣泛的歧視行為。盡管孟加拉語是東巴基斯坦的母語，但西巴基斯坦試圖將烏爾都語強(qiáng)加于東巴基斯坦。

Before 1971 elections were held in Pakistan and before the declaration of results west Pakistan admitted that it would accept the results . But it was Mujibur Rahaman who came into the power in east Pakistan. west Pakistan didn't stick to its words and boycotted the results in eastern Pakistan. owing to this behaviour of west Pakistan there was civil uprising in east part of the Pakistan. west Pakistan responded to it by sending its troops into the eastern Pakistan. people were tortured and they began to flee into India . migration was on a very large scale.
it was due to that migration that Indian government responded. Indian army trained MUKTI VAHINI that was group of armed people targeting Pakistan army. Indian army in the command of general Manekshaw waged war against Pakistan in the year 1971. that war resulted into the liberation of the east Pakistan as Bangladesh.

1971年巴基斯坦大選前，西巴基斯坦曾表示會(huì)接受選舉結(jié)果。但當(dāng)東巴基斯坦的拉曼(Sheikhmujibur Rahman)勝選后，西巴基斯坦并未遵守承諾，反而拒絕接受東巴基斯坦的選舉結(jié)果。這一行為引發(fā)了東巴基斯坦的民眾起義。西巴基斯坦對(duì)此作出的反應(yīng)是派遣軍隊(duì)鎮(zhèn)壓，導(dǎo)致當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裨馐苷勰ィS多人開始逃往印度，形成了大規(guī)模的人口遷移。
這次大規(guī)模的人口遷移促使印度政府采取行動(dòng)。印度軍隊(duì)訓(xùn)練了名為自由戰(zhàn)士武裝(Mukti Bahini)的抵抗組織，專門針對(duì)巴基斯坦軍隊(duì)。在曼尼克肖（Manekshaw）將軍的指揮下，印度軍隊(duì)于1971年向巴基斯坦宣戰(zhàn)。這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)最終導(dǎo)致了東巴基斯坦的解放，并成立了獨(dú)立的孟加拉國。

Pravinchandra G Dhameliya
What was the Background History of formation of Bangladesh?
Pakistani started treating them as colonised land.
They tried their best to impose Urdu instead of Bengali.
When Bengali leader won majority seat in parliament.
Pakistan did not allowed him to take power.
So there was uprising.

孟加拉國成立的背景歷史是什么？
巴基斯坦開始像對(duì)待殖民地一樣對(duì)待孟加拉。
他們?cè)噲D將烏爾都語強(qiáng)加給孟加拉人，取代其孟加拉語。
當(dāng)孟加拉的領(lǐng)袖在議會(huì)中贏得多數(shù)席位時(shí)，
巴基斯坦并沒有允許他上臺(tái)執(zhí)政。
因此，引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)起義。

Pakistan having military of majority Punjabi.
They started atrocities on Bengali.
Bengali Musli... Hindu Chakma fled to west bengal and Assam.
This created humanitarian crisis in India.
India pleaded international powers like USA and USSR to relieve them from 10 million refugees and solve west Pakistan problem.
All went to deaf ear .
Bengali took up weapons and started fighting Pakistani occupation forces.

巴基斯坦軍隊(duì)主要由旁遮普人組成。
他們對(duì)孟加拉人實(shí)施了暴行。
孟加拉的穆斯林和印度教徒，包括藏緬族人，逃往西孟加拉和阿薩姆地區(qū)。
這在印度引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)人道主義危機(jī)。
印度向包括美國和蘇聯(lián)在內(nèi)的國際社會(huì)請(qǐng)求援助，希望解決1000萬難民問題，并協(xié)助解決西巴基斯坦的沖突。
但是這些請(qǐng)求都未得到回應(yīng)。
孟加拉人拿起武器，開始與巴基斯坦占領(lǐng)軍作戰(zhàn)。

India helped them to free their country.
USA sent their 7 th fleet to stop India.
Britain sent their warships to help Pakistan.
But they were late.
Russians were already having their subs in subcontinent waters.
Meanwhile Dhaka fell within 14 days of Pakistani agression on Indian land.
And December 1972 new country formed and named Bangladesh.

