QA討論：中國歷史上有哪些事件沒有記載在中國官方史籍中，但在其他國家的史籍中卻有記載？

Chen Zhigong (陳治功)

原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉載請注明出處

Thx for A2A.
What are some events in Chinese history that were not recorded in Chinese official historical records, but were uncovered in historical records of other countries?
Well I know one.
Let’s begin the story with something else.
Everyone knows this empire right? This is the Turkish Ottomans Empire which was a nightmare of the European people by the end of Middle Ages.
During the 14th century the Ottomans annexed Serbia and surrounded Byzantine’s capital Constantinople. They fought in several wars against the Christian European countries and they won most of the wars.
In 1396, a famous war broke out, that was the Battle of Nicopolis (aka The Ottomans-Hungary War), in this war the Ottomans Empire defeated the crusade formed by dozens of Christian Europeans countries with great casualties

謝謝邀請。
中國歷史上有哪些事件沒有被中國官方歷史記錄所記錄，但在其他國家的歷史記錄中卻被發(fā)現(xiàn)？
我知道一個。
讓我們從別的事情開始講故事。
大家都知道這個帝國吧？這就是奧斯曼土耳其帝國，它是中世紀末期歐洲人的噩夢。
14 世紀，奧斯曼人吞并了塞爾維亞并包圍了拜占庭首都君士坦丁堡。他們與基督教歐洲國家進行了幾次戰(zhàn)爭，并贏得了大多數(shù)戰(zhàn)爭。
1396 年，一場著名的戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)了，那就是尼科波利斯戰(zhàn)役（又名奧斯曼-匈牙利戰(zhàn)爭），在這場戰(zhàn)爭中，奧斯曼帝國以巨大的傷亡擊敗了由數(shù)十個基督教歐洲國家組成的十字軍。

List of belligerents of the war, Ottomans Empire defeated the alliance of European countries and got a decisive victory.
As a result, Ottomans Empire kept expanding their territory in East Europe and West Asia. No one could stop them. The European Christians were deeply scared and everyone was worried about the future. The Byzantine Emperor even tried to give up and flee Constantinople.
But just 6 years after the Battle of Nicopolis, something unexpected happened.
Another empire which was even stronger than the Ottomans Empire rose in the east of the Ottomans. That was the Timurid Empire.
In July, 1402, Timur, the founder and the Great Khan of the Timurid Dynasty, ordered an army with 150 thousand soldiers to invade Ottomans Empire, in the Battle of Ankara they defeated the Ottomans Empire’s army led by Sultan Bayezid I and even captured him. The Sultan died one year after being captured.

戰(zhàn)爭交戰(zhàn)國名單，奧斯曼帝國擊敗了歐洲國家的聯(lián)盟，取得了決定性的勝利。
因此，奧斯曼帝國不斷在東歐和西亞擴張領土，無人能阻擋。歐洲基督徒深感恐懼，人人都對未來感到擔憂。拜占庭皇帝甚至試圖放棄并逃離君士坦丁堡。
然而，就在尼科波利斯戰(zhàn)役結束6年后，意想不到的事情發(fā)生了。
另一個比奧斯曼帝國更強大的帝國在奧斯曼帝國的東部崛起，那就是帖木兒帝國。
1402年7月，帖木兒王朝的創(chuàng)始人和大汗帖木兒下令一支由15萬士兵組成的軍隊入侵奧斯曼帝國，在安卡拉戰(zhàn)役中擊敗了奧斯曼帝國蘇丹巴耶塞特一世率領的軍隊，甚至俘虜了他。蘇丹被俘一年后去世。

This was something unexpected. The Europeans especially the Byzantine Empire were indirectly saved by Timur. Historians thought that Timur’s invasions and victory against Ottomans Empire have delayed the demise of Byzantine Empire for half a century.
Ok, above is the background story. Now the main story begins.
After knowing the existence of The Timurid Dynasty, its power and its victory against the Ottomans Empire, the Europeans thought that The Timurid Dynasty maybe is a good target to be allied with to fight against the Ottomans Empire together.
So then many European countries started to send diplomats to the Timurid Empire to improve their relationship with it. One of the most famous diplomats among them was a diplomat sent by The Kingdom of Castile (today’s Spain) whose name is Ruy González de Clavijo[8].
Clavijo arrived in Tīmurid Empire in September, 1404 and left in March, 1406[9]. He didn’t stay there for a long time, but he recorded his experience there in his book Embajada a Tamorlán[10] (English translation: Embassy to Tamerlane[11]) which is now a very important source of the studies of Timurid history.

這是意料之外的事情，帖木兒間接拯救了歐洲人，尤其是拜占庭帝國。歷史學家認為帖木兒的入侵和對奧斯曼帝國的勝利，使拜占庭帝國的滅亡推遲了半個世紀。
好了，以上是背景故事，現(xiàn)在開始正文。
在知道了帖木兒王朝的存在、它的實力以及它對奧斯曼帝國的勝利之后，歐洲人認為帖木兒王朝或許是一個可以結盟共同對抗奧斯曼帝國的好對象。
于是歐洲各國開始派遣外交官前往帖木兒帝國，改善與帖木兒帝國的關系。其中最著名的一位外交官是卡斯蒂利亞王國（今西班牙）派來的外交官，名叫魯伊·岡薩雷斯·德·克拉維約。
克拉維約于1404年9月抵達帖木兒帝國，1406年3月離開。他并沒有在那里待很長時間，但他在《Embajada a Tamorlán》（英文譯本：克拉維約東使記）一書中記錄了自己的經(jīng)歷，這本書現(xiàn)在已成為研究帖木兒歷史的重要資料來源。

