Jessica Su
I am an above-average student at Caltech. I don't think I study particularly hard, but I do

我是加州理工學(xué)院的中上水平學(xué)生。我并不覺得自己特別努力學(xué)習(xí)，但我確實(shí)做到以下幾點(diǎn)：

Get 8-9 hours of sleep a night. This allows me to go to class well-rested and do my problem sets with greater efficiency.

每晚睡8-9個(gè)小時(shí)。這讓我能精神飽滿地去上課，并且更高效地完成作業(yè)。

Always go to class. Even if the lectures are not useful, they serve to structure my day. Having lots of free time creates diminishing returns for me - three hours isn't too different from four hours, but having one block of three hours and one block of one hour is significantly better.

一定要去上課。即使有些講座沒什么用，但它們可以幫我安排好一天的時(shí)間。對(duì)我來說，空閑時(shí)間太多會(huì)導(dǎo)致效益遞減——三小時(shí)和四小時(shí)的差別不大，但如果有一段三小時(shí)的時(shí)間和一段一小時(shí)的時(shí)間，就明顯更好了。

Spend a lot of time working on my problem sets before I ask others for help. I like to think that all my time spent getting nowhere on problem sets gives me a deeper understanding of the material. And I don't know about you, but I find it way easier to concentrate when there's no one else in the room.

在向別人尋求幫助之前，我會(huì)花很多時(shí)間自己做作業(yè)。我覺得，即使在作業(yè)上花了很多時(shí)間沒有什么進(jìn)展，也會(huì)讓我對(duì)材料有了更深的理解。我不知道你怎么想，但我發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)房間里沒有其他人時(shí)，我更容易集中注意力。

Start my sets the day they come out (at least for the first few weeks!). You'll probably spend more time on them, but being ahead will boost your morale. Plus you'll have time to go to office hours and you won't feel pressured to pull an all-nighter on the last day.

我在作業(yè)發(fā)布的當(dāng)天就開始做（至少在前幾周是這樣?。?。你可能會(huì)花更多的時(shí)間在作業(yè)上，但提前完成會(huì)提升你的士氣。此外，你還會(huì)有時(shí)間去參加辦公時(shí)間（教授或助教的答疑時(shí)間），這樣你就不會(huì)在最后一天因?yàn)橼s不完作業(yè)而感到壓力大到熬夜了。

For some classes, I read the book before going to lecture. Try and have a schedule for reading the book so you don't slack off. Also, you won't have time to read the book for all your classes, so choose wisely.

對(duì)于某些課程，我在上課前會(huì)先讀課本。試著為讀書安排一個(gè)計(jì)劃，這樣你就不會(huì)懈怠。此外，你不可能有時(shí)間讀完所有課程的書，所以要明智地選擇。

Use the Mac app SelfControl to block Quora, Facebook, and other distractions during the day. I promise I'll turn it on after this answer!

使用 Mac 應(yīng)用中的一個(gè)叫自我控制的APP來阻止你白天瀏覽 Quora、Facebook 和其他分心的內(nèi)容。我保證在我答完這個(gè)問題之后就會(huì)開啟這個(gè)APP！

Oh, and for math classes, you really have to read the proofs. Don't be one of those students who skips over them because they have no relevance to the problem sets. Reading the proofs will build up your mathematical maturity, just like lifting weights builds your muscles.

哦，在數(shù)學(xué)課上，你確實(shí)需要閱讀數(shù)學(xué)證明題。不要成為那些跳過數(shù)學(xué)證明的學(xué)生，因?yàn)樗麄冇X得這些證明與作業(yè)無關(guān)。但實(shí)際上，閱讀數(shù)學(xué)證明可以幫助你提高數(shù)學(xué)能力，就像舉重可以增強(qiáng)肌肉一樣。

David Koh
I did pretty well at MIT, and there's a few things that I did there that haven't been mentioned yet.

我在麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT）的表現(xiàn)相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)，有一些我在那里做的事情還沒有被提到過。

The most important thing is to keep track of how good your understanding is of the material. I saw a lot of people thought that they understood what was going on in a class, but could easily get tripped up by the basics even after the class had moved onto more advanced topics. Having a thorough understanding of the basics is particularly key, because most advanced material is really just an extension of the basics.

