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Patrick S
The Ancient Romans were known for their engineering prowess, and their ability to build bridges without modern equipment is truly impressive. One of the key techniques they used to construct bridges over rivers was the cofferdam method.

古羅馬人以其高超的工程技術(shù)而聞名，他們?cè)跊](méi)有現(xiàn)代設(shè)備的情況下建造橋梁的能力確實(shí)令人印象深刻。他們用來(lái)在河流上建造橋梁的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一是圍堰法。

Cofferdams were temporary enclosures built in water to create a dry work environment for construction. The Romans would first drive wooden or metal piles into the riverbed to form a perimeter, then fill the area within the enclosure with soil, rocks, or other materials to displace the water. Once the water was pumped out or diverted, workers could build the bridge’s foundation and supports on dry land.

臨時(shí)圍堰是在水中建造的臨時(shí)封閉結(jié)構(gòu)，用于為施工創(chuàng)造干燥的工作環(huán)境。古羅馬人首先會(huì)將木材或金屬樁驅(qū)入河床，形成一個(gè)圍欄，然后將圍欄內(nèi)的區(qū)域填滿土壤、巖石或其他材料，以驅(qū)趕水流。一旦將水抽干或轉(zhuǎn)移，工人就可以在干燥的地面上建造橋的基礎(chǔ)和支撐結(jié)構(gòu)。

To ensure the cofferdam was watertight, the Romans used a combination of clay, sand, and other natural materials to seal any gaps or leaks. They also employed skilled laborers who were experienced in working underwater to inspect and repair the structure as needed.

為了確保臨時(shí)圍堰密封性良好，羅馬人采用了黏土、沙子和其他天然材料的組合來(lái)填補(bǔ)任何縫隙或漏洞。他們還雇用了經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的水下工人，負(fù)責(zé)檢查和修復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)的需要。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

In addition to cofferdams, the Romans utilized innovative tools and techniques to aid in bridge construction. They developed complex systems of pulleys, cranes, and scaffolding to transport materials and workers across the river. Stone-cutting tools allowed them to shape and fit stones with precision, creating strong and durable bridge foundations.

除了臨時(shí)圍堰外，羅馬人還利用創(chuàng)新的工具和技術(shù)來(lái)輔助橋梁建設(shè)。他們開(kāi)發(fā)了復(fù)雜的滑輪、起重機(jī)和腳手架系統(tǒng)，以便運(yùn)送材料和工人橫越河流。石材切割工具使他們能夠精確地加工和安裝石塊，從而創(chuàng)建出堅(jiān)固耐用的橋梁基礎(chǔ)。

Furthermore, the Romans were masters of arch construction, a design element that became synonymous with Roman architecture. By using a series of stone blocks or bricks arranged in a curved formation, they could distribute the weight of the bridge evenly and support heavy loads. This architectural innovation made Roman bridges not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing.

此外，古羅馬人是拱橋建造的大師，這一設(shè)計(jì)元素已經(jīng)成為古羅馬建筑的代名詞。通過(guò)使用一系列石塊或磚塊排列成弧形，他們可以均勻分布橋梁的重量并支撐重物。這種建筑創(chuàng)新使古羅馬橋梁不僅功能性強(qiáng)，而且美觀動(dòng)人。

It is important to note that while the Romans did not have modern diving equipment, they did have skilled divers who played a crucial role in bridge construction. These divers would descend into the river to inspect the foundation, remove debris, and assist in the placement of underwater structures. Their expertise was essential in ensuring the stability and longevity of the bridges.

需要注意的是，雖然古羅馬人沒(méi)有現(xiàn)代潛水裝備，但他們擁有技藝嫻熟的潛水員，在橋梁建造中發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用。這些潛水員會(huì)下潛到河底檢查基礎(chǔ)，清除雜物，并協(xié)助安置水下結(jié)構(gòu)。他們的專業(yè)知識(shí)對(duì)確保橋梁的穩(wěn)定性和持久性至關(guān)重要。

Terry Singleton
Don't think diving equipment is needed but driving equipment as in pile driving to install the bridge base support certainly is. I don't know the answer but perhaps Vitruvius may mention it in his work of architecture or possibly Julius Frontinus may have something to say.

我認(rèn)為不需要潛水裝備，但確實(shí)需要驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備，比如打樁機(jī)來(lái)安裝橋梁的基礎(chǔ)支撐。我不知道答案，也許維特魯威在他的建筑作品中提到過(guò)，或者尤利烏斯·弗龍蒂努斯可能會(huì)有所提及。

Midrac / Danny M.
I like the text, but, I’m astonished that in the whole text you not once mention the real secret/ingredient which assured that a lot of Roman buildings, bridges and other constructions are still standing today: opus caementicium or in plain E’glish: Roman concrete.

