為什么古代的人們開始在城市定居，而不是以游牧民族的身份生活？
Why did people in ancient times start settling in cities instead of living as nomads?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
網(wǎng)友：如今，游牧生活方式已非常少見，甚至幾乎不存在。在過去，大多數(shù)人不斷遷移，以尋找一個(gè)既舒適又適合家庭生存的地方，以應(yīng)對(duì)自然力量（洪水、火災(zāi)、瘟疫、動(dòng)物攻擊）和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。遷徙是一種必要，而不是一種選擇。過去 2-3 個(gè)世紀(jì)文明的進(jìn)步非常迅速，使人們能夠建立出比幾百年前或幾千年前更適宜居住的城市、殖民地和國(guó)家。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，移動(dòng)不是出于必要，而是出于選擇，并且伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)成本。此外，豐富的知識(shí)、選擇以及現(xiàn)代互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的奢侈使人們更傾向于留在一個(gè)地方，也不愿四處遷徙。
正文翻譯
Why did people in ancient times start settling in cities instead of living as nomads?
為什么古代的人們開始在城市定居，而不是以游牧民族的身份生活？
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The nomadic way of life is very less to almost non-existent now a days. In the past majority of the people kept on moving so that they can find a place which was both comfortable enough to live and was to fit for their family to survive from forces of nature (floods, fires, plagues, animal attacks) and wars. Moving around was a necessity rather than a choice. The advancement of civilization in the last 2–3 centuries has been fast and helped people form cities, colonies and countries that are far more livable than what was hundreds or thousands of years ago. In the modern world, moving around is not out of necessity but rather out of choice and comes at a monetory cost. Add to that the comfort of having abundance of knowledge, options and modern day luxury of internet that has led people to stay in one place than to move around.
如今，游牧生活方式已非常少見，甚至幾乎不存在。在過去，大多數(shù)人不斷遷移，以尋找一個(gè)既舒適又適合家庭生存的地方，以應(yīng)對(duì)自然力量（洪水、火災(zāi)、瘟疫、動(dòng)物攻擊）和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。遷徙是一種必要，而不是一種選擇。過去 2-3 個(gè)世紀(jì)文明的進(jìn)步非常迅速，使人們能夠建立出比幾百年前或幾千年前更適宜居住的城市、殖民地和國(guó)家。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，移動(dòng)不是出于必要，而是出于選擇，并且伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)成本。此外，豐富的知識(shí)、選擇以及現(xiàn)代互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的奢侈使人們更傾向于留在一個(gè)地方，也不愿四處遷徙。
Agriculture.
Once humans started to plant crops instead of gathering chance-grown produce, they stopped being nomadic and started to stay in one place so they could harvest their crops.
農(nóng)業(yè)。
一旦人類開始種植農(nóng)作物，而不是收集偶然種植的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，他們就不再是游牧民族，而是開始留在一個(gè)地方，這樣他們就可以收獲莊稼。
Hunter-gathers had to follow animal herds. However as people domesticated wheat, barley, rye and oats. They needed fertilizer. Peter Zeihan believes that living in cities enabled the collection of human excrement easier.
So it's not only a hydraulic empire. But also a fecal empire.
Hydraulic empire - Wikipedia
狩獵采集者不得不跟隨畜群。然而，隨著人們馴化小麥、大麥、黑麥和燕麥。他們需要肥料。彼得·澤漢認(rèn)為，生活在城市里可以更容易地收集人類糞便。
所以它不僅僅是一個(gè)水力帝國(guó)。但也是一個(gè)糞便帝國(guó)。
水力帝國(guó)——維基百科
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The transition from nomadic, hunter-gatherer cultures to agriculture-based villages and then cities would have been very gradual, and would have taken place over a fairly long period of time. We can be assured that when the first agriculture-based cultures started to appear, there were still plenty of nomads wandering around.
從游牧、狩獵采集文化到以農(nóng)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)的村莊，再到城市的轉(zhuǎn)變，這個(gè)過程非常緩慢，而且會(huì)持續(xù)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。我們可以肯定，當(dāng)?shù)谝粋€(gè)以農(nóng)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)的文化開始看來，仍然有大量的游牧民族在周圍游蕩。
Also, I’d speculate… “Culture”. We are, after all, social creatures. Having a larger population meant festivals, ceremonies, more mating opportunities… Things like that.
