為什么大多數(shù)亞洲城市相比于許多歐洲城市顯得沉悶、污染嚴(yán)重且缺乏文化？
Why are most Asian cities dull, polluted and cultureless when compared to many European cities?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
網(wǎng)友：像新加坡、東京和首爾這樣的亞洲城市的大部分建設(shè)發(fā)生在過去六十年里，通常是在經(jīng)歷了一段戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和大規(guī)模破壞之后。當(dāng)一個(gè)文明在經(jīng)歷世界大戰(zhàn)或重大戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后重新建設(shè)時(shí)，他們沒有時(shí)間和閑暇去考慮文化問題；他們首先需要滿足最基本的需求。
正文翻譯
Paul Denlinger
Most of the buildup in Asian cities like Singapore, Tokyo and Seoul has occurred over the past sixty years, and often following a period of war and massive destruction.
When a civilization is building up after a world war or major war, they do not have the time and leisure to think about culture; they need to meet their most basic needs first.
像新加坡、東京和首爾這樣的亞洲城市的大部分建設(shè)發(fā)生在過去六十年里，通常是在經(jīng)歷了一段戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和大規(guī)模破壞之后。當(dāng)一個(gè)文明在經(jīng)歷世界大戰(zhàn)或重大戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后重新建設(shè)時(shí)，他們沒有時(shí)間和閑暇去考慮文化問題；他們首先需要滿足最基本的需求。
Most of the buildup in Asian cities like Singapore, Tokyo and Seoul has occurred over the past sixty years, and often following a period of war and massive destruction.
When a civilization is building up after a world war or major war, they do not have the time and leisure to think about culture; they need to meet their most basic needs first.
像新加坡、東京和首爾這樣的亞洲城市的大部分建設(shè)發(fā)生在過去六十年里，通常是在經(jīng)歷了一段戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和大規(guī)模破壞之后。當(dāng)一個(gè)文明在經(jīng)歷世界大戰(zhàn)或重大戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后重新建設(shè)時(shí)，他們沒有時(shí)間和閑暇去考慮文化問題；他們首先需要滿足最基本的需求。
Only after 2 - 3 generations of building and trade can people then begin to think about culture because their most basic needs of food and shelter have already been met.
The exception to this rule is in China, where the city buildup was done following a long period of neglect in the 80s and 90s, and the Chinese government had a policy of “build first” and urbanization, which was based on changing China from a majority rural to a majority urban society.
只有經(jīng)過兩到三代的建設(shè)和貿(mào)易，人們才會(huì)開始關(guān)注文化，因?yàn)樗麄兊淖罨拘枨蟆澄锖妥》恳呀?jīng)得到滿足。這個(gè)規(guī)則的例外是中國，在80年代和90年代經(jīng)歷了長期的忽視后，中國的城市建設(shè)是在政府實(shí)施“先建設(shè)”政策和城市化的背景下進(jìn)行的，這一政策旨在將中國從以農(nóng)村為主的社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐猿鞘袨橹鞯纳鐣?huì)。
The exception to this rule is in China, where the city buildup was done following a long period of neglect in the 80s and 90s, and the Chinese government had a policy of “build first” and urbanization, which was based on changing China from a majority rural to a majority urban society.
只有經(jīng)過兩到三代的建設(shè)和貿(mào)易，人們才會(huì)開始關(guān)注文化，因?yàn)樗麄兊淖罨拘枨蟆澄锖妥》恳呀?jīng)得到滿足。這個(gè)規(guī)則的例外是中國，在80年代和90年代經(jīng)歷了長期的忽視后，中國的城市建設(shè)是在政府實(shí)施“先建設(shè)”政策和城市化的背景下進(jìn)行的，這一政策旨在將中國從以農(nóng)村為主的社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐猿鞘袨橹鞯纳鐣?huì)。
評(píng)論翻譯
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tbh Europeans are too focused on their past. I wonder when people wills top caring about how beautiful france or germany or the UK is because of their old architecture. Imo i prefer the futuristic look of TOkyo, seoul, China becase its forward looking and new.