最重要的一點(diǎn)是要時(shí)刻掌握你對(duì)課程內(nèi)容的理解程度。我見過很多人認(rèn)為自己理解了課堂上的內(nèi)容，但即使在課程進(jìn)入更高階的主題后，他們?nèi)匀缓苋菀妆换A(chǔ)知識(shí)絆倒。對(duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的透徹理解尤為關(guān)鍵，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)高階內(nèi)容實(shí)際上只是基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的延伸。

For most mathy, computer science topics, there's really two parts to understanding. The first is intuition, which for me always meant being able to build a mental model of whatever I was studying in my head. Usually, working out examples helps with the intuition. The second is knowing how to formally reason about the topic, which usually involves being able to work through examples step by step using logic and/or algebra, and is especially key for proofs in math and algorithms. Most good students learn the rules for formal manipulation fairly well, but without a good intuition it becomes harder to deal with more complex problems, where the correct path is not immediately clear.

對(duì)于大多數(shù)涉及數(shù)學(xué)或計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的主題來說，理解實(shí)際上分為兩部分。第一部分是直覺理解，這對(duì)我來說通常意味著能夠在腦海中構(gòu)建出所研究內(nèi)容的心智模型。通常，通過解決例子有助于培養(yǎng)這種直覺。第二部分是知道如何正式地推理這個(gè)主題，這通常涉及通過邏輯和/或代數(shù)一步步地解決例子，對(duì)于數(shù)學(xué)證明和算法來說尤其重要。大多數(shù)優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生能很好地掌握形式化操作的規(guī)則，但如果沒有良好的直覺，在面對(duì)更復(fù)雜的問題時(shí)，正確的解題路徑可能不會(huì)立即顯現(xiàn)出來，這就變得更難處理。

Another important thing, especially at top schools, is time management. If one class just clicks for you and you get it easily, and another class is really hard, you should be able to spend less time on the first in order to spend more on the second. Good students study smart, not hard (great students usually do both).

另一個(gè)重要的事情，尤其是在頂尖學(xué)校，就是時(shí)間管理。如果一門課對(duì)你來說很容易，你能夠輕松掌握，而另一門課卻非常難，那么你應(yīng)該能夠在第一門課上花費(fèi)較少的時(shí)間，以便在第二門課上花更多時(shí)間。優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生會(huì)聰明地學(xué)習(xí)，而不是盲目努力（頂尖的學(xué)生通常兩者都做到）。

Here's some tips broken down by part of the class:

以下是按課程部分分類的一些建議：

Lecture

講座

I find that in lecture, one of three things happens for me: (1) Everything goes too fast and I get lost. (2) I can follow what the professor is doing and I understand what they're talking about. (3) The professor is going kind of slow, and I can usually get a good idea of where they're going before they say it.

在講座中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己通常會(huì)遇到以下三種情況之一：
（1）一切進(jìn)展得太快，我跟不上。
（2）我能夠跟上教授的講解，并理解他們在說什么。
（3）教授講得比較慢，我通常在他們講之前就已經(jīng)大致明白他們要說的內(nèi)容了。

In case (1), it usually means that I'm going to need to do extra work beforehand and afterwards in order to get anything out of lecture. This usually means doing the readings beforehand, and going over the lecture notes afterwards until I feel confident I know what the professor was talking about. Office hours and recitation are also great places to ask to have something explained again, and hopefully this time in a way you can understand.

在情況（1）中，通常意味著我需要在課前和課后額外做一些工作才能從講座中獲得收獲。這通常包括課前閱讀相關(guān)材料，以及課后復(fù)習(xí)講座筆記，直到我對(duì)教授講解的內(nèi)容感到有把握。辦公時(shí)間和輔導(dǎo)課也是很好的地方，可以請(qǐng)教教授或助教再次解釋某些內(nèi)容，希望這次能用一種你能理解的方式來講解。

In case (2), I usually don't worry too much about doing readings beforehand, but I will go over the lecture notes, since usually there are some things I didn't realize I missed. The key thing to know here is that I never really feel like I understand the material yet at this stage, since I usually know the 'how' but not the 'why'. The 'why' typically comes with problem sets.