Embajada A Tamorlán
In this book, he recorded his experience of encountering with a group of diplomats sent by an Empire very powerful but almost unknown in the West then—The Chinese Empire (Ming Dynasty).
Back then Clavijo was staying in a famous city called Samarqand[12]. He and his team were well treated there by Timur the Khan.
One day in 1404, a group of diplomats came from the East. from an “unknown” place. They had different lookings and different clothes.
They came to Timur’s palace, asking why he didn’t pay tribute to their Empire for 7 years, telling him to pay the Empire all the tributes he delayed as soon as possible. They had a very tough tone.
Who are they? Where are they from? Who sent them? Why did they come here? Clavijo then found something appalling.
That The Timurid Dynasty was a tributary of the Chinese Ming Dynasty in 1380s and 1390s. In 1396 when Timur decided to start his 2nd conquest towards the West direction, he kidnapped all the foreign diplomats and cut off the diplomatic relation with the Chinese Empire,[13] that’s why the Chinese Emperor[14] was angry and sent the diplomats here to ask him pay all the tributes he delayed since 7 years ago ASAP.

在《克拉維約東使記》這本書中，他記錄了自己與一群外交官的相遇經(jīng)歷，當時這個帝國非常強大，但在西方卻幾乎不為人知——中華帝國（明朝）。
當時克拉維約住在一個著名的城市撒馬爾罕，他和他的團隊在那里受到了帖木兒汗的優(yōu)待。
1404年的一天，一群外交官從東方來，來自一個“未知”的地方。他們長相不同，衣著也不同。
他們來到帖木兒的宮殿，質問他為什么連續(xù)七年不向他們的帝國進貢，并告訴他要盡快向帝國繳納他拖延的所有進貢，他們的語氣非常強硬。
他們是誰？他們來自哪里？誰派他們來的？他們?yōu)槭裁磥磉@里？克拉維約隨后發(fā)現(xiàn)了一件令人震驚的事情。
帖木兒王朝是1380年代和1390年代中國明朝的附庸國。1396 年，當帖木兒決定第二次向西方發(fā)動征服時，他綁架了所有外國使節(jié)，并切斷了與中華帝國的外交關系。這讓中國皇帝非常憤怒，并派使節(jié)來到這里，要求他盡快繳納七年來拖延的所有貢品。

Yongle Emperor of Ming Dynasty
Clavijo was totally shocked by this.
We, the European crusades were easily defeated by the Ottomans Empire.
The Ottomans Empire was ass-kicked by the Timurid Dynasty.
And Timurid Dynasty… was a tributary of another powerful Empire that I don’t even know much about except Marco Polo’s records?
Holy crap.
What happened next?
Timur refused Chinese Emperor’s “order” and humiliated his diplomats with words (He said that “Himself will bring these tributes to China” which means he will conquer China one day) . He then wanted to start an invasion towards China, but he suddenly died in the next year due to an acute disease.
After the sudden death of Timur, the Timurid Dynasty soon collapsed and became chaotic. Clavijo left the Empire.
In 1413, one year after Clavijo passed away in Castile, the new Khan of Timurid Dynasty Shah Rukh[15] restored the diplomatic relation with China and restarted to pay an annual tributes to Chinese Empire.
Clavijo’s records was only the second time that an European person has left a detailed report of Interactions with Chinese people and China since Marco Polo.

大明永樂皇帝（鏈接）
克拉維約對此感到非常震驚。
我們歐洲十字軍被奧斯曼帝國輕易擊敗。
奧斯曼帝國被帖木兒王朝打得落花流水。
而帖木兒王朝... 是另一個強大帝國的附庸國，除了馬可波羅的記錄，我對這個帝國知之甚少？
天哪。
接下來發(fā)生了什么？
帖木兒拒絕了中國皇帝的“命令”，用言語羞辱他的外交官（他說“他自己會把這些貢品帶到中國”，意思是他有一天會征服中國）。然后他想對中國發(fā)動入侵，但他在第二年因急病而突然去世。
帖木兒突然去世后，帖木兒王朝很快崩潰，陷入混亂。克拉維約離開了帝國。
1413年，即克拉維約在卡斯蒂利亞去世一年后，帖木兒王朝的新大汗沙魯恢復了與中國的外交關系，并重新開始向中華帝國進貢。
克拉維約的記錄是繼馬可·波羅之后，歐洲人第二次詳細記錄的與中國人及中國的交往歷史。

Kokwai Thong
What are some events in Chinese history that were not recorded in Chinese official historical records, but were uncovered in historical records of other countries?
If we look at history, some incidents which occurred in China but was perpetrated by foreigners were simply not recorded in China’s historical records simply because at the time, they were not aware of it or because it was a piece of history which they did not wish to embellish. We can probably illustrate by some examples.
The Tea Trade.
Part of this history is ‘The great tea robbery: how the British stole China’s secrets and seeds – and broke its monopoly on the brew’. England had a great affair with tea in the past and until 170 years ago, the only serious producer and exporter of tea was China and its virtual monopoly was sabotaged – by Britain. Tea remains the most popular drink in the world after water and the global market is forecast to reach US$47.2 billion by 2020. Market growth is largely attributed to the increasing popularity of green tea, which is perceived as having personal health benefits, but in the 19th century it was the health of an entire nation that was at stake because the English fell in love with tea drinking over the past two centuries.