Most europeans will disagree though and hate skyscrapers and new stuff.
說實(shí)話，歐洲人過于關(guān)注他們的過去。我想知道人們什么時(shí)候會(huì)停止關(guān)心法國、德國或英國因其古老建筑而美麗的事物。在我看來，我更喜歡東京、首爾和中國的未來主義風(fēng)格，因?yàn)樗鼈兙哂星罢靶院同F(xiàn)代感。不過，大多數(shù)歐洲人會(huì)不同意，并且討厭摩天大樓和新事物。
For (European) nations with long history and a rich cultural heritage, all that is needed is to preserve the historical sites. Modern Beijing is built like Singapore, but nobody can say that Beijing is dull or soulless.
US cities are dull too for the same reason.
對(duì)于擁有悠久歷史和豐富文化遺產(chǎn)的歐洲國家來說，所需要的只是保護(hù)好歷史遺址?，F(xiàn)代北京的建設(shè)方式類似于新加坡，但沒有人會(huì)說北京是沉悶或缺乏靈魂的。美國城市也因?yàn)橄嗤脑蚨@得沉悶。
I think it is true to say that on the whole, Asian cities are more polluted than European cities.
This is generally due to higher population density in Asian cities, coupled with poorer environmental planning and sanitation issues (which is pertinent to South Asian and some Southeast Asian cities). Many Asian cities also have traffic issues and poor or unreliable systems of public transport, so the increased congestion decreases air quality.
我認(rèn)為總體來說，亞洲城市的污染程度確實(shí)高于歐洲城市。這通常是由于亞洲城市的人口密度較高，再加上環(huán)境規(guī)劃較差和衛(wèi)生問題（這對(duì)于南亞和一些東南亞城市尤為明顯）。許多亞洲城市還有交通問題和不可靠的公共交通系統(tǒng)，因此交通擁堵會(huì)降低空氣質(zhì)量。
I think I know what you're trying to get at. You look at cities like Prague and Vienna that are like living, breathing museums, with beautiful marble or Gothic architecture and dozens of regal theatres and buildings and palaces and think that just because you won't find them elsewhere in Asia, those cities are necessarily ‘dull’ and ‘cultureless’.
但是，乏味和沒有文化嗎？
我想我明白你的意思。你看像布拉格和維也納這樣的城市，它們就像活生生的博物館，擁有美麗的大理石或哥特式建筑，還有眾多華麗的劇院、建筑和宮殿。你覺得僅僅因?yàn)檫@些地方在亞洲找不到，所以這些城市就一定是“乏味”和“沒有文化”的。
I think there is a lot of beauty in Asian cities. They don't take the form of Roman pillars or resplendent marble arches, but they're there if you know what to look for. This, for instance, was taken in Hanoi, Vietnam (lifted off a friend’s public Instagram account: an.lok):
我想提醒你，很多英國、威爾士、德國以及歐洲其他地方的工業(yè)城市可能比它們的亞洲對(duì)手更“乏味”和“沒有文化”。我認(rèn)為亞洲城市中有很多美麗的地方。它們的形式可能不像羅馬柱或華麗的大理石拱門，但如果你知道怎么去尋找，它們的美麗依然存在。例如，這張照片是在越南河內(nèi)拍攝的（來自朋友的公開Instagram賬戶：an.lok）：
You could focus on the poverty, the ugly cables, the pollution, dirt… but when I looked at this photo, the first thing I thought of was that I’ve never seen a more beautiful city. And such a beautiful city cannot possibly be dull.
