如果你無(wú)法遷移，你會(huì)選擇作為中產(chǎn)階級(jí)生活在第三世界國(guó)家，還是生活在美國(guó)？

T erence Kenneth John Nunis
It is always better to be wealthy, no matter where you are. As long as you have wealth, you have options and opportunities. Poverty robs people of that. One assumption in this question is that being in the US is somehow desirable. That may have been true in the 1950s, and 1960s, when the US lead the world in standard of living. Those times have long passed. In terms of crime ,medical care, education, infrastructure development, and every other major indicator outside weapons development, the US is like a developing nation, not a developed one.

無(wú)論你在哪里，富有總是更好的。 只要你有財(cái)富，你就有選擇和機(jī)會(huì)。 貧窮剝奪了人們的權(quán)利。關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一個(gè)假設(shè)是，在美國(guó)的話(huà)，生活在某種程度上是可取的。這可能在20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代都是真的，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的生活水平一直領(lǐng)先于世界。那些時(shí)代已經(jīng)過(guò)去很久了。在犯罪、醫(yī)療保健、教育等方面以及在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展和武器發(fā)展以外的每一個(gè)主要指標(biāo)上，美國(guó)就像一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，而不是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。

Secondly, the Third World refers to nations that did not officially side with the US and her allies, the First World; and the Soviet unx and her allies, the Second World. This term is a legacy from the Cold War era. Nowadays, many people mistakenly use the term to refer to developing countries, which is itself, a somewhat nebulous term. There are “Third World” nations such as Singapore which have a standard of living that far outstrips the US. There are “Third World” nations such as the UAE, Qatar and Oman that are wealthier than the US per capital GDP.
Even were we to consider the latter meaning of Third World, as a synonym to “developing countries”, to be poor in America is hardly better than being poor in the “Third World”, in places like Rwanda, China or Malaysia, where there are better opportunities for socioeconomic advancement, where gun violence is not at theater level and where medical care is actually reasonably affordable.

第二，第三世界是指那些沒(méi)有正式站在美國(guó)及其盟國(guó)第一世界一邊的國(guó)家；蘇聯(lián)及其盟國(guó)第二世界一邊的國(guó)家。這個(gè)詞是冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期遺留下來(lái)的?，F(xiàn)如今，許多人錯(cuò)誤地用這個(gè)詞來(lái)指發(fā)展中國(guó)家，這本身就是一個(gè)有點(diǎn)模糊的術(shù)語(yǔ)。新加坡等“第三世界”國(guó)家的生活水平要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)美國(guó)。 阿聯(lián)酋、卡塔爾和阿曼等“第三世界”國(guó)家的人均GDP都比美國(guó)富裕。
即使我們把第三世界的后一種含義看作是“發(fā)展中國(guó)家”的一個(gè)同義詞，在美國(guó)貧窮也比不上在盧旺達(dá)等地的“第三世界”貧窮，中國(guó)或者馬來(lái)西亞，那里有更好的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)，槍支暴力也不在戰(zhàn)區(qū)水平，而且醫(yī)療費(fèi)用也是合理且負(fù)擔(dān)得起的。

Allen Lobo, Corporate finance, former physician & research physicist
Poor in America.
Or in any liberal developed nation for that matter, whether in the West or outside of it.
Before I proceed with explaining why, please allow me to be as clear as I possibly can that I take this question as the choice being put specifically to me (i.e. “Would you rather X or Y…” as opposed to “Is it better in general to be X or Y”).
I cannot speak for all persons, merely for myself.
This matters because each person is born under a unique set of circumstances and hence their prospects and choices, would understandably be different.

選擇在美國(guó)貧窮的狀態(tài)。
或者在任何自由主義的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中，無(wú)論是在西方還是別的地方。
在我開(kāi)始解釋原因之前，請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我盡可能清楚地說(shuō)明一下，我把這個(gè)問(wèn)題看作是特別向我提出的選擇（即“你更愿意是X還是Y…”，而不是“一般來(lái)說(shuō)是X還是Y更好”）。
我不代表所有的人，只代表我自己。
這是很重要的，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都是在獨(dú)特的環(huán)境下出生的，因此他們的前景和選擇會(huì)有所不同，這是可以理解的。

Three broad categories in which we all vary - natural talent, lottery of birth (i.e. family, class level, nation) and blind luck. Now since luck by its very nature is an intangible, it cannot be factored in (either favorably or adversely). So I’ll focus on the other two.
I was born with an exceptional amount of the first and a mixed quantity of the second (as for luck, I’d reckon that chance has been kinder to me than for most others).
I grew up in a lower-middle class household in India, but had a very loving and supportive family (and still do). Lower middle-class in India when I grew up in the 80s and 90s would hands down be considered to be decidedly worse than even poor in America in material terms.
To give you some sense of it, I was raised in a tiny apartment, one 300 square foot room for four people. We had space for only one bed for two, no gadgets like vacuum cleaners, washing machines or microwaves, no heating or cooling, no vacations out of town, no more than two toys and two sets of new clothes a year, we ate meat just once a week. That was pretty much all of my childhood until the age of 14.