我喜歡這段文字，但我很驚訝的是你在整個(gè)文章中竟然一次都沒(méi)有提到確保許多古羅馬建筑、橋梁和其他結(jié)構(gòu)至今仍屹立不倒的真正秘密/要素：opus caementicium，或者用簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)就是古羅馬混凝土。

Paul Mentzer
In the same ways we do today, without diving equipment. You do NOT need Diving Equipment to build a bridge and except for inspections rarely used even today,

與今天一樣，沒(méi)有潛水裝備。建造橋梁不需要潛水裝備，甚至到現(xiàn)在也很少使用，只有在進(jìn)行檢查時(shí)才會(huì)用到。

First way was to determine where the pier was going to be, then build up mud and stone wall around that area by dumping stones and mud where you want that barrier to be (You can expedite this system by using boats full of mud and sink them where you want the wall, a another method is to use two sets of logs to contain the mud, the logs hammered directly into the river bed). Once the pier site is surrounded by a wall, you use pumps (Romans would use Archimedes Screws) to remove the mud and any mud at the bottom on the river to get to the bedrock, then built like you were on dry land, for you will be. Once that pier is finished, you move the mud and stone wall around the area of the next pier. Slow work but effective.

第一種方法是確定支柱的位置，然后在該區(qū)域周圍筑起泥土和石墻，通過(guò)傾倒石塊和泥土的方式來(lái)構(gòu)筑所需的屏障（你可以利用裝滿泥漿的船只并將它們沉入所需建墻的位置來(lái)加快這一過(guò)程，另一種方法是使用兩組原木來(lái)圍住泥土，將原木直接敲入河床）。一旦支柱位置被墻圍住，你就可以使用泵（古羅馬人會(huì)使用阿基米德螺旋）來(lái)清除泥漿和河床上的泥土，直到達(dá)到基巖，然后就可以像在干地上一樣進(jìn)行建造。一旦支柱建造完成，你就可以移動(dòng)周圍的泥土和石墻到下一個(gè)支柱的區(qū)域。雖然工作緩慢，但非常有效。

A sawwecond method was just drop the stone for the pier onto the river bottom using lumber to guide the stone so they fit on top of another. Enough Weight to push down the mud and build up from that point.

第二種方法是直接將橋墩的石塊放在河底，利用木材引導(dǎo)石塊以使它們可以堆疊在一起。足夠的重量可以將泥土壓下去，并從那一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始建造。

A third method was to divert the river, so the river bed is dry, build the bridge over the dry riverbed. then divert the river back to the original river bed, i.e. under the new bridge. A variation of this is to build the bridge over half of the river, the half that is dry, then the other half when you divert the river to the finished half. This is mostly done with rivers whose flows vary widely, during the dry season some river’s flow are less then a quarter of what it is during the wet season.

第三種方法是改道河流，使河床變干，然后在干燥的河床上建造橋梁。然后將河流重新改道回原來(lái)的河床，也就是新橋的下方。這種方法的變體是先在河流的一半上建造橋梁，即干燥的一半，然后在將河流改道到完成的一半后，在另一半上建造。這主要是針對(duì)那些流量在不同季節(jié)變化很大的河流而言，在干季，某些河流的流量不到雨季的四分之一。

As I said, most of these techniques are done today for they are effective. We use steel instead of wood to hold up the temporary coffer dams around the piers but that is about all when it comes to the actual techniques used to be able to build a bridge pier.

正如我所說(shuō)的，這些技術(shù)大多數(shù)今天仍在使用，因?yàn)樗鼈兎浅Ｓ行АＮ覀儸F(xiàn)在使用鋼材代替木材來(lái)支撐橋墩周圍的臨時(shí)圍堰，但在實(shí)際的建橋技術(shù)上幾乎沒(méi)有變化。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Basil Edward
I believe the Armies of today us a similar method as the Romans
These were called pontoon bridges. depending on the size and speed of the stream they would put small bots side by side and planks over top. depending how serious the were they could use it and move it or use it to build a stronger permanent bridge.