你可以關(guān)注貧困、丑陋的電纜、污染、骯臟……但當(dāng)我看到這張照片時(shí)，我想到的第一件事就是我從未見過如此美麗的城市。如此美麗的城市不可能是乏味的。
現(xiàn)在讓我們來談?wù)勎幕?。我認(rèn)為文化并不僅僅是擁有威嚴(yán)的19世紀(jì)肖像畫的藝術(shù)畫廊、博物館和宮殿，但如果你想要這樣的東西，東亞各地到處都有。如果你想要古老的歷史，可以去西安看看兵馬俑。去淺草，在那里人們穿著和服和浴衣自由行走，在東京最古老的購物街購物，并在一個(gè)可以追溯到公元645年的巨大寺廟里祈禱。去年我就住在離淺草很近的地方——讓我告訴你，單單這個(gè)區(qū)域就讓歐洲的大部分地方顯得相當(dāng)“沒有文化”。
Culture also takes the form of festivals – there are countless festivals (look for something-matsuri) going on in every corner of Japan. Many of these are based on centuries old traditions, local to the prefecture or city. Then there's Lunar New Year, Diwali, Idul Fitri, Nowruz … if there's one thing Asian cities know how to do, it's being festive and going all out.
文化還可以表現(xiàn)為地下酒吧、當(dāng)代獨(dú)立藝術(shù)畫廊和時(shí)尚樂隊(duì)——比如，去萬隆看看那里的爵士樂俱樂部和獨(dú)立搖滾樂隊(duì)，總有些新鮮的東西在發(fā)生。
文化也可以表現(xiàn)為各種節(jié)日——日本的每個(gè)角落都有數(shù)不清的節(jié)日（尋找某某祭）。許多節(jié)日基于數(shù)百年的傳統(tǒng)，都是地方性或城市性的。然后還有農(nóng)歷新年、排燈節(jié)、開齋節(jié)、諾魯孜節(jié)……如果有一樣?xùn)|西是亞洲城市特別擅長的，那就是慶祝節(jié)日和全力以赴地狂歡。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
文化也可以與精神信仰相關(guān)聯(lián)。想想東京街頭那些散布的小神社和金邊的寺廟。我認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)人目前居住在一個(gè)叫哈里德瓦爾的古老精神城市——如果那個(gè)城市不是充滿了純粹的、不摻雜的文化，那我就不知道什么是了。
文化還可以表現(xiàn)為食物。我想我不需要多說，但由于其龐大的規(guī)模和多樣性，亞洲的飲食文化比歐洲豐富得多。從土耳其開始進(jìn)行一次美食之旅，穿越高加索，一直到伊朗；經(jīng)過中亞，沉醉于南亞美食，然后向東走向東亞，最后一直到東南亞。你可能需要一生的時(shí)間才能體驗(yàn)全部。亞洲城市在這方面不會(huì)讓你失望，我向你保證。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
This things sound like eurocentric pov when only european culture are "cultural things" and reason why Europe has "cultural and historical " buildings are bc in the past when Europe was getting rich they rebuild and reconstructed or even build new ones too -now old buildings. And since it was in the past let say 18th-19th they call it historical. Nowadays a lot asian countries are building or rebuilding ,reconstructed their historical sites too. And it depends on taste of the person by architeture some like europen with marble and some asian style .
這些話聽起來像是歐洲中心主義的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為只有歐洲文化才算是“文化事物”。而歐洲之所以有“文化和歷史”建筑，是因?yàn)樵谶^去，當(dāng)歐洲變得富裕時(shí)，他們重建和修復(fù)了許多建筑，甚至新建了很多，現(xiàn)在這些建筑被稱為歷史建筑。既然這是過去的事情，比如18世紀(jì)到19世紀(jì)，這些建筑就被稱為歷史建筑。如今，許多亞洲國家也在建設(shè)或重建他們的歷史遺址。建筑風(fēng)格的喜好因人而異，有些人喜歡歐洲風(fēng)格的大理石，有些人則喜歡亞洲風(fēng)格。
I think this is a troll question, but I will take it anyway. Asia is the largest continent, so no one can say that most Asian cities are dull, polluted and cultureless compared to most European cities. European cities are nice, but I can say quite a few choice words about how their wealth was generated by colonizing Asian and African countries two to three centuries ago. I won’t go there.
Most Asian cities are going through growth just like Western cities did a century or two ago.
London - River Thames was in a really bad shape 150 years ago.