中國歷史上有哪些事件沒有被記錄在中國官方的歷史記錄中，但在其他國家的歷史記錄中卻被發(fā)現(xiàn)？
如果我們回顧歷史，有些發(fā)生在中國但由外國人犯下的事件根本沒有被記錄在中國的歷史記錄中，僅僅是因為當時他們不知道，或者因為這是一段他們不想修飾的歷史。我們可以通過一些例子來說明。
茶葉貿(mào)易。
這段歷史的一部分是“茶葉大盜：英國人如何竊取中國的秘密和種子——并打破其對茶葉的壟斷”。英國過去與茶葉有著密切的關系，直到170年前，唯一重要的茶葉生產(chǎn)國和出口國是中國，而其事實上的壟斷地位被英國破壞了。茶仍然是繼水之后世界上最受歡迎的飲料，預計到 2020 年全球市場規(guī)模將達到472億美元。市場增長主要歸因于綠茶越來越受歡迎，人們認為綠茶有利于個人健康，但在19世紀，整個國家的健康都受到威脅，因為英國人在過去兩個世紀里愛上了喝茶。

The Culture and Preparation of Tea, China (1843), by English artist Thomas Allom.
Tea changed the role of China on the world stage, because the tea trade gave birth to the colonial territory of Hong Kong – tea drove economic expansion of the British empire in the Far East and Britain’s economy became dependent on tea, which had been a drain on the silver of Britain. As most in Hong Kong are aware, it was to balance its trading account and pay for the tea that the East India Company first began importing opium to China which we will also describe later.
The guy, a plant hunter, a gardener, a thief, and a spy was Robert Fortune who was responsible for having taken quite a few plants from China to the west including the cumquat, a climbing double yellow rose ('Fortune's Double Yellow' (syn. Gold of Ophir) which proved a failure in England's climate) and many varieties of tree peonies, azaleas and chrysanthemums. A climbing white rose that he brought back from China in 1850, believed to be a natural cross between Rosa laevigata and R. banksiae, was dubbed R. fortuniana (syn. R. fortuneana) in his honor. This rose, too, proved a failure in England, preferring warmer climates. Today, both of these roses are still widely grown by antique rose fanciers in mild winter regions. Rosa fortuniana also serves as a valuable root stock in Australia and the southern regions of the United States.

《茶文化及其制備》，中國（1843 年），英國藝術家托馬斯·阿隆創(chuàng)作。
茶改變了中國在世界舞臺上的角色，因為茶葉貿(mào)易催生了香港這個殖民地——茶葉推動了大英帝國在遠東的經(jīng)濟擴張，英國經(jīng)濟開始依賴茶葉，而茶葉曾大量消耗了英國的白銀。香港大多數(shù)人都知道，東印度公司最初向中國出口鴉片是為了平衡貿(mào)易并支付茶葉費用，我們也將在后面描述。
這個人是羅伯特·福瓊，他是一名植物獵人、園丁、小偷和間諜，他負責將不少植物從中國帶到西方，包括金橘、攀緣重瓣黃玫瑰（“福瓊黃玫瑰”（同義詞：俄斐金），在英國的氣候下失敗了）和多種牡丹、杜鵑花和菊花。 1850 年，他從中國帶回了一株攀緣白玫瑰，被認為是金櫻子和木香花的自然雜交品種，為了紀念他，他給它取名為福瓊尼亞玫瑰（同義詞 R. fortuneana）。這種玫瑰在英國也遭遇失敗，因為它更喜歡溫暖的氣候。如今，這兩種玫瑰仍然被古老的玫瑰愛好者在冬季氣候溫和的地區(qū)廣泛種植。Rosa fortuniana 也是澳大利亞和美國南部地區(qū)的一種寶貴的根莖植物。

In 1848, the British East India Company sent Robert Fortune on a trip to China's interior, an area forbidden to foreigners. Fortune's mission was to steal the secrets of tea horticulture and manufacturing. The Scotsman donned a disguise and headed into the Wu Si Shan hills ( I think this refers to the Wuyi mountains near xiamen) in a bold act of corporate espionage. Fortune employed many different means to steal tea plants and seedlings, property of the Chinese empire. He is also known for his use of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward's portable Wardian glass bottled cases to sustain the plants. Using these small greenhouses, Fortune introduced 20,000 tea plants and seedlings to the Darjeeling region of India. He also illegally brought a group of trained Chinese tea workers who would facilitate the production of tea leaves.
Read more: The Great British Tea Heist
Which brings us to the Opium Trade.
Lots of people know about the Opium Wars but what people do not know is how it destroyed a nation by its scale. As a contrast, we can look at statistics from USA in which opioid overdoses killed some 47,600 in 2017 and 42,000 in 2016. In 2016, total global opium production was 6.380 tons and some 53 million opiate users worldwide. But when the British East India Company used opium to finance their consumption of tea, silk and ceramics, the cultivation of the poppy in Bengal increased from 36,400 hectares in 1830 to 71,200 hectares by 1840 and 200,000 hectares in 1900; and with the jump in supply, opium prices fell significantly from 2,500 Spanish silver dollars in 1822 to 585 Silver $ in 1838, resulting in a larger proportion of the Chinese population becoming addicted to it.

