亞伯拉罕·林肯是個好總統(tǒng)嗎?（下）

Richard Lobb
Why is Abraham Lincoln always regarded (as I read almost everywhere) as one of the best presidents (one of the best three in the most surveys) in the United States history?
I agree with a ranking that places Lincoln among our very best presidents. I have always felt Lincoln is in a group of three at the tippy-top of the presidents — consisting of Washington, Lincoln, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Washington because he did more than any other single person to create the nation and set it on its extraordinary course; Lincoln because he preserved the nation from dissolution; and FDR because he projected the nation onto the world stage. Feel free to argue, but that’s my view.

為什么亞伯拉罕·林肯（正如我?guī)缀踉谌魏蔚胤阶x到的）常被看作是美國歷史上最優(yōu)秀的總統(tǒng)之一（在許多調(diào)查中被列為最好的三位總統(tǒng)之一）？
我認(rèn)同將林肯列為我們最優(yōu)秀的總統(tǒng)之一的排名。我一直認(rèn)為林肯是頂尖的三位總統(tǒng)(包括喬治·華盛頓、亞伯拉罕·林肯和富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福)之一。華盛頓因?yàn)樗趪业膭?chuàng)立和確立其非凡的發(fā)展方向比任何其他個人都有著更多的貢獻(xiàn)；林肯因?yàn)樗S護(hù)了國家的完整，防止了國家的分裂；羅斯福則是因?yàn)樗麑彝葡蛄耸澜缥枧_盡管爭論吧，但這是我的觀點(diǎn)

Kade?
He did what was needed during the most brutal war American has ever been a part of as it happened on our own soil by our own countrymen. He led the country to victory for a noble cause which means he’s viewed favorably by the public today, especially because he was assassinated and people always hold great sympathy for those great people who died before their time….that being said if he had been president today he would have been torn to shreds for his crimes.

亞伯拉罕·林肯在美國歷史上最殘酷的戰(zhàn)爭中，也就是我們自己的土地上由同胞發(fā)起的戰(zhàn)爭中，做了必要的事。他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國家為了一個崇高的目標(biāo)取得了勝利，這就是為什么他今天在公眾中享有良好的聲譽(yù)，尤其是因?yàn)樗话禋ⅲ藗儗δ切┯⒛暝缡诺膫ゴ笕宋锟偸菓延袠O大的同情……話雖如此，如果他今天擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)，他可能會因?yàn)樽约旱淖镄斜粐?yán)厲譴責(zé)。

so Abraham Lincoln was a great president to achieve victory in war but he did actually commit offenses that would have seen him impeached after the war. He violated the constitution numerous times.
Lincolns most controversial action was that he suspended the writ of habeas corpus. This allowed him to imprison anyone and everyone that was viewed as a southern sympathizer without them having committed a crime or being told what specific crime they committed. If a modern president did this there would be outrage no matter the circumstances. It let Lincoln imprison any southern sympathizers indefinitely without fair trial.

所以，亞伯拉罕·林肯是一位在戰(zhàn)爭中取得勝利的偉大總統(tǒng)，但他確實(shí)犯了一些在戰(zhàn)后可能會被彈劾的過錯：他多次違反了憲法。
林肯最具爭議的行動之一是暫停了人身保護(hù)令。這使他能夠監(jiān)禁任何被視為南方同情者的人，而無需他們犯罪或被告知犯了什么具體罪行。如果現(xiàn)代總統(tǒng)這樣做，無論在什么情況下都會引起公憤。這讓林肯可以無限期地監(jiān)禁任何南方同情者，而無需公平審判。

He also used government suppression on the press to threaten any articles that painted the north unfavorably when that was the only way to get information back then.
He ordered the unx army into the south without the approval of congress which is needed under any circumstances at the time.
He ordered the arrest warrant of a Supreme Court justice who said Lincoln was breaking the constitution

他還利用政府壓制媒體，威脅任何對北方不利的報道，而那時這是獲取信息的唯一方式。
他未經(jīng)國會批準(zhǔn)就命令聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)進(jìn)入南方，而這在當(dāng)時任何情況下都其實(shí)是需要國會的批準(zhǔn)的。
他下令逮捕了一位最高法院大法官，該大法官聲稱林肯違反了憲法。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

and for immoral actions that are understood but frowned upon during war, he ordered a general to burn southern food and supplies that were meant for civilian use during the winter, and his non consented first attack killed 50,000 southern civilians.