我們都有不同的三大類(lèi)——天賦、出生(即家庭、階級(jí)、國(guó)家)和運(yùn)氣。既然運(yùn)氣本質(zhì)上是一種無(wú)形的東西，它就不能被考慮進(jìn)去(無(wú)論是好的還是壞的)。所以我重點(diǎn)講一下另外兩個(gè)。
我從出生以來(lái)，就有大量的第一個(gè)，第二個(gè)是混合的（至于運(yùn)氣，我想這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)比其他大多數(shù)人都要好）。
我在印度的一個(gè)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的家庭里長(zhǎng)大，有一個(gè)非常有愛(ài)心和支持我的家庭（現(xiàn)在仍然如此）。我在80年代和90年代長(zhǎng)大時(shí)，印度的中下階層在物質(zhì)上要比美國(guó)的窮人差得多。
給你一點(diǎn)感覺(jué)，我是在一個(gè)小公寓里長(zhǎng)大的，一個(gè)300平方英尺的房間，可以住四個(gè)人。我們只有一張雙人床的空間，沒(méi)有吸塵器、洗衣機(jī)或微波爐之類(lèi)的小玩意，沒(méi)有暖氣或制冷，不能外出度假，一年里面不超過(guò)兩個(gè)玩具和兩套新衣服，我們每周只吃一次肉。 那幾乎是我14歲之前的童年。

But I consider it to have been an immensely happy period of my life.
It isn’t some romanticizing, there were solid reasons why I was fortunate despite all of the above.
I had no dearth of love or attention from my parents (and a solid amount of disciplining as well), a little sister who plainly adored me, plenty of friends, I did very well in school .
Relative poverty matters.
Some might consider this arrogant, but if I could rise from poor in a poor nation to upper middle class in the richest nation on earth, I’ll bet fair money that I would have had an easier time doing the same starting out in a rich nation from that same station in terms of wealth.
Let me put it in another way. The West (Americans specifically) paid for my education and even living expenses in full and I wasn’t even a citizen from their nation. You actually then think I would have been accorded any worse if I had actually been born here?

我認(rèn)為這是我一生中非常幸福的一段時(shí)期。
這并不是什么浪漫的事，盡管有上述種種，我還是有充分的理由來(lái)感到幸運(yùn)的。
我并不缺乏父母的愛(ài)和關(guān)注（還有嚴(yán)格的要求），一個(gè)很崇拜我的小妹妹，有很多朋友，我在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)很好。
相對(duì)貧窮很重要。
有些人可能會(huì)認(rèn)為這種說(shuō)法是很傲慢的，但如果我能從一個(gè)貧窮國(guó)家的窮人上升到地球上最富裕國(guó)家的中上階層，我敢打賭，從財(cái)富的角度來(lái)看，我在一個(gè)富裕國(guó)家做同樣的事情會(huì)更容易。
我換個(gè)說(shuō)法吧。西方(特別是美國(guó)人)全額支付了我的教育費(fèi)甚至生活費(fèi)，而我甚至不是他們國(guó)家的公民。你真的認(rèn)為如果我真的出生在這里，我會(huì)得到更差的待遇嗎？

Give a man three things - talent, ambition and a loving family.
You can then put him in most places of the planet as you please, I swear he’ll find a way to make a fist of it. And if he cannot do it in that place, he will find a way somehow to get to another place where he can exploit his abilities.
This isn’t just the case with me but also played out in similar fashion with the two men I love the most - my closest friend and my father. The first who is now a lieutenant colonel grew straight-up in the slums of Mumbai, not in even a shoebox like I did (because at least I lived in one made of brick unlike him).