我覺得這個(gè)問題可能是故意挑釁的，但我還是回答一下。亞洲是最大的大陸，所以沒人可以說大多數(shù)亞洲城市比大多數(shù)歐洲城市更沉悶、污染和無文化。歐洲城市很美，但我可以對(duì)他們的財(cái)富來源說一些不太好聽的話，因?yàn)檫@些財(cái)富是通過殖民亞洲和非洲國家兩到三個(gè)世紀(jì)前獲得的。我不打算深入探討。大多數(shù)亞洲城市正經(jīng)歷著與西方城市一個(gè)或兩個(gè)世紀(jì)前相似的增長過程。倫敦——泰晤士河150年前的狀況非常糟糕。
It looks much nicer today.
The same could be said of the Chicago River and Hudson River (New York City). Back then, most of the large cities in the West had slums. As Western countries went through economic growth due to industrialization, they cleaned up their cities, and built parks, museums and art galleries. It’s not like any of their cities do not have bad parts today. They still do, but the unsavory parts are either confined to small areas or hidden from the tourists.
今天的景象好多了。
芝加哥河和哈德遜河（紐約市）也是如此。那時(shí)候，大多數(shù)西方大城市都有貧民窟。隨著西方國家因工業(yè)化經(jīng)歷經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，他們清理了城市，建設(shè)了公園、博物館和藝術(shù)畫廊。不過，這些城市今天仍然有不太好的地方。雖然如此，那些不太好的地方要么局限在小區(qū)域，要么被隱藏在游客視線之外。
I could post hundreds of pictures from Asian cities and talk about their cultural significance, but then it would take me days to post this answer.
盡管亞洲城市正在經(jīng)歷快速增長，但我認(rèn)為完全將它們視為沉悶和缺乏文化是完全錯(cuò)誤的。遠(yuǎn)非缺乏文化和沉悶，亞洲城市有著豐富的體驗(yàn)。在日本、新加坡和馬來西亞等發(fā)達(dá)亞洲國家，你需要超越那些高大而閃亮的建筑。在發(fā)展中國家，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)充滿活力的社區(qū)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了就寢時(shí)間。試問哪個(gè)國家比印度更為多彩？難道你認(rèn)為曾經(jīng)在絲綢之路上的中亞城市缺乏文化，顯得沉悶嗎？
我可以發(fā)布數(shù)百張亞洲城市的照片，并談?wù)撍鼈兊奈幕饬x，但那樣的話我需要幾天時(shí)間來完成這個(gè)回答。
Why is it that most Asian cities are so polluted compared to most European cities?
So this part of the question seems reasonable.
The question of why Asia is more polluted than Europe has already been answered in previous answers. Asia contains more than 60% of the world's population whereas Europe contains around 10%. But in fact, the average Western European pollutes the earth more than the average Asian. So maybe you should look pollution contribution to the earth per capita and question why Western Europeans and especially us Americans contribute more the destruction of the Earth than any other region.
為什么大多數(shù)亞洲城市比大多數(shù)歐洲城市更污染呢？
這個(gè)問題的部分確實(shí)是合理的。關(guān)于為什么亞洲比歐洲更污染的原因，之前的回答中已經(jīng)提到過。亞洲擁有超過60%的世界人口，而歐洲大約占10%。但實(shí)際上，平均而言，西歐人的污染程度要高于平均亞洲人。所以，也許你應(yīng)該關(guān)注每人對(duì)地球污染的貢獻(xiàn)，質(zhì)疑為什么西歐人，特別是我們美國人，對(duì)地球的破壞貢獻(xiàn)最大。
Let's move to the next part. Why is it that most Asian cities are so dull and cultureless when compared to most European cities? I can't believe someone actually asked this question. Northern and Western Europe are the definition of dull and cultureless (I don't mean any offense).