?那么，這樣做有什么好處呢？一般來說，穩(wěn)定的食物供應(yīng)、可靠的住所和一定程度的安全。生活在村莊或城市的人不必?fù)?dān)心夜晚潛伏的獅子或鬣狗，而且，他們還能得到其他人類的安全保障。隨著固定居住和農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，人類現(xiàn)在有了可以保護(hù)和捍衛(wèi)的東西……而不是在另一個(gè)游牧群體不友好時(shí)就簡(jiǎn)單地遷移到別處。
另外，我想推測(cè)……“文化”。畢竟，我們是社會(huì)性生物。更大的人口意味著節(jié)日、儀式和更多的交配機(jī)會(huì)……類似的事情。
Planting crops and waiting for the harvest was a big reason, nomads usually followed herds who provided them food, so they followed their food as the herd migrated to warmer climates where more grasses were more abundant. As time went on and agriculture was perfected as a viable option for food then more sturdy structures were built, along with domesticating cattle/goats/sheep that can be penned and managed. Cities happened because a great water source could accommodate a great number of people and societies and culture was born. How do great numbers of people live together? They need a leader, a King, then politics was born. It’s been interesting the story of civilization but I don’t think we are quite there yet sadly anytime soon. This whole sorry world needs to get on the same page and respect each other. I am far from being a liberal, but we have to stop trying to destroying each other. Let’s just stop it already.
種植莊稼和等待收獲是一個(gè)重要的原因，游牧民族通常跟隨能夠提供食物的畜群，因此他們隨著畜群的遷徙而移動(dòng)，去往氣候更溫暖、草地更豐富的地方。隨著時(shí)間的推移，農(nóng)業(yè)作為一種可行的食物來源不斷完善，更多堅(jiān)固的建筑開始出現(xiàn)，同時(shí)家畜如牛、羊和山羊被馴化，可以被圈養(yǎng)和管理。城市的形成是因?yàn)橛辛丝梢匀菁{大量人口的豐沛水源，社會(huì)和文化也由此誕生。那么，大量的人如何共同生活呢？他們需要一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，國(guó)王由此誕生，政治也隨之而來。文明的故事一直很有趣，但可惜的是，短期內(nèi)我覺得我們還沒有真正達(dá)到那個(gè)階段。整個(gè)可悲的世界需要達(dá)成共識(shí)，相互尊重。我遠(yuǎn)非自由主義者，但我們必須停止試圖摧毀彼此。讓我們停止這種行為吧。
It was a gradual process, with people, over time, developing some degree of plant cultivation, usually while still in keeping with hunter-gatherer life, and at some point becoming so reliant on cultivated plants that they had to shift to using them full time, while curtailing many of the hunting/gathering (though few groups of people completely left their hunting and gathering practices completely until the 20th century, including in Europe and North America - in rural places hunting and foraging were still part of the diet of most people). The shift to full time cultivation required sedentism (some hunter gatherers were also sedentary, but more intense agriculture absolutely demanded it). Once sedentary settlements became the norm, they tended to grow, and with them social complexity tended to grow, eventually resulting in the development of towns and cities.
?這是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的過程，隨著時(shí)間的推移，人們?cè)诒３轴鳙C采集生活方式的同時(shí)，逐漸發(fā)展出一定程度的植物栽培，直到某個(gè)時(shí)刻，他們對(duì)栽培植物的依賴程度如此之高，以至于不得不轉(zhuǎn)向全職使用這些植物，同時(shí)減少許多狩獵和采集的活動(dòng)（盡管直到20世紀(jì)，仍有少數(shù)群體完全沒有放棄狩獵和采集的做法，包括歐洲和北美的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，狩獵和采集仍然是大多數(shù)人飲食的一部分）。轉(zhuǎn)向全職耕作需要定居（一些狩獵采集者也是定居的，但更為密集的農(nóng)業(yè)絕對(duì)要求定居）。一旦定居點(diǎn)成為常態(tài)，它們往往會(huì)不斷發(fā)展，隨著它們的增長(zhǎng)，社會(huì)的復(fù)雜性也往往隨之增加，最終導(dǎo)致城鎮(zhèn)和城市的發(fā)展。
1 square kilometer per person or 0.39 square mile is the minimum necessary to survive as hunter gatherer in moderate climate. Less than that - in warmer, and more than that in colder climates. As the density of populations was approaching those thresholds they had to invent and continue inventing more and more efficient ways to get their means of survival: agriculture, breeding and rising animals, transportation, trade, specialization of work and division of labor, written communication, some forms of money as universal means of exchange, and so on.