印度幫助他們解放了自己的國家。
美國派遣了第七艦隊(duì)試圖阻止印度的行動(dòng)。
英國也派出了軍艦支援巴基斯坦。
但他們的行動(dòng)都來得太遲。
俄羅斯的潛艇已經(jīng)部署在了次大陸的水域。
與此同時(shí)，在巴基斯坦入侵印度領(lǐng)土的14天內(nèi)，達(dá)卡（Dhaka）淪陷。
1972年12月，一個(gè)新國家誕生，并被命名為孟加拉國。

Neo
What is Bangladesh’s history?
Bangladesh was part of the Bengal region of India for centuries. The area was ruled by the same empires that ruled central India, including the Maurya (321–184 BCE) and the Mughal (1526–1858 CE).
In 1947, when British colonial rule ended, the Bengal province was partitioned into East Bengal and West Bengal. East Bengal became a Pakistani province and was renamed East Pakistan in 1955. In 1971, East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is a land of rivers that crisscross throughout the mostly flat territories of the country. It has a total area of 144,000 square kilometers, a land area of 133,910 square kilometers, and a coastline of 580 km.

孟加拉國的歷史源遠(yuǎn)流長。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，它一直是印度孟加拉地區(qū)的一部分，該地區(qū)曾由統(tǒng)治印度中部的帝國統(tǒng)治，包括孔雀王朝(公元前321-184年)和莫臥兒王朝(公元1526-1858年)。
到了1947年，隨著英國殖民統(tǒng)治的結(jié)束，孟加拉省被劃分為東孟加拉和西孟加拉。東孟加拉成為了巴基斯坦的一部分，并在1955年更名為東巴基斯坦。經(jīng)過一系列爭(zhēng)取獨(dú)立和自治的斗爭(zhēng)，特別是在1971年，東巴基斯坦最終宣布獨(dú)立，成立了孟加拉國。
孟加拉國是一個(gè)河流眾多的國家，河流在大部分平坦的國土上縱橫交錯(cuò)。這個(gè)國家的總面積為144,000平方公里，其中陸地面積為133,910平方公里，海岸線長達(dá)580公里。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Kavya Sharma
The formation of Bangladesh, officially known as the People's Republic of Bangladesh, has its roots in the historical and political context of the Indian subcontinent. Here's a brief background history leading up to the formation of Bangladesh:
British India: From the 18th century until 1947, the Indian subcontinent was a British colony. The area at the time was divided into a number of provinces and princely states, notably Bengal, which included both the Indian state of West Bengal and modern-day Bangladesh.
Partition of India: In 1947, British India was divided into two separate countries, Pakistan and India, each with a predominately Muslim population. The demand for distinct homelands and escalating tensions between the Muslim and Hindu groups led to the partition.
Pakistan was divided into two geographically distinct regions: East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh, and West Pakistan, which is now Pakistan. Despite having a similar faith, the two regions had vastly different cultural, linguistic, and economic traditions.

孟加拉國，正式名稱為孟加拉人民共和國，它的成立與印度次大陸的歷史和政治背景緊密相關(guān)。以下是孟加拉國成立簡(jiǎn)史：
英屬印度：從18世紀(jì)到1947年，印度次大陸一直是英國的殖民地。當(dāng)時(shí)該地區(qū)被劃分為多個(gè)省份和土邦，特別是包括今天的西孟加拉邦和孟加拉國在內(nèi)的孟加拉省。
印巴分治：1947年，隨著英國殖民統(tǒng)治的結(jié)束，英屬印度被劃分為兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的國家——巴基斯坦和印度。由于穆斯林群體和印度教群體之間的緊張關(guān)系不斷升級(jí)，以及對(duì)獨(dú)立家園的需求，導(dǎo)致了這一分治。
巴基斯坦由兩個(gè)地理上相隔的區(qū)域組成：現(xiàn)在的孟加拉國（當(dāng)時(shí)稱為東巴基斯坦）和現(xiàn)在的巴基斯坦（當(dāng)時(shí)稱為西巴基斯坦）。盡管兩地區(qū)居民信仰相同，但在文化、語言和經(jīng)濟(jì)傳統(tǒng)上存在巨大差異。
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Language Movement: Tensions existed in the early years of Pakistan between the population of East Pakistan and the ruling establishment, which was primarily located in West Pakistan. One significant problem was the declaration of Urdu as the sole official language, neglecting the East Pakistani population's predominance in Bengali-speaking communities. In East Pakistan, the Language Movement challenged this choice in 1952, sparking violent riots and a call for Bengali to be recognised as an official language.
Political groups: As time went on, political groups that supported the people of East Pakistan's increased rights and autonomy grew in strength. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League rose to prominence as a powerful political movement advancing East Pakistan's interests.
1970 General Elections: The Awami League gained the majority of seats in East Pakistan in the 1970 general elections held in Pakistan. The ruling establishment, which was composed primarily of military and political figures from West Pakistan, refused to accept the Awami League's electoral triumph, which sparked significant unrest and a feeling of alienation among the East Pakistani populace.