在戰(zhàn)爭中，他還有一些被理解但不被認(rèn)可的不道德行為，比如他命令一位將軍焚燒了本應(yīng)供平民在冬季使用的食品和物資，而他那未經(jīng)同意的首次攻擊導(dǎo)致5萬名南方平民死亡。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

He was a GREAT military commander and president like George Washington. At the same time he broke several laws that would leave any president today impeached. So was he a good president? He was great for the COUNTRY in the long term. But he was very Machiavellian and believed that he could use whatever means necessary to win the war. That’s why I think it’s important we remember him as a great leader who shouldn’t be deified as this friendly and wise old man. He was very vicious when it came to winning even towards the unx and at certain points when the war was hard was closer to a dictator than a president.

他是一位偉大的軍事指揮官和總統(tǒng)，就像喬治·華盛頓一樣。但同時，他也違反了幾項(xiàng)法律——足以讓任何一位現(xiàn)代總統(tǒng)被彈劾。那么，他是一位好總統(tǒng)嗎？從長遠(yuǎn)來看，對國家而言，他是偉大的總統(tǒng)。但他非常崇尚馬基雅維利主義，堅信為了打贏戰(zhàn)爭可以采取任何必要的手段。這就是為什么我認(rèn)為記住他是一位不應(yīng)被神化的偉大領(lǐng)袖很重要，不應(yīng)該將他視為一個友好而明智的老人。在追求勝利的過程中，他表現(xiàn)得非常殘酷，甚至對聯(lián)邦自身也是如此。在戰(zhàn)爭特別艱難的時期，他的統(tǒng)治方式更像一個DC者，而不像一個總統(tǒng)。

William Murphy
What made Abraham Lincoln a great leader?
Lincoln was a very gifted politician. He could be very charming and persuasive in person, and even his political oponnents often found themselves liking him in spite of themselves. He was not a great public speaker, though he was capable of writing a brilliant speech; his Gettysburg Address was a brilliant summary both of the stakes of the civil war and his vision of the kind of country the U.S. should be, and it took only two minutes to deliver. His second inaugural address is, in my opinion, one of the two or three most important and best speeches ever delivered by an American president.

是什么讓亞伯拉罕·林肯成為偉大的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者？
林肯是一位非常有天賦的政治家。他在個人交往中非常有魅力和說服力，甚至連他的政治對手也常常在不自覺中對他產(chǎn)生好感。雖然他不是一位偉大的演講者，但他能夠?qū)懗鼍实难葜v搞；他的《葛底斯堡演說》既精彩地總結(jié)了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的利害關(guān)系，又闡明了他對美國應(yīng)成為何種國家的愿景，而他的演講僅用了兩分鐘。我的看法是，他的第二次就職演說是美國總統(tǒng)所發(fā)表的兩三篇最重要和出色的演講之一。

Lincoln was brilliant but lacked an ego. He was willing to work with members of Congress even if they were publicly very critical of him, and refused to take such criticism personally. In 1860, he was barely even a consideration for the Republican presidential nomination, as there were a half dozen more prominent candidates, but he outmaneuvered them for the nomination and then asked nearly all the men he defeated to serve in his cabinet, even though all of them thought they deserved to be president more than he did, because they were the best minds and leaders in his party and he knew he'd need their help.

林肯聰明卻不自負(fù)。他愿意與國會成員合作，即使他們公開批評他，也拒絕將這種批評個人化。在1860年，他幾乎沒有被考慮作為共和黨總統(tǒng)候選人，因?yàn)檫€有幾位更顯著的候選人，但他巧妙地獲得了提名，并邀請幾乎所有被他擊敗的人加入他的內(nèi)閣，盡管他們都認(rèn)為自己比他更適合擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)，因?yàn)樗麄兪撬h內(nèi)最優(yōu)秀的頭腦和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，他知道自己需要他們的幫助。

Lincoln was a rare leader whose personal and poltical gifts were exactly what was needed at the.moment of greatest crisis in U.S. history, and without him there would be no single, unified nation calling itself the United States of America today; there'd be at least two smaller, weaker nations (and probably more than two) where there is one U.S. today.