無(wú)論你在哪里，富有總是更好的。 只要你有財(cái)富，你就有選擇和機(jī)會(huì)。 貧窮剝奪了人們的權(quán)利。關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一個(gè)假設(shè)是，在美國(guó)的話(huà)，生活在某種程度上是可取的。這可能在20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代都是真的，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的生活水平一直領(lǐng)先于世界。那些時(shí)代已經(jīng)過(guò)去很久了。在犯罪、醫(yī)療保健、教育等方面以及在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展和武器發(fā)展以外的每一個(gè)主要指標(biāo)上，美國(guó)就像一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，而不是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。

As for the second, my father grew up in far greater privation. Raised in a remote village in the 50s and 60s in conditions which would make people in the West think that I was plainly making shit up if I were to describe those conditions which are but one generation away among my ancestors.
As bare bones as my childhood might seem to Westerners, I had far more in material terms than Dad who grew up with no electricity, no plumbing, no running water, no electronics (except for a radio), no doctors. Not little or scarce quantities of those, I mean nothing of any of those. Which even the poor in the West could take for granted even in those times.

至于我父親是在更加貧困的環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)大的。他在50年代和60年代的一個(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)的村莊長(zhǎng)大，那里的條件會(huì)讓西方人認(rèn)為，如果我要描述那些離我的祖先只有一代之遙的條件，那我顯然是在胡說(shuō)八道。
在西方人看來(lái)，我的童年可能是算最基本的，但就物質(zhì)而言，我就比父親擁有的要多得多，父親在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中沒(méi)有電，沒(méi)有管道，沒(méi)有自來(lái)水，沒(méi)有電子設(shè)備(除了收音機(jī))，沒(méi)有醫(yī)生。不是很少或很少的數(shù)量，我指的是任何一個(gè)都缺乏。即使在那個(gè)時(shí)代，西方的窮人也認(rèn)為這是理所當(dāng)然的。

He too cherishes his childhood, but he made a fist of it. My little sister and I have then built up on that foundation which that man laid down with such mettle.
Just so you know I’m hardly some kind of exception in that regard!
But then what about the other option - being rich in a poor nation?
There most certainly are some serious advantages to be had from the “rich person” part of that equation. But also some significant disadvantages to be had from the “poor nation” part of it.
The key thing to understand here is that the advantages are not of much consequence to me, but the disadvantages matter a lot to me.

無(wú)論你在哪里，富有總是更好的。 只要你有財(cái)富，你就有選擇和機(jī)會(huì)。 貧窮剝奪了人們的權(quán)利。關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一個(gè)假設(shè)是，在美國(guó)的話(huà)，生活在某種程度上是可取的。這可能在20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代都是真的，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的生活水平一直領(lǐng)先于世界。那些時(shí)代已經(jīng)過(guò)去很久了。在犯罪、醫(yī)療保健、教育等方面以及在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展和武器發(fā)展以外的每一個(gè)主要指標(biāo)上，美國(guó)就像一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，而不是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。

The advantages largely boil down to two things (as other answers mention here very correctly) -
1. Access to cheap human labor.
2. Ability to flout the law.
As for the cheap labor part, the utility would be marginal for me. I’ve been living on my own and taking care of myself since I was sixteen. I’m used to it by now. Sure it would be nice to be able to hire someone but the fact is that modern gadgets make those things easy in my eyes at any rate.
As for abusing the law, I don’t care for that either. I see no need for it and I don’t like living in places like that because that is always a double-edged sword.

優(yōu)勢(shì)主要?dú)w結(jié)為以下兩點(diǎn)（其他答案在這里非常準(zhǔn)確地提到了）
1.獲得廉價(jià)的人類(lèi)勞動(dòng)力。
2.濫用法律的能力。
至于廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力的部分，作用對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是微乎其微的。我從16歲起就一直獨(dú)自生活，自己照顧自己。我已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了。當(dāng)然，能雇一個(gè)人會(huì)很好，但事實(shí)是，但事實(shí)是，現(xiàn)代的小玩意兒讓這些東西在我眼里無(wú)論如何都很容易。至于濫用法律，我也不在乎。我認(rèn)為沒(méi)有必要去這樣做，我也不喜歡住在這樣的地方，因?yàn)槟强偸且话央p刃劍。
我眼里無(wú)論如何都很容易。

Which brings me to the disadvantages.
No matter how rich you may be in a poor nation, you still have to deal with such things as pollution, lack of infrastructure and corrupt officials. When I visit Mumbai (the place of my birth) every couple of years or so, I see expensive cars still having to drive through narrow streets in thick traffic through thickly polluted air. You can’t just escape all of that. You still need to bribe officials not to get special treatment but even to have them do their regular job (though things are better now than they once were at least in some offices).
No amount of wealth is going to insulate you from all of those things.
Not unless you wall yourself off in some kind of tiny gated community and who the hell wants to live like that? I certainly don’t. I like people, I like being around them, I would hate living in such a proverbial cage of gold, limited in interaction with just a tiny sliver of the population at large.
But the more pernicious part is that while as a rich person you can abuse the law, there are always those above you who can abuse you.
If I am a well-to-do businessman, I could beat my house servant and pay the police. And in the same way the local politician can also have me beaten or rape my wife and pay the police.