在情況（2）中，我通常不會(huì)太擔(dān)心提前閱讀材料，但會(huì)復(fù)習(xí)講座筆記，因?yàn)橥ǔ?huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一些自己沒注意到的遺漏。關(guān)鍵是，在這個(gè)階段，我通常還不會(huì)完全理解材料，因?yàn)槲彝ǔＶ懒恕霸趺醋觥?，但不清楚“為什么這樣做”?！盀槭裁础蓖ǔＪ窃谧鲎鳂I(yè)時(shí)才會(huì)明白的。

In case (3), I may skim the lecture notes, but otherwise I'm usually good. Case (3) usually only happens when I've seen some of the material before anyway, so I usually have a pretty good idea of how well I know it.

在情況（3）中，我可能會(huì)快速瀏覽講座筆記，但通常沒什么問題。情況（3）通常發(fā)生在我之前已經(jīng)見過一些材料的時(shí)候，所以我通常對(duì)自己掌握的程度有一個(gè)比較清晰的了解。

One last tip that I think is really key for lecture is to try to understand how the professor thinks and where they're coming from. For instance, my math professor for Real Analysis always thought of the concepts he was teaching in terms of metaphors and visuals, and he would always start with that, and then tie it into the rigorous math. From that, I knew what the structure of the lecture would be and also that I would get good intuition from the professor (but he might leave out some of the rigor). In contrast, I had another professor in Probability who did everything through equations, which meant I got most of my intuition about topics from the book.

最后一個(gè)對(duì)講座非常重要的建議是，盡量理解教授的思維方式和教學(xué)出發(fā)點(diǎn)。例如，我的實(shí)分析課程教授總是通過隱喻和視覺化的方式來解釋概念，他會(huì)先用這些方法來引導(dǎo)我們，然后再深入到嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臄?shù)學(xué)證明中。這讓我能夠了解講座的整體結(jié)構(gòu)，并從教授那里獲得很好的直覺（但他可能會(huì)省略一些嚴(yán)格的數(shù)學(xué)細(xì)節(jié)）。而在我另一門概率課程中，教授主要通過方程式來講解內(nèi)容，這意味著我對(duì)這些主題的直覺大部分來自于課本。

Problem Sets

習(xí)題集

Problem sets are usually the best place to find out how well you actually understand the material. Always start them alone, because if someone else gives you the key intuition for a problem right at the beginning, they've just prevented you from finding a hole in your own understanding you didn't know was there.

問題集通常是了解自己對(duì)教材理解程度的最佳途徑。一定要單獨(dú)開始做題，因?yàn)槿绻麆e人一開始就給了你問題的關(guān)鍵直覺，他們就會(huì)阻止你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己理解上的漏洞。

Here's how I typically do problem sets. First, read the whole thing, and then start on the easiest looking question. Work on it until you've either solved it, or you're stuck and not sure what to do next. Then move to the next easiest question, and so on, until you've tried all of them. Which questions you can do and can't do right off the bat are good indicators of how well you understand a certain topic.

我通常是這樣做問題集的。首先，閱讀全文，然后從看起來最簡單的問題開始。直到你解決了這道題，或者你卡住了，不知道下一步該怎么做。然后再做下一道最簡單的題，依此類推，直到把所有題目都做完。哪些問題你一開始就會(huì)做，哪些不會(huì)做，這些都是你對(duì)某個(gè)主題理解程度的良好指標(biāo)。

Once you've done a first pass of the problem set, take a short break, and then double down again on the problems, one at a time. If you get really stuck on a problem, skip it again, but I'll usually only do this if I spend more than half an hour without getting anywhere. You may try lots of things and hit lots of dead ends while working on problems this way, but that is good, because you are learning what doesn't work, which is something you can't usually learn in lecture (and is very important on tests).