1848 年，英國東印度公司派羅伯特·福瓊前往中國內陸，這是外國人禁止進入的地區(qū)。福瓊的任務是竊取茶葉種植和制造的秘密。這位蘇格蘭人喬裝打扮，前往五臺山（我認為這是指廈門附近的武夷山），進行了一次大膽的商業(yè)間諜活動。福瓊使用了許多不同的手段竊取茶樹和幼苗，這些是中華帝國的財產(chǎn)。他還因使用納撒尼爾·巴格肖·沃德的便攜式沃德式玻璃瓶箱來養(yǎng)護植物而聞名。利用這些小型溫室，福瓊將 20000 株茶樹和幼苗引入了印度大吉嶺地區(qū)。他還非法帶來了一批受過訓練的中國茶工，以促進茶葉的生產(chǎn)。
閱讀更多：英國茶葉大劫案（鏈接）
這讓我們想到了鴉片貿(mào)易。
很多人都知道鴉片戰(zhàn)爭，但人們不知道的是它是如何以如此大的規(guī)模摧毀一個國家的。作為對比，我們可以看看美國的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，2017 年阿片類藥物過量導致約 47600 人死亡，2016 年導致 42000 人死亡。2016 年，全球鴉片總產(chǎn)量為 6380噸，全球約有 5300 萬鴉片使用者。但是，當英國東印度公司用鴉片來資助他們消費茶葉、絲綢和陶瓷時，孟加拉的罌粟種植面積從1830年的36400公頃增加到1840年的71200公頃，到1900年增加到了200000公頃；隨著供應量的猛增，鴉片價格從1822年的2500西班牙銀元大幅下跌至1838年的585西班牙銀元，導致中國更多的人染上了鴉片癮。

From 300 tonnes in 1800 CE it was 2500 tonnes by 1839, around the 1st Opium War. And after 1858 with the 2nd Opium War, China was forced to legalise importation of opium, such that by 1880, it was a humongous 6,500 tonnes imported into China alone! Just imagine it, world production in 2016 was only 6380 tonnes.
So while USA is now just having a problem with opioids, in China at the time it was a pandemic. Millions of Chinese addicts were killed whilst Queen Victoria was on the throne of England from 1837 to 1901, because by 1835, some 90% of the male population under 40 was obsessed with this pleasure –inducing substance.
Read ..Economic effects of the opium wars for imperial China, the downfall of an empire by Muge Kalipci.
It wasn’t just the British who were involved in this saga. France and USA were also getting rich with Chinese silver. The Americans sourced opium from Turkey and carried it to China via Canton and it was a source of great wealth for some notable families in the USA now. The Perkin clan of Boston, Samuel Russell of Connecticut who established Russell and Company and who recruited Warren Delano, the grandfather of president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Robert Bennet Forbes and Paul Sieman Forbes (does the Forbes name sound familiar?). Other names include Cushing, Perkins, Low and Green and these people provided the seed corn for the economic revolution in America. In Pennsylvania, there is a town named Delano and the Perkins family built Boston’s Atheneaum, the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Perkins Institution for the Blind as well as the first railroad in America to carry stone from his quarries to the Bunker Hill monument.

1800 年，中國鴉片進口量為300噸，到1839年第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭前后，這一數(shù)字上升到2500 噸。1858年第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后，中國被迫將鴉片進口合法化，到1880年，僅中國就進口了 6500噸鴉片！想象一下，2016 年世界鴉片產(chǎn)量只有6380噸。
因此，雖然美國現(xiàn)在只是面臨阿片類藥物問題，但當時在中國，鴉片問題已經(jīng)蔓延開來。1837 年至 1901 年，維多利亞女王在位期間，數(shù)百萬中國癮君子喪生，因為到1835年，40 歲以下男性人口中約有90%沉迷于這種令人愉悅的物質。
閱讀 ..鴉片戰(zhàn)爭對中國王朝的經(jīng)濟影響，一個帝國的衰落，作者：穆格·卡利普奇。
參與這一傳奇故事的不僅僅是英國人。法國和美國也因中國的白銀而致富。美國人從土耳其采購鴉片，經(jīng)廣州運往中國，鴉片如今已成為美國一些著名家族的巨額財富來源。波士頓的珀金家族、康涅狄格州的塞繆爾·羅素（他創(chuàng)立了羅素公司并招募了沃倫·德拉諾，羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)的祖父）、羅伯特·本內特·福布斯和保羅·西曼·福布斯（福布斯這個名字聽起來熟悉嗎？）。其他名字還包括庫欣、珀金斯、洛和格林，這些人為美國的經(jīng)濟革命提供了種子。賓夕法尼亞州有一個名為德拉諾的小鎮(zhèn)，珀金斯家族建造了波士頓雅典娜神廟、麻省總醫(yī)院和珀金斯盲人機構，以及美國第一條將石材從采石場運送到邦克山紀念碑的鐵路。

John Perkins Cushing’s opium haul financed the construction of America’s textile manufacturing city in Lowell, Massachusetts. And Yale was built with largesse from Russell’s family. Ever heard of the Yale Skull and Bones society. Columbia University has ties with Abbot Low and John Cleve Green was a benefactor of Princeton University and Manhattan’s Hospital for special Surgery. Forbes financed railways such as Michigan Central and Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy. John Murray Forbes’ son was the first president of Bell Telephone and Abiel Abbot Low provided start up money for the first transatlantic cable, while Joseph Coolidge was involved with the Council on Foreign Relations. Forbes name is also part of John Forbes Kerry, previous Secretary of State, so you see how all this money makes its way into power.
Read ‘the China Mirage’ James Bradley.
China has since learned from this tragedy that she cannot shut herself out from the world and her humiliation due to her own arrogance was a wake-up call. It took the *** to restore the unity of China after the demolition of the Qing Dynasty and the destruction of the Warlord Era before China could stand up again. So in some ways, it was a cycle of history that the Chinese will write into their book.
Thanks for A2A
I have decided to add another story to this question.
The revolutionary that China forgot. Sun Yat-sen’s lover Cuifen and her Malaysia villa.