在適度氣候下，作為獵人和采集者，生存所需的最低土地面積是每人1平方公里（約0.39平方英里）。在溫暖的氣候中所需面積少于這個(gè)數(shù)，而在寒冷的氣候中則多于這個(gè)數(shù)。隨著人口密度接近這些閾值，人們不得不發(fā)明并不斷創(chuàng)造更高效的生存方式：農(nóng)業(yè)、畜牧與動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)、交通、貿(mào)易、工作專業(yè)化和勞動(dòng)分工、書面交流、一些作為普遍交換手段的貨幣等。
They didn’t. First some nomads observed that edible grains grew plentifully in some areas, and arranged to visit those areas periodically. They got the idea ,too, that they could help the process and guarantee a good harvest by planting some grains in the areas they planned to visit. After that some travelers got the idea that they could stay in the good areas and farming was born. Once that happened the concepts of ownership, production and bartering or outright selling of produce arose, and we’re off to the races.
他們沒有。首先，一些游牧民族觀察到某些地區(qū)有豐富的可食用谷物，并安排定期訪問這些地區(qū)。他們也想到了一個(gè)主意：通過在計(jì)劃訪問的區(qū)域種植一些谷物，可以幫助這個(gè)過程并保證豐收。之后，一些旅行者意識(shí)到他們可以留在這些肥沃的地區(qū)，農(nóng)業(yè)就此誕生。一旦發(fā)生這種情況，所有權(quán)、生產(chǎn)以及以物易物或直接出售農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的概念就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，我們就此開啟了一個(gè)新的時(shí)代
G?bekli Tepe may shed some light on your question. As others have pointed out, we may never know why hunter gathers settled in one place. G?bekli Tepe, found in Turkey, is the oldest religious site in the world. The site may show that hunter gathers stayed in one place because they believed their deity was there. The transition from hunting and gathering would have been gradual as crops do not grow quickly enough to immediately feed a population but it could have been the start.
哥貝克力石陣可能為你的問題提供一些啟示。正如其他人所指出的，我們可能永遠(yuǎn)無法知道為什么狩獵采集者會(huì)定居在一個(gè)地方。哥貝克力石陣位于土耳其，是世界上最古老的宗教遺址。該遺址可能表明，狩獵采集者之所以停留在一個(gè)地方，是因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈抛约旱纳耢`在那兒。狩獵和采集向農(nóng)業(yè)的過渡應(yīng)該是漸進(jìn)的，因?yàn)樽魑锏纳L(zhǎng)速度不足以立即養(yǎng)活一個(gè)人口，但這可能是一個(gè)開始。
What factors led to the transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled societies in ancient times? What factors led to the transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled societies in ancient times?Many factors led to the transition from nomadic lifestyles crop failure lack of animals to hunt these led to settled societies in ancient times.
哪些因素導(dǎo)致了古代從游牧生活方式向定居社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)變？ 哪些因素導(dǎo)致了古代從游牧生活方式向定居社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)變？許多因素導(dǎo)致了從游牧生活方式的轉(zhuǎn)變，農(nóng)作物歉收，缺乏動(dòng)物可供狩獵，這些導(dǎo)致了到古代的定居社會(huì)。
The American Indian led a nomadic lifestyle they followed the Buffalo and would make their camps near the Herds of Buffalo and would move when the Buffalo moved.
美洲印第安人過著游牧生活，他們跟隨野牛，并在野牛群附近扎營(yíng)，當(dāng)野牛遷移時(shí)，他們也會(huì)跟隨移動(dòng)
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It looks like people actually settled down in villages before being nomadic like shepherds. They instead wandered rather than being nomadic
Town and villages provide both a more secure food source but also larger in crops. Larger amounts and more secure food means both larger populations and enough market for people to begin to specialize in certain crafts or skills they may be better at than others this to get their food from others than growing or finding their own food. All of which means an easier and richer life experience.
看起來人們?cè)诔蔀橛文撩褡逯皩?shí)際上已經(jīng)在村莊里定居了。他們四處游蕩，而不是游牧。城鎮(zhèn)和村莊不僅提供了更安全的食物來源，而且農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量也更高。數(shù)量更多、更安全的食物意味著人口更多，市場(chǎng)也足夠大，人們可以開始專門從事某些手藝或技能，他們可能比其他人更擅長(zhǎng)這些手藝或技能，從別人那里獲取食物，而不是自己種植或?qū)ふ沂澄?。所有這些都意味著更輕松、更豐富的生活體驗(yàn)。
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We learned this in school. People learned to plant crops and build fires. Other peoples, who travelled by ship to avoid religious prosecution, learned from thee Native Americans. Huddling up in communities made it necessary to protect their territories. It doesn’t always work and people become refugees.