林肯是一位罕見的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，他的個人魅力和政治才能正是美國歷史上最大危機(jī)時刻所需的。如果沒有他，今天就沒有一個統(tǒng)一的國家稱為美利堅合眾國；今天的美國可能會是至少兩個更小、更弱的國家（可能還有更多）。

Nate Anderson
Why is Abraham Lincoln considered the best president?
For most people, Lincoln = (ending slavery) + (keeping the unx together)
Both events are viewed highly favorably and he's therefore considered one of the best.
What history has mostly forgotten is that in order to achieve those two key aspects of his legacy he also crippled state rights and strengthened the central government considerably.
For those who believe Democracy works best when power is decentralized (myself included), I have mixed feelings about Lincoln: On one hand, ending slavery and extending individual rights is unequivocally good and is a truly Democratic act. On the other hand, the byproduct of his approach was the long-term weakening of a different core aspect of our Republic.

為什么亞伯拉罕·林肯會被認(rèn)為是最好的總統(tǒng)呢？
對大多數(shù)人而言，林肯的形象等同于（廢除奴隸制）加上（維護(hù)聯(lián)邦的統(tǒng)一）。
這兩個成就都受到了高度的贊揚(yáng)，因此他被看作是最優(yōu)秀的總統(tǒng)之一。
然而，歷史往往忽略了，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這兩項(xiàng)遺產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵部分，他也嚴(yán)重?fù)p害了州權(quán)，并大幅加強(qiáng)了中央政府的權(quán)力。
對于那些認(rèn)為民主在權(quán)力下放時效果最佳的人來說——我也是其中之一——我對林肯有著復(fù)雜的看法：一方面，廢除奴隸制和擴(kuò)展個人權(quán)利無疑是極其正面的，是真正民主的行為。另一方面，他的做法間接導(dǎo)致了我們共和國另一個核心要素的逐漸弱化。

Renee Osborne McClean
Lincoln was an exceptional American leader because of his ability to use his perceived weaknesses as strengths and because his character was intrinsically decent and good. As historian Doris Kearns Goodwin points out in her book, “Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln”, Lincoln was a brilliant political strategist and positioned himself not as an extremist but as a consistent voice on moral policy as seen in the Republican Convention of 1859. He recognized the weaknesses in his opponents and sought to avoid those qualities in his character, “Finally, Lincoln’s profound and elevated sense of ambition — “an ambition”, Fehrenbacher observes, “notably free of pettiness, malice and overindulgence,” shared little common ground with Chase’s blatant obsession with office, Seward’s tendency towards opportunism, or the ambivalent ambition that led Bates to withdraw from public office. Though Lincoln desired success as fiercely as any of his rivals, he did not allow his quest for office to consume the kindness and openheartedness with which he treated supporters and rivals alike, and did not alter his steady commitment to the antislavery cause.” (Kearns Goodwin, p. 256).

林肯之所以成為一位非凡的美國領(lǐng)袖，是因?yàn)樗軌驅(qū)⒆约旱娜觞c(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化為優(yōu)勢，并且他本性善良、品格高尚。歷史學(xué)家多麗絲·基恩斯·古德溫（Doris Kearns Goodwin ）在她的書《對手團(tuán)隊(duì)：亞伯拉罕·林肯的政治天才》中指出，林肯是一位卓越的政治策略家，他沒有把自己定位為極端分子，而是在1859年的共和黨大會上，展現(xiàn)出了在道德政策上的堅定立場。他識別出對手的弱點(diǎn)，并努力避免自己出現(xiàn)同樣的問題?！白罱K，林肯深刻而高尚的抱負(fù)——費(fèi)倫巴赫評論說，這種抱負(fù)“顯著地沒有小氣、惡意和過度放縱”——與蔡斯對職位的明顯迷戀、西沃德的投機(jī)傾向，或貝茨因矛盾的抱負(fù)而退出公職的情況幾乎沒有共同點(diǎn)。盡管林肯像他的對手一樣渴望成功，但他沒有讓自己對職位的追求吞噬了他對支持者和對手一視同仁的善意和慷慨，也沒有改變自己對廢奴事業(yè)的堅定承諾。”（古德溫，第256頁）。