約翰·珀金斯·庫欣的鴉片走私為美國馬薩諸塞州洛厄爾的紡織制造業(yè)城市建設提供了資金。耶魯大學則由羅素家族慷慨解囊建成。聽說過耶魯骷髏會嗎？哥倫比亞大學與艾伯特·洛有聯(lián)系，約翰·克利夫·格林是普林斯頓大學和曼哈頓特殊外科醫(yī)院的捐助人。福布斯資助了密歇根中央鐵路、芝加哥鐵路、伯靈頓鐵路和昆西鐵路。約翰·默里·福布斯的兒子是貝爾電話公司的第一任總裁，阿比爾·艾伯特·洛為第一條跨大西洋電纜提供了啟動資金，而約瑟夫·柯立芝則參與了外交關系委員會的工作。福布斯的名字也是前國務卿約翰·福布斯·克里的名字之一，所以你可以看到所有這些錢是如何幫助他們進入權力中心的。
閱讀詹姆斯·布拉德利的《中國幻影》。
中國從這場悲劇中吸取了教訓，她不能把自己與世界隔絕，她因自己的傲慢而遭受的羞辱是一個警鐘。清朝覆滅、軍閥時代瓦解，中國共產(chǎn)黨才恢復了國家統(tǒng)一，中國才得以重新站起來。所以從某種程度上來說，這是一個歷史的循環(huán)，中國人會把這個循環(huán)寫進他們的書中。
感謝邀請，我決定為這個問題上再加一個故事。
中國忘記的革命者。孫中山的愛人陳翠芬和她的馬來西亞別墅。

This story is about China’s revolutionaries and a city in Malaysia called Taiping, one of the cities recognised as among the top three sustainable cities in the world.
Read more at Taiping is No 3 most sustainable city in the world
What will matter most on one’s deathbed? For Chen Cuifen, partner of Sun Yat-sen, it was a gold ring and a pocket watch, engraved with Sun’s English name. Hidden in a coffee mill in Assam Kumbang in Taiping is a “revolutionary” love story deeply embedded in the days of the Republic of China, the story of Sun Yat-sen and his romantic partner during the revolution, Chen Cuifen.

Beside the Aun Tong Coffee Mill is the Changchun Pu villa, looking washed out by the passage of time. A fan-shaped wooden plaque with the inscxtion Changchun Pu (長春圃) hangs on the building’s external wall, and a signboard with the words Aun Tong (安東) is prominently displayed above the door to the villa. Not far from the door stands a statue of Sun Yat-sen.
這個故事講的是中國革命者和馬來西亞的太平市，太平是世界公認的三大可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市之一。
閱讀更多太平是世界第三大可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市（鏈接）
人臨終時最在乎的是什么？對于孫中山的伴侶陳翠芬來說，那是一枚金戒指和一塊懷表，上面刻著孫中山的英文名字。在太平阿薩姆昆邦的一家咖啡廠里，隱藏著一段深深植根于民國時期的“革命”愛情故事，即孫中山和他革命時期的戀人陳翠芬的故事。
安東咖啡廠旁邊是長春圃別墅，隨著時間的流逝，別墅顯得有些破舊。建筑外墻上掛著一塊扇形木匾，上面寫著“長春圃”，別墅門上方顯眼地掛著一塊招牌，上面寫著“安東”。門不遠處矗立著一尊孫中山的雕像。
On entering Changchun Pu, one sees interior walls plastered with photographs, portraits, calligraphies, and newspaper cuttings, each with their own stories to tell. Apart from a few portraits of Sun Yat-sen, there is a colour portrait of a young Chen Cuifen hanging alongside a few black-and-white photos of her on the walls. Among the newspaper clippings on the wall was researcher Li Yongqiu’s article that Chen had travelled alone to Malaya in 1914 after breaking up with Sun Yat-sen. She stayed at Changchun Pu for many years and adopted a daughter, Su Zhongying (蘇仲英).
The first owners of Changchun Pu was Chan Kye Choo (陳繼祖), elder brother of Chan Peik Kwan (陳璧君). Chan Peik Kwan fell in love with the talented Wang Ching-wei (汪精衛(wèi), a close associate and active supporter of Sun Yat-sen) and married him. The Chan siblings were in close contact with members of the Tongmenghui (同盟會) that Sun Yat-sen founded. It was only natural, then, that Chen Cuifen made her home in Changchun Pu. Changchun Pu became the Aun Tong Coffee Mill in 1940, when Tiah Ee Mooi (程依妹), owner of the mill, rented the place to set up his coffee mill. He subsequently purchased the property in 1942.
進入長春浦，室內墻上貼滿了照片、肖像、字畫、剪報，每一面都有著自己的故事。除了幾張孫中山的肖像，墻上還掛著一幅陳翠芬年輕時的彩色肖像和幾張她的黑白照片。墻上的剪報中，有一篇研究員李永秋的文章，稱陳翠芬在1914年與孫中山分手后，只身前往馬來亞，在長春浦居住多年，并收養(yǎng)了一個女兒-蘇仲英。
長春浦的首任主人是陳璧君的哥哥陳繼祖。陳璧君愛上了才華橫溢的汪精衛(wèi)（孫中山的親密戰(zhàn)友和積極支持者），并與他結婚。陳氏兄妹與孫中山創(chuàng)立的同盟會成員來往密切。陳翠芬自然而然地在長春浦安家。1940 年，長春浦改名為安東咖啡磨坊，磨坊主人程依妹租下這塊地，開設咖啡磨坊。1942 年，程依妹買下了這塊地。
Chen Cuifen was known by many as Sun Yat-sen’s “partner in revolution” (geming banlv 革命伴侶). Her birth name was xiangling (香菱), and she was also known as Ruifen (瑞芬). She was born in Hong Kong, but her hometown was in Tong’an, Fujian. Being the fourth child in her family, she was often affectionately called sigu (fourth aunt) by comrades of the revolution. She was Sun Yat-sen’s confidante. The pair met through Chinese revolutionary Chan Siu-bak, who introduced Chen to Sun when the latter was studying in Hong Kong in the 1890s.