做完第一遍問題集后，休息片刻，然后再重新做題，一次做一道題。如果你真的在某個(gè)問題上卡住了，就再跳一遍，但我通常只在花了半個(gè)多小時(shí)卻毫無進(jìn)展的情況下才會(huì)這么做。用這種方法做題時(shí)，你可能會(huì)嘗試很多方法，也可能會(huì)遇到很多死胡同，但這是好事，因?yàn)槟憧梢詫W(xué)到哪些方法是行不通的，而這是你在課堂上通常學(xué)不到的（這在考試中非常重要）。

Finally, once you've given all the problems a good, honest try, go and find help. Friends and classmates, TAs and professors are all good options. Hopefully, they can help you get unstuck on the problems you're still stuck on. At this point, you should be able to understand the solution they gave you, and if not, keep bugging them until you can.

最后，在你認(rèn)真嘗試解決所有問題后，去尋求幫助。朋友、同學(xué)、助教和教授都是很好的選擇。希望他們能幫助你解決仍然卡住的問題。此時(shí)，你應(yīng)該能夠理解他們給你的解決方案，如果還不能理解，就繼續(xù)問，直到你弄明白為止。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處


Studying for Tests

考試復(fù)習(xí)
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處


First thing I always did to get ready for a test: Find a practice exam, and do it cold, before you study at all, no notes or helpers. This will give you a very good idea of how well you know the material, and is likely to be an hour or two well spent. Make sure you skip things that haven't been covered yet, if the test is from an older version of the class. If you can't solve a problem, note that down and move on.

我準(zhǔn)備考試時(shí)總是首先做的事情是：找一份練習(xí)考試，并在完全不參考任何筆記或幫助的情況下直接做一遍。這將給你一個(gè)非常好的了解，知道自己對(duì)材料掌握得如何，這通常是非常值得花一兩個(gè)小時(shí)的。確保跳過那些尚未講過的內(nèi)容，如果練習(xí)考試是舊版本的。若遇到解決不了的問題，記下來并繼續(xù)做其他部分。

Review the test and see what you didn't know. These are the things that are most important to study. The other key thing to do is see what topics weren't covered on the test, and make sure you study those as well. If you can find another test that did have a problem on that topic, I suggest doing that problem as well, to test your understanding.

復(fù)習(xí)考試并查看你不知道的內(nèi)容。這些就是你最需要重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容。另一個(gè)關(guān)鍵是查看測試中沒有涉及的主題，確保你也學(xué)習(xí)這些內(nèi)容。如果你能找到另一個(gè)包含這些主題問題的測試，我建議你做這些問題，以檢驗(yàn)?zāi)愕睦斫狻?/b>

Another good technique is to make a list of all the topics on the test, and see how much the class has covered those topics. This gives you a good idea of how hard the problems on those topics will be. If you've had a lot of problems or lectures on a topic, the test will probably have more advanced problems about it, but probably fewer. Conversely, if you've only covered a topic a couple times, the test will probably give you easier problems, but there might be more of them. This is just a rule of thumb and is sometimes completely off, but it is often helpful to guide studying.

另一個(gè)好方法是列出測試中所有的主題，并查看課堂上已經(jīng)覆蓋了多少這些主題。這可以給你一個(gè)很好的了解，知道這些主題上的問題會(huì)有多難。如果你在某個(gè)主題上做了很多題目或聽了很多講座，考試中可能會(huì)有更高級(jí)的問題，但數(shù)量可能較少。相反，如果你只覆蓋了某個(gè)主題幾次，考試中可能會(huì)給你更簡單的問題，但可能會(huì)有更多。這只是一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則，有時(shí)可能完全不適用，但通常對(duì)指導(dǎo)學(xué)習(xí)很有幫助。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處


Non-trivial problems - I consider test problems that require an extra insight which was not necessarily taught in class to be a special class of problems. There's not one good way to prepare for them, since you don't really know what's coming, but having a really solid intuition of the basics is usually really helpful. Also, a good understanding of general related topics can be invaluable, which means just being a good all around student will probably help you on the hardest tests.