Another example of profiting from his rival’s character flaws was when he accepted the speaking engagement at Cooper unx which placed him on the national stage and whereas Salmon Chase declined because he saw it as too unimportant for him to attend. Eventually, Lincoln reached out to Salmon Chase, William Seward, and Edward Bates to join his political “family”, the Cabinet. He also recognized that his own perceived weaknesses could be used as strengths. For example, given the fact that Lincoln had two failed attempts to win Illinois’ Senate seat and served only one term in the House meant that he had not the time to accumulate political enemies. When it came to dismissing the incompetent General Fremont, who was the darling of the Mexican American War, Lincoln skillfully leaked a Congressional report about him to the press to prepare public sentiment against him before the axe fell.

另一個例子是，他利用對手的性格缺陷，接受了在庫珀聯(lián)盟的演講邀請，這使他登上了全國舞臺，而蔡斯卻因?yàn)檎J(rèn)為這不值得他去而拒絕了。最終，林肯邀請了蔡斯、西沃德和貝茨加入他的政治“家庭”，即內(nèi)閣。他也意識到自己的所謂弱點(diǎn)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為優(yōu)勢。例如，考慮到林肯曾兩次嘗試贏得伊利諾伊州參議院席位失敗，只在眾議院任職一個任期，這意味著他沒有時間積累政治敵人。在解雇不稱職的弗里蒙特將軍時——他是美墨戰(zhàn)爭的英雄——林肯巧妙地向媒體泄露了一份關(guān)于他的國會報告，以在采取行動之前為公眾情緒做準(zhǔn)備。

Suffering losses in his own personal life before and during the War i.e. the loss of his son, Edward before he ran for president and the death of his third son, Willie in 1862, made Lincoln incredibly and obviously empathetic. A war correspondent on a visit to General McClellan’s encampment in July of 1862, noted how the troops demonstrated a profound sense of endearment for their Commander in Chief, “ His benignant smile as he passed on was a real reflection of his honest, kindly heart; but deeper, under the surface of that marked and not all uncomely face, were the unmistakable signs of care and anxiety…”.

在戰(zhàn)爭前后，他個人生活中遭受的損失，比如他在競選總統(tǒng)前失去兒子愛德華，以及1862年他的第三個兒子威利去世，使林肯表現(xiàn)出了極大的同情心。1862年7月，一位戰(zhàn)地記者訪問了麥克萊倫將軍的營地，注意到部隊(duì)對他們的總司令表現(xiàn)出深厚的喜愛，“他路過時那慈祥的微笑真正反映了他誠實(shí)、善良的心；但在那張有特色且不難看的面孔下，更深處，是憂慮和焦慮的明顯跡象……”。

Lastly, Lincoln had a profound sense of posterity and the ripples of his actions throughout the annals of time. This was seen when he signed the Emancipation Proclamation. As the paper was unrolled before him, he stayed his hand as the gravity of his action weighed upon him, “I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper,” he said. “If my name ever goes into history it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it.” The Senator-elect from Ohio and future president, James Garfield prophetically said, “Strange phenomenon in the world’s history when a second-rate Illinois lawyer is the instrument to utter words which shall form an epoch memorable in all future ages.”

最后，林肯對后世和他的行動在時間長河中的漣漪有著深刻的認(rèn)識。這在他簽署《解放奴隸宣言》時就顯現(xiàn)出來了。當(dāng)他面前展開文件時，由于行動的嚴(yán)重性使他感到壓力，他停住了手，“我從來沒有在我的生活中，像我在簽署這份文件時那樣確信我正在做正確的事情，”他說?！叭绻业拿謱磔d入史冊，那將是因?yàn)檫@一行為，我的整個靈魂都在其中。”來自俄亥俄州的當(dāng)選參議員和未來的總統(tǒng)，詹姆斯·加菲爾德預(yù)言性地說，“當(dāng)一個二流的伊利諾伊州律師成為發(fā)表將在所有未來時代都值得紀(jì)念的話語的工具時，這是世界歷史上的一個奇怪現(xiàn)象?！?/b>