Sun Yat-sen is said to have had romantic relationships with at least four women during his lifetime. His first wife Lu Muzhen (1867-1952) selflessly took care of his children; his partner in revolution, Chen Cuifen (1874-1962), braved all storms and conquered all odds with him during his revolutionary career. The “Mother” of China, Soong Ching-ling (1893-1981), was often referred to as Madame Sun Yat-sen in the days of Sun’s reign; and Sun's second wife Kaoru Otsuki’s marriage with Sun, was only a brief one.

陳翠芬是許多人所熟知的孫中山的“革命伴侶”。她本名香菱，又名瑞芬。她生于香港，但家鄉(xiāng)在福建同安。她是家中的第四個孩子，革命同志們親切地稱她為“四姑”。她是孫中山的紅顏知己。兩人是通過中國革命家陳少白認識的，19 世紀 90 年代，孫中山在香港留學時，陳翠芬被陳介紹給了孫中山。據(jù)說孫中山一生至少與四個女人有過戀愛關系。他的第一任妻子盧慕貞（1867-1952）無私地照顧他的子女；他的革命伙伴陳翠芬（1874-1962）在他的革命生涯中與他風雨同舟、共渡難關。國母宋慶齡（1893-1981）在孫中山執(zhí)政期間經(jīng)常被稱為孫中山夫人；而孫中山的第二任妻子大月熏與孫中山的婚姻卻很短暫。

Unlike Lu Muzhen and Soong Ching-ling, Chen Cuifen was not recognised. History does not remember her name, and her relationship with Sun Yat-sen was never made public. She was placed under a “political ban” to protect the images of Sun and Soong. Even when she passed away in Hong Kong in 1962, her funeral was miserably simple, without a single obituary in the newspapers, and her body was hastily buried in a Chinese cemetery in Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong.
Chen and Sun spent over 20 years together. Before the success of the revolution, Chen stayed by Sun’s side, taking care of his every need. Whether Sun was practising medicine in Macau, taking refuge in Japan, or plotting the revolution in Nanyang, Chen risked her life and did all she could to support his career. She cooked his meals, washed his laundry, and even delivered intelligence and smuggled ammunition for him and the revolution.
After the Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, Sun took centre stage in the political arena and said goodbye to the days of fleeing and hiding from his enemies. But it was not long before he again fled to Japan in August 1913, when his Second Revolution against Yuan Shikai failed miserably. During his asylum in Japan, he met Soong Ching-ling. Classy and elegant, Soong was 27 years his junior and had studied in the United States. She became his secretary. He was immediately drawn to her, and she was full of admiration for him.

陳翠芬與盧慕貞、宋慶齡不同，她不為人所知，歷史不記得她的名字，她與孫中山的關系也從未公開。她被“政治禁入”，以保護孫中山和宋慶齡的形象。即使1962年她在香港去世，葬禮也十分簡樸，報紙上沒有一篇訃告，她的遺體被草草地埋葬在香港的一座華人墳場。
陳翠芬和孫中山在一起生活了20多年。在革命成功之前，陳翠芬一直陪在孫中山身邊，照顧他的一切需要。無論是孫中山在澳門行醫(yī)，還是在日本避難，還是在南洋策劃革命，陳翠芬都冒著生命危險，竭盡所能地支持他的事業(yè)。她為他做飯、洗衣服，甚至為他和革命傳遞情報、走私彈藥。
1911 年清朝被推翻后，孫中山登上了政治舞臺的中心，告別了逃亡和躲避敵人的日子。但不久之后，1913 年 8 月，他又一次逃亡日本，因為他反對袁世凱的第二次革命慘遭失敗。在日本避難期間，他遇到了宋慶齡。宋慶齡比他小 27 歲，優(yōu)雅而知性，曾在美國留學。她成為了他的秘書。他立刻被她吸引，而她也對他充滿欽佩。
Sun Yat-sen decided to divorce his first wife, Lu Muzhen, and sever all ties with Chen Cuifen. Chen, who was around 40 years old at that time, decided to leave for Nanyang for good. It would be close to 20 years later, in 1931, before she returned to Hong Kong and Guangzhou with her adopted daughter Su Zhongying, upon Sun Fo’s (孫科, Sun Yat-sen’s son) request.

It wasn’t until many years after her death that Chen Cuifen caught the public's attention. In the midst of xinhai Revolution’s 100th anniversary, people tried to put a name to the relationship she had with Sun Yat-sen. Was she his confidante? Partner? Concubine? Platonic revolutionary companion? Bodyguard? Follower?