我相信今天的軍隊(duì)使用了與羅馬人類似的方法。這被稱為浮橋。根據(jù)河流的大小和速度，他們會(huì)把小船并排放置，然后在頂部鋪上木板。根據(jù)情況的嚴(yán)重程度，他們可以使用它并移動(dòng)它，或者用它來(lái)建造更堅(jiān)固的永久性橋梁。

ODen
Errr… who needs diving equipement to build a roman bridge?
Remember that the Romans did not build the Golden Gate, they built river bridges in favorable spots and this usually in summer where the water was shallow and the current not too strong

誰(shuí)需要潛水設(shè)備來(lái)建造一座羅馬橋?
記住，羅馬人沒(méi)有建造金門，他們?cè)谟欣牡攸c(diǎn)建造河橋，通常是在夏天，那里的水很淺，水流不是很強(qiáng)

Assis
The Ancient Romans were known for their engineering prowess, and their construction of bridges was no exception. When building bridges in rivers without the aid of diving equipment, the Romans used a variety of techniques to support the construction process and ensure the bridge's stability. Here are some common methods they employed:

古羅馬人以其工程技術(shù)而聞名，他們修建橋梁的能力也不例外。在沒(méi)有潛水裝備的情況下修建河流橋梁時(shí)，古羅馬人使用了各種技術(shù)來(lái)支撐建設(shè)過(guò)程并確保橋梁的穩(wěn)固性。以下是他們常用的一些方法：

Cofferdams: Romans often used cofferdams, which are temporary enclosures built in water to create a dry work environment. By pumping out the water from within the cofferdam, workers could excavate the riverbed, lay foundations, and construct bridge supports without being submerged.

圍堰：古羅馬人經(jīng)常使用圍堰，這是一種在水中建造的臨時(shí)圍欄，用于創(chuàng)造干燥的工作環(huán)境。通過(guò)將圍堰內(nèi)的水抽出，工人們可以在沒(méi)有被淹沒(méi)的情況下開(kāi)挖河床、鋪設(shè)基礎(chǔ)和建造橋墩。

Pile Driving: Romans used pile driving to create foundations for their bridges. Wooden piles were driven into the riverbed using large hammers or trip hammers powered by animals or humans. This method allowed them to create a stable foundation for the bridge without needing to dive underwater.

打樁：古羅馬人使用打樁來(lái)為他們的橋梁打下基礎(chǔ)。木樁通過(guò)大錘或由動(dòng)物或人力驅(qū)動(dòng)的懸桿錘被驅(qū)入河床。這種方法使他們能夠在不需要潛水的情況下為橋梁打下穩(wěn)固的基礎(chǔ)。

Pontoon Bridges: In some cases, the Romans would build pontoon bridges as temporary structures to facilitate the construction of permanent bridges. Pontoon bridges are essentially floating bridges made of anchored boats or floating platforms. These could be used as a temporary crossing for construction materials and workers until the permanent bridge was completed.

浮橋：在某些情況下，古羅馬人會(huì)建造浮橋作為臨時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，以促進(jìn)永久性橋梁的建設(shè)。浮橋本質(zhì)上是由錨定船只或浮動(dòng)平臺(tái)構(gòu)成的浮動(dòng)橋梁。這些可以作為臨時(shí)通道，用于運(yùn)輸建筑材料和工人，直到永久性橋梁建成。

Caissons: Romans also used caissons, which are watertight structures used in bridge construction to create a dry working environment underwater. By sinking a caisson to the riverbed and pumping out the water, workers could excavate the riverbed and build the bridge supports without diving.

沉井：古羅馬人還使用沉井，這是一種在橋梁建設(shè)中使用的密封結(jié)構(gòu)，用于在水下創(chuàng)造干燥的工作環(huán)境。通過(guò)將沉井沉入河床并抽出水，工人們可以在不潛水的情況下開(kāi)挖河床并建造橋墩。

Divers: While the Romans did not have sophisticated diving equipment like we do today, they did employ divers for certain tasks. These divers would often be equipped with basic tools like weighted baskets to collect debris from the riverbed or inspect the construction progress underwater.

潛水員：雖然古羅馬人沒(méi)有像我們今天這樣的復(fù)雜潛水裝備，但他們確實(shí)雇用了潛水員執(zhí)行某些任務(wù)。這些潛水員通常配備有基本工具，如帶有重物籃的潛水員，用于收集河床上的碎片或檢查水下的建筑進(jìn)度。

Overall, the Romans were able to build bridges in rivers without diving equipment by utilizing a combination of innovative engineering techniques, temporary structures, and skilled labor to create stable foundations and support structures for their bridges.

總的來(lái)說(shuō)，古羅馬人通過(guò)利用創(chuàng)新的工程技術(shù)、臨時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)和熟練的勞動(dòng)力來(lái)建立穩(wěn)固的基礎(chǔ)和支撐結(jié)構(gòu)，從而在河流中修建橋梁而不需要潛水裝備。

古羅馬人是如何在河流中修建橋梁而不使用潛水設(shè)備的？

古羅馬人是如何在河流中修建橋梁而不使用潛水設(shè)備的？