對(duì)于非平凡的問題——我將那些需要額外見解而課堂上沒有明確教授的問題視為特殊類型的問題。沒有一種好的準(zhǔn)備方法，因?yàn)槟悴恢罆?huì)遇到什么，但對(duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)有非常扎實(shí)的直覺通常很有幫助。此外，對(duì)相關(guān)一般主題的良好理解也可能非常寶貴，這意味著，成為一個(gè)全面優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生可能會(huì)幫助你在最難的考試中取得好成績。

Help other people study! Explaining concepts you think you understand is a great way to find out where the gaps in your knowledge are. If you don't know anyone who needs help with the class, find someone who already knows the material and "teach" it to them. They will be able to tell you what you didn't talk about, or things that you got wrong, and they may be able to ask questions you don't know the answers to (and then answer them for you)

幫助別人學(xué)習(xí)！解釋你認(rèn)為自己理解的概念是發(fā)現(xiàn)知識(shí)盲點(diǎn)的好方法。如果你不知道有誰需要幫助，找一個(gè)已經(jīng)掌握了這些材料的人，并“教”他們。這樣，他們可以告訴你你沒有提到的內(nèi)容，或你講錯(cuò)的地方，他們可能會(huì)提出你不知道答案的問題（并為你解答）。

Taking Tests

考試技巧

You can probably find tons of test taking tips elsewhere, so I'll stick to the basics here. Read the whole test beforehand, start with the easiest problems first, followed by the ones that are worth the most points (if you know how much they're worth).
If you get stuck on a problem, make sure you show work up to where you are, and go to a different one. Partial credit on everything is good.

你可以在其他地方找到很多考試技巧，所以我這里只講一些基本的要點(diǎn)。首先通讀整份試卷，然后從最簡單的問題開始答，接著做那些分值最高的問題（如果你知道它們的分值的話）。如果你在某個(gè)問題上卡住了，確保展示你已經(jīng)完成的步驟，然后轉(zhuǎn)到其他問題。部分得分是很有幫助的。

If you get stuck on a non-trivial problem which is really hard (and you're done with everything else), trying something that you're not sure if it works usually doesn't hurt, and sometimes the professor might give you partial credit if you were kind of close. If it feels good to your intuition but you can't justify it formally, you're probably not far off.

如果你在一個(gè)非常難的問題上卡住了（且其他問題都做完了），嘗試一些你不確定是否有效的方法通常不會(huì)有壞處，有時(shí)教授可能會(huì)因?yàn)槟憬咏_答案而給予部分得分。如果這個(gè)方法在直覺上感覺不錯(cuò)，但你不能正式證明它，那么你可能離正確答案不遠(yuǎn)了。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處


Finally, one last note: If you feel like you're starting to get overwhelmed by a class, don't lose hope! Go back to the basics, and learn them again. If the class is moving too fast for you, you have to go back, put in the time to learn it at your own speed, and build up your understanding piece by piece. Often, advanced concepts are built up one simple step at a time from the basic concepts, and if you missed some of the steps in the middle, it's easy to feel like nothing makes any sense anymore.

最后一點(diǎn)：如果你感覺自己開始被課程壓得喘不過氣來，不要失去希望！回到基礎(chǔ)，再次學(xué)習(xí)這些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。如果課程進(jìn)度對(duì)你來說太快，你需要回到前面，以自己的速度花時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)，并一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地建立理解。通常，先進(jìn)的概念是從基礎(chǔ)概念逐步建立起來的，如果你在中間遺漏了一些步驟，很容易覺得一切都沒有意義了。

Rob McQueen
I've been at MIT for the past four years in course 6 (Computer Science), and I'm currently studying for my last final exam (!!!). Here are some things that work for me:

在過去的四年里，我一直在麻省理工學(xué)院攻讀第六課程（計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)），目前正在復(fù)習(xí)最后一次期末考試（！?。。?。以下是一些對(duì)我有用的方法：

Teach it first: To understand new systems / concepts, stand up in front of a chalkboard and act as if you're teaching it to a class. When you get to a point you don't know how to explain, talk it out. Literally, stand up and talk to yourself; it works.