There were so many clashing ideas about the relationship between the pair that the 100th-anniversary celebration of the 1910 Penang Conference (庇能會議) ended in two separate commemorations because the organisers couldn’t agree on the screening of the movie Road to Dawn (《夜·明》). The movie acknowledged the romantic relationship between Chen and Sun.
孫中山?jīng)Q定與原配妻子盧慕貞離婚，斷絕與陳翠芬的一切關系。當時年逾四十的陳翠芬決定遠赴南洋，直到近二十年后的1931年，她才在孫科（孫中山之子）的要求下，帶著養(yǎng)女蘇鐘英回到香港和廣州。
陳翠芬去世多年后才引起公眾的關注。在辛亥革命一百周年之際，人們試圖給她和孫中山的關系定個名字。她是他的紅顏知己？伙伴？小妾？柏拉圖式的革命伙伴？保鏢？追隨者？
關于兩人關系的爭論非常激烈，1910 年檳城會議 100 周年紀念活動（庇能會議）最終以兩次獨立的紀念活動告終，因為主辦方無法就電影《夜·明》的放映達成一致。這部電影承認了陳翠芬和孫中山之間的愛情關系。

It was not only a dispute amongst the organisers. Descendants of the Sun family who attended the commemorative event were also split into two camps. One side acknowledged Chen’s relationship with Sun, seeking to restore Chen’s rightful position as one of Sun’s partners, while the other camp refused to do so, wanting to uphold Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching-ling’s historical image at all costs.

Su Zhongying’s son, Sun Bisheng, reported that Chen Cuifen’s name has been added into the Sun genealogy as Sun Yat-sen’s concubine. Her tomb has also been relocated from Hong Kong to the Sun family burial plot at Cuihengcun (翠亨村) in Guangzhou. This relocation was said to be Sun Tse-ping’s (孫治平, 1913-2005, the grandson of Sun Yat-sen and his first wife, Lu Muzhen) final wish before he passed away.
It is evident that Chen Cuifen was Sun Yat-sen’s concubine, as evidenced by his letters. Writing to his daughters, Sun Yan (孫娫) and Sun Wan (孫婉), in a letter dated December 1910, Sun clearly addressed Lu Muzhen and Chen Cuifen as their “two mothers”.
爭議不僅在于主辦方之間，參加紀念活動的孫家后裔也分成兩派，一方承認陳與孫的關系，希望恢復陳作為孫中山伙伴之一的合法地位；另一方則拒絕，不惜一切代價維護孫中山和宋慶齡的歷史形象。
蘇仲英之子孫必勝透露，陳翠芬的名字已作為孫中山的妾名加入孫家譜，其墓地也由香港遷至廣州翠亨村孫家墓地。據(jù)說，這是孫治平（1913-2005，孫中山與原配盧慕貞之孫）生前最后的遺愿。
陳翠芬是孫中山的妾，這一點從他的信函中可以明顯看出。1910年12月，孫中山在寫給女兒孫娫、孫婉的信中，明確稱呼盧慕貞和陳翠芬為“二母”。
While Sun Tse-ping didn’t forget to acknowledge Chen Cuifen, Sun Sui-ying (孫穗英), Sun Fo’s eldest daughter, was adamant. She insisted on defending Soong Ching-ling’s image as the “Mother” of China. In 2010, although Sun Sui-ying was unable to attend the commemoration of the 1910 Penang Conference due to advanced age, she made her presence felt. She instructed her son, Dr Lin Shanli (林山立), to denounce all claims that Chen Cuifen and Sun Yat-sen were once in a relationship, insisting that Chen was just a “partner in revolution” acting as a “cover” for Sun to keep his actions out of sight from potential enemies. Sun Sui-ying’s actions were not without reason. She was on close terms with Soong Ching-ling, who solemnised her wedding.

The surrender
In 1915, Sun Yat-sen married Soong Ching-ling in Japan. Ten years later, Sun passed away and was laid to rest in the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in 1929. Throughout this period of time, Chen Cuifen never once left Nanyang, and she wouldn’t have left at all if not for Sun Fo’s invitation.
Chen Cuifen spent her golden years living with her daughter and son-in-law. Sun Bisheng once told the media that Chen Cuifen passed away in his embrace on 21 October 1962. As she lay dying, she passed him a gold ring and a pocket watch, the two items she had most treasured throughout her life. The pocket watch had Sun Yat-sen’s English name engraved on it and was the only keepsake he gave her. She finally let him go and breathed her last.

孫子平不忘表揚陳翠芬，但孫科長女孫穗英卻態(tài)度堅決，堅持維護宋慶齡“國母”形象。2010年，孫穗英雖然因年事已高未能出席1910年檳城會議紀念活動，但仍在場。她囑咐兒子林山立駁斥一切有關陳翠芬與孫中山關系的說法，堅稱陳翠芬只是孫中山的“革命伙伴”，為他提供掩護，避免被敵人發(fā)現(xiàn)。孫穗英這樣做并非毫無道理，她與宋慶齡關系密切，宋慶齡曾為她主持婚禮。
投降
1915年，孫中山與宋慶齡在日本結婚。十年后，孫中山逝世，1929年葬于中山陵。這段時間，陳翠芬從未離開過南洋，若不是孫科邀請，她根本不會離開。
陳翠芬晚年與女兒女婿生活在一起。孫必勝曾對媒體表示，陳翠芬于1962年10月21日在他懷里逝世。臨終時，她將一枚金戒指和一塊懷表交給他，這是她一生最珍愛的兩件東西。懷表上刻有孫中山的英文名字，是他給她的唯一紀念品。她終于放手，咽下了最后一口氣。

Yu Song
That kind of thing happens everywhere.
Like a person who might remember something you did to him twenty years before while you can not, since the event, in your point of view, was mush less important than that in his.
Different people have different feelings on different things in different cases, so they record different historical events by priorities respectively.
Chinese history focused on recording accounts from view of the central government, what did the emperor say on something, what did prime minister suggest, when did General A defeat barbaric tribe X, and so on. No suprise it would miss some event which were minor or happened in a remote region from the empire, while the neighbouring or related country did record it in their history.
Chinese history is known as longest recorded and most detailed, but not complete or non-missing.