這讓我想到了缺點(diǎn)。
在一個(gè)貧窮的國(guó)家里，不管你是多么富有，你仍然要面對(duì)諸如污染、缺乏基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和面對(duì)腐敗官員等問(wèn)題。當(dāng)我每隔幾年左右到訪(fǎng)孟買(mǎi)（我出生的地方）時(shí)，我看到昂貴的汽車(chē)仍然不得不在擁擠的交通中穿過(guò)那狹窄的街道，穿過(guò)污染嚴(yán)重的空氣。你不能逃避這一切。你仍然需要賄賂官員，不是為了得到特殊的待遇，而是為了讓他們做他們的日常工作（盡管現(xiàn)在的情況比以前好了，至少在一些辦公室是這樣的）。
再多的財(cái)富也不會(huì)讓你遠(yuǎn)離這些東西。
除非你把你自己關(guān)在一個(gè)小小的封閉社區(qū)里，可誰(shuí)會(huì)愿意這樣生活呢？我當(dāng)然不喜歡。我喜歡和人聯(lián)系，我喜歡和他們?cè)谝黄穑矣憛捝钤谶@樣一個(gè)眾所周知的黃金籠子里，與一小部分人的交往都受到限制。
但更不好的部分是，雖然作為一個(gè)富人，你可以擁有濫用法律的權(quán)利，但總是有那些比你更高段位的人可以欺負(fù)你。
如果我是一個(gè)富裕的商人，我可以打我的傭人并報(bào)警。同樣地，當(dāng)?shù)氐恼鸵部梢詺蛭一蛘邚?qiáng)奸我的妻子，然后去報(bào)警。

If a man who is significantly more powerful than you wants something you have, he will take it. The police and courts will not only be of no recourse, but the former might even aid him.
In the jungle, every predator is also prey to another above it in the food chain.
The frog swallows up the fly, the serpent eats the frog, the mongoose tears up the serpent, the wolf devours the mongoose and the tiger then kills the wolf.
Pick your station then as both predator and prey.
You think that corruption will only work for you and never against you?

無(wú)論你在哪里，富有總是更好的。 只要你有財(cái)富，你就有選擇和機(jī)會(huì)。 貧窮剝奪了人們的權(quán)利。關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一個(gè)假設(shè)是，在美國(guó)的話(huà)，生活在某種程度上是可取的。這可能在20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代都是真的，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的生活水平一直領(lǐng)先于世界。那些時(shí)代已經(jīng)過(guò)去很久了。在犯罪、醫(yī)療保健、教育等方面以及在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展和武器發(fā)展以外的每一個(gè)主要指標(biāo)上，美國(guó)就像一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，而不是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。

Even if you’re not corrupt, you will always need to be watchful unless you’re something like a big politician or super-rich businessman.
In places like Mumbai even if you are rich you’re targeted by the local Mafia.
And unlike the U.S. where the Mafia doesn’t mess with you as a private businessman unless you first go to them, that is not the case there. Here’s the best part - even with such unsavory matters as extortion, the Mafia model in say New York City is “Pay us and we’ll guarantee you won’t be harmed by us or anyone else.” They have their turfs divided clearly. In Mumbai the model is “Pay us and the only thing we guarantee is that we won’t harm you. But you’re still fair game for any other gangs!”

即使你沒(méi)有腐敗，你也需要時(shí)刻保持警惕，除非你是一個(gè)像大政客或者超級(jí)富豪這樣的商人。
在像孟買(mǎi)這樣的地方，即使你很富有，你也會(huì)成為當(dāng)?shù)睾谑贮h的目標(biāo)。
與美國(guó)不同的是，黑手黨不會(huì)把你當(dāng)成一個(gè)私有的商人，除非你主動(dòng)去找他們，但事實(shí)并非如此。最棒的是——即使有勒索這樣令人討厭的事情，紐約市的黑手黨模式是“付錢(qián)給我們，我們保證你不會(huì)受到我們或任何其他人的傷害?！彼麄兊膮^(qū)域劃分得很清楚。在孟買(mǎi)，這種模式是“付錢(qián)給我們，我們唯一能保證的是我們不會(huì)傷害你。但你對(duì)其他幫派來(lái)說(shuō)還是公平的！”

There was a time in Mumbai when I was growing up in the early 90s, where the Mafia would simply go to very expensive car dealerships and look up the list of recent buyers and straight away start calling down that list to extort money. Very efficient really, it was a criminal kind of ‘sales cold calls’. Let alone businessmen, property developers and movie producers, they even started choosing doctors.
No, I would prefer not to live like that.
Wealth can be downright dangerous in such circumstances, especially if you are a law-abiding citizen.