先試著教它：為了理解新的系統(tǒng)或概念，站在黑板前，假裝自己在給一班學(xué)生講課。當(dāng)你遇到一個(gè)不知道如何解釋的點(diǎn)時(shí)，把它說出來。真的，站起來對(duì)自己說，這很有效。

Diagram / Symbol: Once you understand something, create a visual diagram / symbol. Draw it on a piece of paper. Close your eyes and think about it in your head. Once you have the diagram / symbol, it will be very easy to remember how it works later on.

圖表/符號(hào)： 一旦你理解了什么，就創(chuàng)建一個(gè)可視化圖表/符號(hào)。把它畫在紙上。閉上眼睛，在腦海中思考。一旦有了圖表/符號(hào)，以后就很容易記住它是如何工作的。

Believe everything is easy and simple: You might not understand certain systems at first look, but if you approach it with a simple mind, you will do better. You won't think too much about the details and you will better understand the high-level picture.

相信一切都很容易和簡單： 乍一看，你可能無法理解某些系統(tǒng)，但如果你以簡單的心態(tài)對(duì)待它，你就會(huì)做得更好。你不會(huì)過多地考慮細(xì)節(jié)，而會(huì)更好地理解全局。

Sleep on it: Read a paper before you go to sleep and think about it as you doze off. When you wake up, it will be at least 50% easier to understand.

睡前思考： 睡前讀一篇論文，邊打瞌睡邊思考。當(dāng)你醒來時(shí)，理解起來至少會(huì)容易 50%。

Make sure you get enough sleep: It makes it incredibly easier to understand new systems when you are thinking clearly. If you're studying and things just aren't making sense, take a nap for 20 minutes. It may be just enough to get the lightbulb in your head to flicker.

確保睡眠充足： 當(dāng)你思維清晰時(shí)，理解新系統(tǒng)會(huì)變得無比容易。如果你在學(xué)習(xí)中遇到不明白的地方，可以小睡 20 分鐘。這也許足以讓你腦中的燈泡閃爍一下。

Discuss it with friends: Discussions help you gain new perspectives on how others think of systems. It might introduce variables you never thought about.

與朋友討論： 討論有助于你從新的角度了解他人是如何看待系統(tǒng)的。它可能會(huì)引入你從未想過的變量。

Marc Milgrom
I barely survived engineering at Cornell, but I did get better at it. I can tell you some things NOT to do, and what I've since learned better. Much of this comes from the Coursera course "Learning How to Learn," and its companion book, A Mind for Numbers, both of which I highly recommend.

在康奈爾大學(xué)攻讀工程學(xué)時(shí)，我勉強(qiáng)活了下來，但我確實(shí)學(xué)得更好了。我可以告訴你一些不應(yīng)該做的事情，以及我后來學(xué)得更好的東西。其中大部分內(nèi)容來自 Coursera 課程《學(xué)會(huì)如何學(xué)習(xí)》及其配套書籍《數(shù)字思維》，我強(qiáng)烈推薦這兩本書。

Get enough sleep-- your brain simply doesn't crystallize new information and function properly with insufficient sleep

充足的睡眠--睡眠不足時(shí)，大腦根本無法形成新的信息并正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

Don't cram: brain patterns form from spaced repetition of material and from practice, and it's very hard to learn and retain material all at once; computer science and other technical fields like science, engineering and math are inherently cumulative so retention of prior concepts to build new ones is necessary

不要填鴨式學(xué)習(xí)：大腦模式是通過有間隔地重復(fù)材料和練習(xí)形成的，很難一次性學(xué)習(xí)并保留所有材料；計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)以及科學(xué)、工程學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)等其他技術(shù)領(lǐng)域本身就是累積性的，因此有必要保留先前的概念以構(gòu)建新概念

Practice: the only way to get better at coding (I assume that's why you're in CS?) is to keep doing it and look at other people's code only after you've made attempts to solve problems yourself; likewise for math and engineering problems; just reviewing and understanding solutions creates what's called the "illusion of competence"

實(shí)踐：提高編碼水平的唯一途徑（我想這也是你學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的原因吧？）是不斷實(shí)踐，在嘗試自己解決問題之后再看別人的代碼；同樣，數(shù)學(xué)和工程問題也是如此；僅僅回顧和理解解決方案會(huì)造成所謂的 “能力錯(cuò)覺”。