我們?cè)趯W(xué)校里學(xué)到了這一點(diǎn)。人們學(xué)會(huì)了種植莊稼和生火。其他民族則從美洲原住民那里學(xué)到了這一點(diǎn)，他們乘船旅行以避免宗教迫害。聚集成群使得保護(hù)自己的領(lǐng)土成為必要。但這種方法并不總是奏效，人們會(huì)淪為難民。
When they found the pleasures of staying put in one place, and escape the hazards of dealing with the unknown involve in nomadic living, and discovered the strengths of living in groups.
當(dāng)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)留在一個(gè)地方的樂趣，并逃避與游牧生活中未知事物相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，他們意識(shí)到群體生活的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
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It is all so logical, so why do I answer ? The population grew and became to numerous to feed the hunters / gatherer society. So they started farming and living in groups. And these with more and better food expanded and far later formed cities. You skip +10.000 years in the human history.
這一切都很合乎邏輯，那我為什么要回答呢？人口增長(zhǎng)變得過于龐大，無法養(yǎng)活獵人/采集者社會(huì)。因此，他們開始耕種并組成群體。擁有更多、更好的食物的他們最終擴(kuò)展，甚至在更晚的時(shí)候形成了城市。你跳過了人類歷史上超過一萬年的時(shí)間。
Nomads acquiring more things that it is comfortable for mobility, and constant mobility created the quest for a less problematic alternative, settlement came into being.
游牧民族獲得了越來越多的東西，使得流動(dòng)更加方便，而不斷的流動(dòng)促使他們尋求一種問題更少的替代方案，于是定居點(diǎn)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。
For pretty much the same reason you don't live as a nomad.
The nomadic life, to quote Thomas Hobbes:
No arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan.
幾乎和你不選擇游牧生活的原因是一樣的。游牧生活，引用托馬斯·霍布斯的話：‘沒有藝術(shù)；沒有文字；沒有社會(huì)；最糟糕的是，持續(xù)的恐懼和暴力死亡的危險(xiǎn)；人的生活，孤獨(dú)、貧窮、骯臟、殘忍且短暫?！旭R斯·霍布斯的《利維坦》
Another computer generated question!
Since when are all animals nomadic. Though even sessile animals are motile at some stage in their lives: usually the larval forms.
Farming started at different times in different parts of the world. Only after were major cities built. The key is the relatively settled climate during this particularly long inter-glacial period. If humans can keep their promise and limit anthropomorphic global warming to 1.5 degrees C. then we might limit the next glaciation.
又是一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)生成的問題！自從什么時(shí)候開始所有動(dòng)物都是游牧的？雖然即使是固定不動(dòng)的動(dòng)物在它們的生命階段中也是會(huì)活動(dòng)的：通常是幼蟲階段。農(nóng)業(yè)在世界不同地區(qū)的不同時(shí)間開始。只有在此之后，主要城市才得以建立。關(guān)鍵在于這一特別長(zhǎng)的間冰期內(nèi)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的氣候。如果人類能夠遵守承諾，將人類活動(dòng)引起的全球變暖限制在1.5攝氏度，那么我們可能會(huì)限制下一次冰川時(shí)期
Cities usually aren’t created, they just grow. Like modern people, the ancients migrated to cities because of job opportunities, social life, freedom from petty restrictions and a perception that being part of a city made people more cosmopolitan.
城市通常不是被創(chuàng)造出來的，而是自然生長(zhǎng)的。像現(xiàn)代人一樣，古代人遷移到城市是因?yàn)楣ぷ鳈C(jī)會(huì)、社會(huì)生活、免受瑣碎限制的自由，以及對(duì)作為城市一部分的認(rèn)知使人們更加世界化。
Humans are still nomadic. I have been nomadic my whole life. I was born in Kentucky. I have lived in Kansas, Missouri, North Carolina, Georgia (2 cities), Heidelberg, Grafenw?hr and Frankfurt before I graduated from high school.
類仍然是游牧民族。我一生都是游牧民族。我出生在肯塔基州。高中畢業(yè)前，我住過堪薩斯州、密蘇里州、北卡羅來納州、佐治亞州（2 個(gè)城市）、海德堡、格拉芬沃爾和法蘭克福。
I would have a very long itinerary that would be incredibly boring so I am stopping there.
I have moved so much, I did not have time to build a city.
從那時(shí)起，名單變得越來越長(zhǎng)。例如，我曾在太平洋、印度洋和北冰洋的潛艇上生活過。
如果我列出我的所有經(jīng)歷，那將是一個(gè)非常冗長(zhǎng)的行程，會(huì)令人感到無聊，所以我就不說了。由于我搬家太頻繁，我沒有時(shí)間去建立一個(gè)城市。
The answer of course would be sex. I guess, less provocative, would be to say that homo sapiens is a social creature. There are still lone wolves amongst us, but based on the demographics, most still prefer to live in complex groups
回答當(dāng)然是性。我想，更不具挑釁性地說，智人是一種社會(huì)生物。我們當(dāng)中仍然有孤狼，但根據(jù)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)，大多數(shù)人仍然更喜歡生活在復(fù)雜的群體中
A settled life is much esier than being a nomad, and the food supply is more reliable, and that is also the reason why agriculture became more popular than being hunters and gatherers. Boredom is not a relevant factor.