無(wú)論你在哪里，富有總是更好的。 只要你有財(cái)富，你就有選擇和機(jī)會(huì)。 貧窮剝奪了人們的權(quán)利。關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一個(gè)假設(shè)是，在美國(guó)的話(huà)，生活在某種程度上是可取的。這可能在20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代都是真的，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的生活水平一直領(lǐng)先于世界。那些時(shí)代已經(jīng)過(guò)去很久了。在犯罪、醫(yī)療保健、教育等方面以及在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展和武器發(fā)展以外的每一個(gè)主要指標(biāo)上，美國(guó)就像一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，而不是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。

Of course on balance it is vastly better to be rich than poor, especially in a developing nation. But in terms of your own safety from being predated upon the powerful (especially corrupt and even criminal politicians), it is often not nearly as good as even that of a middle-class citizen in the West. I suspect that it won’t be any different whether in Lagos, Caracas, Cairo or Manila.
I know I’ll get crap from some Indians for saying all of the above. And let me not overstate the case. India has come a long way since when I was raised there in the 80s and 90s. And she is still head and shoulders above many other nations. She has a free press, a people who predominantly follow a very tolerant and I daresay wise faith (Hinduism) and a reasonably good life in material terms by global standards for her upper-middle and upper classes.

當(dāng)然，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，富裕比貧窮要好得多，尤其是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。但就你自己的安全而言，不被強(qiáng)權(quán)（尤其是腐敗甚至犯罪的政客）掠奪，這往往遠(yuǎn)不如西方中產(chǎn)階級(jí)公民的安全。我懷疑無(wú)論是在拉各斯、加拉加斯、開(kāi)羅還是馬尼拉都不會(huì)有什么不同。
我知道我會(huì)因?yàn)樯厦嫠f(shuō)的話(huà)而受到一些印度人的指責(zé)。讓我不要夸大其詞。自從我80年代和90年代在印度長(zhǎng)大以來(lái)，印度已經(jīng)走過(guò)了漫長(zhǎng)的道路。她仍然遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先于許多其他國(guó)家。她有一個(gè)自由的媒體，一個(gè)主要遵循非常寬容的人，我敢說(shuō)她是明智的信仰(印度教)的民族，按照全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，她的中上層階級(jí)物質(zhì)生活相當(dāng)好。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

But I’m being asked to make a straight up comparison here in the way I would play it between the choices. Never mind that many will take this as my passing judgment on the choices in general (which as I said is neither the nature of the question nor of my answer).
There are also other such considerations as how I think that the poor in America are not screwed as much for lack of material as they are for being born into broken homes. Yes, that is a crippling blow by fortune. But as I have said, the gods smiled on me very generously in that key aspect and continue to do so. If we now start taking away all personal characteristics outside of the two precise factors explicitly put into play (i.e. nation/location and wealth status), then of course all bets are off, and it’s a total crapshoot.
This then is not even a matter of that proverbial choice between being “king in hell versus the doorkeeper in heaven”.
The point is that I would choose the latter precisely because men of my stripe won’t stay limited as doorkeepers for long.

但是我被要求在這里做一個(gè)直接的比較，我會(huì)在兩個(gè)選擇之間進(jìn)行比較。不用擔(dān)心，許多人會(huì)把這作為我對(duì)總體選擇的判斷(正如我所說(shuō)的，這既不是問(wèn)題的本質(zhì)，也不是我的答案)。
還有其他類(lèi)似的考慮，比如我認(rèn)為美國(guó)的窮人并不是因?yàn)槿狈ξ镔|(zhì)而受到折磨，而是因?yàn)樗麄兂錾谄扑榈募彝ダ?。是的，那是命運(yùn)的致命一擊。但正如我所說(shuō)，眾神在這一關(guān)鍵方面對(duì)我非常慷慨地微笑，并繼續(xù)這樣做。如果我們現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始剔除明確發(fā)揮作用的兩個(gè)確切因素（即國(guó)家/地區(qū)和財(cái)富狀況）之外的所有個(gè)人特征，那么當(dāng)然所有的賭注都被取消了，這完全是一派胡言。
這甚至不是眾所周知的“地獄之王與天堂的守門(mén)人”之間的選擇”。
關(guān)鍵是，我會(huì)選擇后者，正是因?yàn)橄裎疫@樣的男人不會(huì)長(zhǎng)期被限制為看門(mén)人。