In terms of studying, read the end of chapter summaries, notes, and problems first as a guide for what you'll be learning; this acts as a scaffold on which to hang the concepts as you learn them; at the end of a chapter, close the book and write down what you remember, then compare with the chapter summary

在學(xué)習(xí)方面，首先閱讀章末摘要、注釋和問題，作為學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的指南；這可以作為學(xué)習(xí)概念的支架；在一章結(jié)束時(shí)，合上書，寫下你所記住的內(nèi)容，然后與本章摘要進(jìn)行比較。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處


Work steadily in periods of 25-30 minutes (Pomodoro method) and then break for 5 minutes then perhaps move on to a related topic or other subject; your brain will keep processing the prior one in the background.

穩(wěn)定地工作 25-30 分鐘（Pomodoro 法），然后休息 5 分鐘，接著可能會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向相關(guān)主題或其他主題；你的大腦會(huì)在后臺(tái)繼續(xù)處理前一個(gè)主題。

Work and study in groups where allowed and appropriate, but a) come prepared to contribute and interact, b) only work with people you can actually WORK with, and leave if the sessions are dominated by goofing off (hard, I know), and c) work with people of varying skills and strengths who can both teach and learn from each other. You'll learn more from explaining your thinking to someone else than studying on your own.

在允許和適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下，分組工作和學(xué)習(xí)，但 a) 準(zhǔn)備好貢獻(xiàn)和互動(dòng)；b) 只與你能真正一起工作的人一起工作，如果會(huì)議以打鬧為主，就離開（很難，我知道）；c) 與不同技能和特長的人一起工作，他們既能相互傳授知識(shí)，也能相互學(xué)習(xí)。與自學(xué)相比，向別人解釋自己的想法會(huì)讓你學(xué)到更多。

Ben Leong
I was a decent student back when I was an MIT undergrad and now that I'm a prof, and I really want my students to do well. Every semester, I email them a lix to the following article by Cal

我在麻省理工學(xué)院讀本科時(shí)是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的學(xué)生，現(xiàn)在我是一名教授，我非常希望我的學(xué)生們能取得好成績。每學(xué)期，我都會(huì)給他們發(fā)郵件，讓他們鏈接下面這篇文章，作者是 Cal
鏈接：

Newport: http://calnewport.com/blog/2007/10/03/the-art-of-stealth-studying-how-to-earn-a-40-with-only-10-hours-of-work/, which pretty much summarizes everything in about a thousand words.
If you don't have time to read the article, the hypothesis is that your brain absorbs information best in small chunks, so the key simply is CONSISTENCY.

如果你沒有時(shí)間閱讀這篇文章，那么它的假設(shè)是，你的大腦吸收信息的最佳方式是小塊吸收，因此關(guān)鍵在于連貫性。

Learn topics that you are taught as soon as they are introduced in class and learn them well in small chunks. Do your problem sets diligently and put effort into understanding the material. Math requires practice if you want to solve questions consistently under exam conditions. How much practice you need will depend on your level of maturity (in Math).

課堂上一有課題，就立即學(xué)習(xí)，并分塊學(xué)好。勤做題集，努力理解教材。如果想在考試條件下穩(wěn)定地解題，數(shù)學(xué)需要練習(xí)。你需要多少練習(xí)取決于你的成熟程度（數(shù)學(xué)）。

Do not count on last minute cramming right before exams to do well. Cramming might work (i.e. get you decent grades in the exams) during the first two years when the material is relatively simple, but if you don't learn the basics well, you might end up having trouble with the more advanced material that will build on the basics. It might be hard to catch up once you have a gap in your understanding in the early years.

不要指望在考試前的最后一刻補(bǔ)習(xí)就能取得好成績。在教材相對(duì)簡單的前兩年，填鴨式學(xué)習(xí)可能會(huì)奏效（即在考試中取得不錯(cuò)的成績），但如果基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)學(xué)得不好，在學(xué)習(xí)建立在基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)之上的高級(jí)教材時(shí)可能會(huì)遇到困難。一旦在早年的學(xué)習(xí)中出現(xiàn)理解上的偏差，可能就很難迎頭趕上了。