這種事情到處都有。
就像一個人可能記得你二十年前對他做的事，而你卻記不住，因為在你看來，這件事在他看來遠沒有那么重要。
不同的人對不同的事情有不同的感受，所以他們根據(jù)不同的優(yōu)先順序記錄不同的歷史事件。
中國歷史側重于從中央政府的角度記錄，皇帝對某件事說了什么，宰相有什么建議，將軍A什么時候打敗了野蠻的X部落，等等。毫不奇怪，它會錯過一些很小的事件或發(fā)生在帝國偏遠地區(qū)的事件，而鄰國或相關國家確實在歷史上記錄了這些事件。
中國歷史被稱為有記載的最長和最詳細的，但并不完整或沒有缺失。

Al Aw
In my opinion,I would rather ask what are the official historical Chinese records written by others countries especially western nations that are not covered by the Chinese historical documentation.China only opened their doors to China during late Ching dynasty, but by then China had already recorded their presence and exploration as far as Mexico.Therfore,ones should based history on accuracy and factual relics on past historical findings of an ancient state rather than on mighty conquest and reedition.
China would certainly be the first country ever had a long ,continuous and unbroken proper records of their past civilised historical events since they first invented printing and paper.Not forgetting that even before paper they had bamboos stripes to rely on.Further more, an old adage saying that history belong to conquerors would not apply in Chinese case. AS a traditional big state nation,China was never been uprooted completely and decimated since its finding. ,Even in early century, those western allies and even Japan later could only managed conquered and controlled part but not whole China.As such .events and documentations could never be completely be controlled ,re-edited and destroyed.Most important of all,since early civilisation,Chinese has always emphasised on documentation and records as they easily would be the first civilisation nation that have a effective civil service bureau on state governance.For your information, a thousand years ago ,Chinese even have a Shima family( over few generation),who been famous and highly respected for their accurate and ancient historical publishing In their time.
For instant since mid nineties,Chinese territories been subjugated or transferred .That’ the reason now China is claiming their historical ninety dash line in South China Sea now as they could not afford to even keep their territorial patrol in these boundaries during early decade.In the meantime’s, others claimants to these China land offered little historical record of their albeit based on recent findings.

在我看來，我寧愿問，其他國家，特別是西方國家，所寫的官方中國歷史記錄中，有哪些沒有被中國歷史文獻所涵蓋。中國直到清朝末年才向中國敞開大門，但那時中國已經(jīng)記錄了他們在墨西哥的存在和探索。因此，人們應該以準確性和對一個古老國家過去歷史發(fā)現(xiàn)的事實為基礎，而不是以強大的征服和重述為基礎。
自從發(fā)明印刷術和紙張以來，中國無疑是第一個對其過去文明歷史事件有長期、連續(xù)和不間斷的正確記錄的國家。別忘了，甚至在紙張發(fā)明之前，他們就有竹條可以依靠。此外，一句古老的諺語說“歷史屬于征服者”，這在中國并不適用。作為一個傳統(tǒng)的大國，中國自建國以來從未被徹底連根拔起和摧毀過。即使在世紀初，那些西方盟友，甚至后來的日本，也只能征服和控制中國的部分地區(qū)，而不能控制整個中國。因此，事件和文獻永遠不可能被完全控制、重新編輯和銷毀。最重要的是，自早期文明以來，中國一直重視文獻和記錄，因為他們很容易成為第一個在國家治理方面擁有有效公務員系統(tǒng)的文明國家。供您參考，一千年前，中國甚至有一個司馬家族（超過幾代人），他們以準確和古老的歷史出版物而聞名并受到高度尊重。例如，自九十年代中期以來，中國領土相繼被征服或轉讓。這就是中國現(xiàn)在宣稱擁有南海九段線歷史的原因，因為在最初十年里，他們甚至無力承擔在這些邊界內進行領土巡邏的費用。與此同時，其他對這些中國土地提出主權要求的國家?guī)缀鯖]有提供歷史記錄，盡管這些歷史記錄是基于最近的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

Ah L?m
Definitely would have been interesting if Ming and Timur actually went to war. It would have been a war of the century

如果明朝和帖木兒真的開戰(zhàn)，那肯定會很有趣。那將是一場世紀之戰(zhàn)。

Patrick Koh
Won’t recommend, the logs lines are very long and costly; terrain harsh and terrible… Ming only want allies to maintain peace and security for the silk road. Qing wars against Dzungars must have been very hard in that awful terrain; 70 years!

不建議，補給線會很長而且成本很高；地形險惡可怕...明朝只想要盟友來維護絲綢之路的和平與安全。在那樣可怕的地形上，清朝與準噶爾人的戰(zhàn)爭就打得非常艱苦；整整70年！
Chen Zhigong (陳治功)

Exactly. And considering that 1405 was around the time that Zheng He started the Great voyages, we may even have a naval battle between Ming China and Timurid.

沒錯。考慮到 1405 年是鄭和下西洋的時期，我們甚至可能會看到明朝中國和帖木兒帝國之間發(fā)生一場海戰(zhàn)。

Patrick Koh
Amazing story telling. Well, the Ming navy were super big once and ruled the Oceans, but they were not interested to conquer anyone but only maintain an established order …

故事講得太棒了。明朝海軍曾經(jīng)非常強大，統(tǒng)治著海洋，但他們對征服任何人都不感興趣，只想維持既定的秩序...

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