為了回答你的問題，是的，亞洲城市的污染水平平均確實(shí)高于歐洲城市（尤其是在中國），這主要是由于重工業(yè)、快速增長以及燃燒煤炭等化石燃料所致。然而，亞洲，特別是東亞國家，正在成為清潔能源的全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。甚至中東地區(qū)也在投資太陽能。
接下來我們來討論另一個(gè)問題。為什么大多數(shù)亞洲城市相比大多數(shù)歐洲城市顯得如此沉悶和缺乏文化？我無法相信竟然有人提出這個(gè)問題。北歐和西歐的城市就是沉悶和缺乏文化的典范（我并不是有意冒犯）。
我們可以從歷史開始談起。你更愿意閱讀2000年的法國歷史還是2000年的柬埔寨歷史？歐洲歷史中有什么是如此有趣和令人興奮的？除了他們出去探索其他擁有有趣文化和文明的土地之外。文藝復(fù)興呢？文藝復(fù)興的科學(xué)家和藝術(shù)家們來自哪里？在奧斯曼帝國征服君士坦丁堡（伊斯坦布爾）之后，許多學(xué)者和工匠向西遷移。此外，思想也通過伊斯蘭西班牙以及地中海與中東和北非的貿(mào)易傳播過來。這還不包括絲綢之路。
你是否想過為什么英國有這么多博物館？除了他們殖民了四分之一的世界（我不知道為什么），他們必須從其他地方引進(jìn)“有趣”的東西來讓自己變得有趣。你見過收藏有數(shù)千年歷史的英國或德國文物的博物館嗎？如果有，請(qǐng)給我發(fā)鏈接。
那英國、德國甚至法國的食物是什么？我所知道的北歐食物只有姜餅薄餅，如果這就是他們所有的食物，那真是糟糕。我確實(shí)沒有研究過北歐菜肴，如果你知道的話，請(qǐng)告訴我。也許它能與成千上萬的印度菜肴相比。我從未去過羅馬尼亞餐館，但在美國有成千上萬的中國和印度餐館。我現(xiàn)在住在埃及，這里除了埃及餐館外，還有中國、印度、蘇丹、埃塞俄比亞、日本以及無數(shù)其他國家的餐館。我還沒有見過瑞士餐館。
實(shí)際上，東歐有什么有趣的地方？除了奧斯曼時(shí)期建造的那些建筑之外，東歐的魅力是什么？我并不是冒犯的意思，我相信那里的人非常友好。西歐那些宏偉的雕像和建筑是誰建造的？他們通過環(huán)游世界（更像是掠奪）來獲得現(xiàn)在用來建造漂亮建筑的金屬和資源。他們還通過奴役人們來為他們建立這些美麗的文明。下次你去倫敦或巴黎時(shí)，請(qǐng)記住這一點(diǎn)。
I wouldn't say they are cultureless, but in my eyes they often lack organisation and respect for old architecture (the latter applies especially to Chinese cities). Architecture-wise Asian cities tend to fall behind its European counterparts. Of course, you can find amazing spots as well, but they tend to be limited to a temple or park. I was also surprised when I saw no castles, not too many old streets etc. However, I think that it derives from the fact that when European cities were being constructed in the shape we know them today (after 15th century and later) Asia slowly stopped being so advanced compared to Europe. However, I would not say that all of European cities developed only due to colonialism. In Eastern European states that were not colonial or not too much (to complicated to explain) you find many awesome old towns and castles. Talking about Asia, traditional stuff was better preserved in richer states like Japan. China lost loads of it due to poverty and Cultural Revolution. So, as usual: money talks.
我不會(huì)說他們沒有文化，但在我看來，他們往往缺乏組織性和對(duì)老建筑的尊重（尤其是中國城市）。在建筑方面，亞洲城市往往落后于歐洲的同行。當(dāng)然，你也可以找到令人驚嘆的地方，但它們通常限于寺廟或公園。我也很驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有城堡，也沒有太多老街等。然而，我認(rèn)為這源于歐洲城市在我們今天所熟知的形態(tài)中建造時(shí)（15世紀(jì)以后），而亞洲在那時(shí)逐漸變得相對(duì)不那么先進(jìn)。然而，我并不認(rèn)為所有歐洲城市的發(fā)展都僅僅是由于殖民主義。在那些沒有進(jìn)行殖民或者殖民程度不大的東歐國家，你可以找到許多令人驚嘆的古鎮(zhèn)和城堡。談到亞洲，傳統(tǒng)文化在像日本這樣的富裕國家得到了更好的保存。中國由于貧困和文化大革命失去了大量的傳統(tǒng)文化。所以，像往常一樣：錢能說話。
Europe didn’t look anything like it does today or for much of history for that matter.