語言運(yùn)動(dòng)：巴基斯坦成立初期，東巴基斯坦與位于西巴基斯坦的統(tǒng)治階層之間就存在緊張關(guān)系。其中一個(gè)主要問題是，烏爾都語被宣布為唯一官方語言，忽略了東巴基斯坦以孟加拉語為主的社區(qū)。1952年，東巴基斯坦的語言運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)此提出挑戰(zhàn)，引發(fā)了暴力騷亂，并要求孟加拉語也獲得官方語言地位。
政治團(tuán)體：隨著時(shí)間推移，支持東巴基斯坦人民爭(zhēng)取更多權(quán)利和自治的政治團(tuán)體日益壯大。拉曼（Sheikh Mujibur Rahman）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的人民聯(lián)盟成為推動(dòng)?xùn)|巴基斯坦利益的強(qiáng)大政治力量。
1970年大選：人民聯(lián)盟在1970年巴基斯坦舉行的大選中獲得了東巴基斯坦的多數(shù)席位。然而，主要由西巴基斯坦的軍事和政治人物組成的統(tǒng)治階層拒絕接受選舉結(jié)果，引發(fā)了東巴基斯坦民眾的強(qiáng)烈不滿和疏離感。

War of Independence: The people of East Pakistan started a liberation struggle in response to the political impasse and the restriction of democratic rights. When the Pakistani military repressed the populace, there was widespread violence, atrocities, and a huge influx of refugees into India, which is next door. India supported the Bengali independence movement in 1971 by intervening, which sparked a nine-month war between India and Pakistan.
On December 16, 1971, Pakistan was defeated by a combined force of the Indian Army and the Bangladesh Liberation Army, leading to Bangladesh's independence and creation. Bangladesh became an independent country, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was elected as its first leader.
Bangladesh has weathered several difficulties and experienced substantial socioeconomic development since gaining its independence. The nation has achieved progress in areas like reducing poverty, education, healthcare, and women's empowerment, but it still faces problems like political unrest, corruption, population growth, and environmental challenges.

獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：東巴基斯坦人民開始了一場(chǎng)解放斗爭(zhēng)，以應(yīng)對(duì)政治僵局和民主權(quán)利的限制。巴基斯坦軍隊(duì)的鎮(zhèn)壓導(dǎo)致廣泛暴力和暴行，以及大量難民逃往鄰國印度。印度在1971年介入，支持孟加拉獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)，引發(fā)了印巴之間的九個(gè)月戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
1971年12月16日，巴基斯坦軍隊(duì)被印度軍隊(duì)和孟加拉國解放軍的聯(lián)合力量擊敗，孟加拉國由此獲得獨(dú)立。拉曼（Sheikh Mujibur Rahman）成為孟加拉國的首任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。
自獨(dú)立以來，孟加拉國克服了諸多困難，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了顯著發(fā)展。該國盡管仍面臨政治不穩(wěn)定、腐敗、人口增長和環(huán)境挑戰(zhàn)等問題，但是在減少貧困、教育、醫(yī)療保健和婦女賦權(quán)等方面取得了進(jìn)步。