定居生活比游牧生活要容易得多，食物供應(yīng)也更可靠，這也是農(nóng)業(yè)比狩獵和采集更受歡迎的原因。無聊并不是一個(gè)相關(guān)因素。
About the time they found they found food growing in the ground, we can not run around, wind blows must make shelter, easier to have food if we stay around the food, let us learn to take care of, need a place to keep excess, we have to make our shelters close by.
大約在他們發(fā)現(xiàn)食物長(zhǎng)在地上的時(shí)候，我們不能到處跑，風(fēng)吹的時(shí)候必須有遮蔽處，如果我們待在食物周圍就更容易有食物，讓我們學(xué)會(huì)照顧，需要一個(gè)地方存放多余的食物，我們必須在附近建造遮蔽處。
Because their camels were knackered, totally worn out and needed a rest. So they invented cities.
因?yàn)樗麄兊鸟橊勂v不堪，完全累壞了，需要休息。所以他們發(fā)明了城市。
Perhaps you should remember that humans lived for uncounted centuries in caves in places where a nomadic life-style was impossible — think climate, water, enemies, and much more. There must have been many reasons for humans to gather together to live, such as a source of clean water, mutual aid in, for example, child-birth, and, by walling their settlements around, making everyone a bit safer from predators. As to when villages and towns appeared, it varied, of course, world-wide as settlements developed at various rates.
也許你應(yīng)該記得，人類在洞穴中生活了無數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)，而游牧生活方式在那些地方是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的——想想氣候、水、敵人等等。人類聚集在一起生活的原因肯定有很多，比如干凈的水源、相互幫助，比如生孩子，以及通過在周圍筑起圍墻，讓每個(gè)人都能更安全地免受掠食者的傷害。至于村莊和城鎮(zhèn)出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間，當(dāng)然，世界各地的情況各不相同，因?yàn)槎ň狱c(diǎn)的發(fā)展速度各不相同。
It has to do with the carrying capacity of the environment and the depletion of resources. The basic phases of human development are:
Hunting and gathering
Settled gathering
Pastoral nomadism
Agricultural
Industrial
這與環(huán)境的承載能力和資源的耗竭有關(guān)。人類發(fā)展的基本階段是：
打獵和采集
定居采集
牧民游牧
農(nóng)業(yè)
工業(yè)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe
定居采集尚未被廣泛認(rèn)可，但對(duì)早期全新世的哥貝克力石陣（G?bekli Tepe）定居點(diǎn)提出了一個(gè)例外。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism
所有人類社會(huì)最初都是以打獵和采集為生，但最終會(huì)耗盡資源和/或擴(kuò)展到當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境無法支持他們的能力（承載能力）。這促使他們轉(zhuǎn)向定居采集，在這個(gè)階段，他們找到區(qū)域性的豐富資源，并將這些資源聚集到一個(gè)可以輕松防守的中心儲(chǔ)存地點(diǎn)。牧民游牧是這種形式的一種變體，他們?cè)诩竟?jié)性地點(diǎn)之間放牧他們的牲畜。定居采集者和牧民游牧者對(duì)可獲得的食物來源有更大的控制權(quán)。
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/development-agriculture/
資源的耗竭和/或人口超出定居采集或牧民游牧的地方或區(qū)域承載能力，迫使人類過渡到農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
當(dāng)可耕地全部用于農(nóng)業(yè)時(shí)，如果人口仍然繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，人們被迫發(fā)展超出農(nóng)業(yè)所需的可市場(chǎng)化技能。為了市場(chǎng)化日益專業(yè)化的技能，人們需要聚集到城市，以便于應(yīng)用和選擇過程，并使人們能夠在市場(chǎng)需求變化時(shí)更容易地從一個(gè)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。
城市促進(jìn)商品和服務(wù)的交易，以及地方和區(qū)域政府的形成。城市還促進(jìn)溝通、學(xué)習(xí)、教育和整個(gè)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步。一旦城市開始形成，它們的位置和區(qū)域地理將對(duì)哪些城市團(tuán)結(jié)、哪些城市分裂以及在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不可避免地出現(xiàn)時(shí)哪些城市會(huì)勝出產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的影響。