The contemporary neo-classical buildings and architectures sprung up across Europe are neither ancient or traditional. These contemporary grand cities were build to show off their wealth and powers from pillaging and exploiting the world. The Greek copied classical architectures from Egypt and the Middle East and eventually it spread and influences the barbarian people of Europe.
Europa was a Semitic Phoenician princess from the Middle East whom Europe is named after.
歐洲的面貌與今天或者歷史上的大部分時(shí)間都完全不同?，F(xiàn)代的新古典主義建筑和建筑風(fēng)格在歐洲的出現(xiàn)既不古老也不傳統(tǒng)。這些宏偉的城市是為了展示他們通過掠奪和剝削世界而獲得的財(cái)富和權(quán)力而建造的。希臘人從埃及和中東模仿了古典建筑，最終這些影響傳遍了歐洲的蠻族。歐洲這個(gè)名字來源于一位來自中東的閃米特腓尼基公主。
Asian cities are cultureless compared to European cities?
Seriously?
I mean, we are comparing Asia, the birthplace of civilisation with Europe!
Most of these “cultured” European cities you talk of came about like 300 years ago… my ancestral home has probably lasted longer than that.
Compare that with cities like, say, xian, Baghdad, Jerusalem, Benares, etc, and you’d think European cities outside of Greece and Italy have no history whatsoever.
If I were to pick ONE continent for cultured cities, that would be Asia.
亞洲城市相比于歐洲城市沒有文化？這是真的嗎？我說的是，我們?cè)诒容^的是文明的發(fā)源地亞洲和歐洲！你提到的那些“有文化”的歐洲城市，大多數(shù)在大約300年前才出現(xiàn)……而我的祖籍可能已經(jīng)存在了更長時(shí)間。與像西安、巴格達(dá)、耶路撒冷、瓦拉納西等城市相比，你會(huì)覺得希臘和意大利以外的歐洲城市幾乎沒有歷史。如果讓我選擇一個(gè)文化豐富的大陸，那一定是亞洲。
Polluted is the only accurate statement of your question however “cultureless”? Usually the stereotype is that Europeans do not have culture, most of the buildings in Europe pretty much look similar; this view is shared by Indian, Chinese and Arab families.
Europe is richer yes, more beautiful yes, more advanced yes. But in terms of culture. Asia is the epitome of culture, no matter how poor the countries are, every region from South, to South East, Western and Eastern Asia have something unique and you can immediately recognise culture. There is no continent weather African, European, Latin American that can beat Asia when it comes to history and culture.
I simply fail to see how countries like Norway, Sweden, Germany has more culture then China, Iran, India, Turkey and Japan.
“污染”是你問題中唯一準(zhǔn)確的說法，但“沒有文化”這詞匯通常是不正確的。通常的刻板印象是歐洲人沒有文化，歐洲的大多數(shù)建筑看起來幾乎相似；這一觀點(diǎn)在印度、中國和阿拉伯家庭中都有所共享。
歐洲確實(shí)更富裕、更美麗、更先進(jìn)，但就文化而言，亞洲才是文化的縮影。不管這些國家多么貧困，從南亞、東南亞、西亞到東亞，每個(gè)地區(qū)都有獨(dú)特的文化，你可以立刻識(shí)別出文化。沒有哪個(gè)大陸，無論是非洲、歐洲還是拉丁美洲，可以在歷史和文化方面超越亞洲。
我實(shí)在無法理解像挪威、瑞典、德國的文化比中國、伊朗、印度、土耳其和日本更豐富的說法。