QA問答：如果原子彈是一種40年代的技術(shù)，為什么伊朗或伊拉克等其他國(guó)家不能在一天內(nèi)制造出原子彈呢？
If the atomic bomb is a 40s technology, why didn’t any other country like Iran or Iraq for example manage to make one in a matter of one day?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
我們用20世紀(jì)60年代的技術(shù)把人送上了月球，但這并不意味著你當(dāng)?shù)氐耐榆娊裉煲材茏龅竭@樣的事情。
正文翻譯
If the atomic bomb is a 40s technology, why didn’t any other country like Iran or Iraq for example manage to make one in a matter of one day?
如果原子彈是一種40年代的技術(shù)，為什么伊朗或伊拉克等其他國(guó)家不能在一天內(nèi)制造出原子彈呢？
如果原子彈是一種40年代的技術(shù)，為什么伊朗或伊拉克等其他國(guó)家不能在一天內(nèi)制造出原子彈呢？
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Uranium 235 is the magic stuff that makes nuclear weapons possible. It’s not the most common isotope of Uranium though, not by a long-shot. You can order a chunk of Uranium ore on Amazon. Generally speaking, when we’re talking about Uranium ore we’re talking about pitchblende — Uranium Dioxide.
鈾235是使核武器成為可能的神奇物質(zhì)。不過，它不是鈾最常見的同位素，遠(yuǎn)非如此。你可以在亞馬遜上訂購(gòu)一大塊鈾礦石。一般來說，當(dāng)我們談?wù)撯櫟V石時(shí)，我們談?wù)摰氖菫r青鈾礦——二氧化鈾。
Assuming you have a literal ton of pure pitchblende — so no contaminants of any other sort — that means it’s 88.14% uranium by weight.
Your ton is down to 1762.99 pounds.
But now you need to get the U-235 out. The problem is that U-235 is chemically identical to U-238 and the 238 doesn’t do you much good at this stage. Separating one set of Uranium atoms from another is thus a physical process. To give you an idea of the scope of this process, this is the K-25 plant at Oak Ridge — one of the steps in the American Uranium enrichment program towards the end of WWII. Note, not the only step.
假設(shè)你有一噸純?yōu)r青鈾礦，并且沒有任何其他的污染物在其中，這意味著它的鈾重量為88.14%。
你的一噸減少到了1762.99磅。
但現(xiàn)在你需要取出U-235。問題是U-235的化學(xué)成分與U-238相同，而238在這個(gè)階段對(duì)你沒有多大好處。因此，需要一個(gè)物理過程將一組鈾原子與另一組分離。為了讓你了解這一過程需要多大的地盤，我舉個(gè)例子：橡樹嶺的K-25工廠。這是二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束前美國(guó)鈾濃縮計(jì)劃的一個(gè)步驟。注意，這不是唯一的一步。
Note the size of the cars at the extreme left of the photo.
請(qǐng)注意照片最左側(cè)的汽車尺寸。
那么，你從一噸鈾礦石中可以提取多少鈾-235？鈾-235的豐度為0.720%，所以我們把1762.99磅乘以0.00720，得到……12.69磅。
12磅的鈾并不多，你甚至得不到這么多。這個(gè)過程從來都不是完美的，有些會(huì)在過程中丟失。現(xiàn)在好消息是，你不需要100%純度的這種東西，只需要90%純度就可以制造20世紀(jì)40年代的那種核彈，所以你12.69磅的U-235可以制造出14.1磅的武器級(jí)鈾。
That’s why it’s so difficult. Even though the way this is done is well understood, the actual doing of it is very hard.
We put a man on the moon with 1960s technology; that doesn’t mean your local boyscout troop could manage it today.
好消息?，F(xiàn)在再做九次。小男孩炸彈的核心是120磅的U-235。
這就是為什么它如此困難的原因。盡管人們已經(jīng)很好地理解了這一點(diǎn)，但實(shí)際做到這一點(diǎn)非常困難。
我們用20世紀(jì)60年代的技術(shù)把人送上了月球，但這并不意味著你當(dāng)?shù)氐耐榆娊裉煲材茏龅竭@樣的事情。
“If the pyramids were built with 4th millennium BCE technology, why can’t my kids make one for their science fair?”
“如果金字塔是用公元前4千年的技術(shù)建造的，為什么我的孩子不能為他們的科學(xué)展制作一座呢？”
Good question! Do they know any aliens?
好問題！他們認(rèn)識(shí)外星人嗎？
LOL!!! You missed the key part - ANCIENT aliens
哈哈哈?。?！你丟失了關(guān)鍵詞——古代的外星人 。
I wonder if MODERN aliens still know how to build pyramids. It may be a lost alien art.
我很想知道，現(xiàn)代外星人是否還知道要如何建造金字塔？這可能是一種遺失的外星藝術(shù)。
I think you missed the joke by a light year.
我認(rèn)為你很大程度上沒有理解這個(gè)笑話。
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I think you missed that I did get the joke. I am well aware that there are fools who believe that ancient Egyptians needed aliens to land on Earth to build the pyramids for them.
我認(rèn)為你沒有注意到我確實(shí)理解了這個(gè)笑話。我很清楚，有些傻瓜認(rèn)為古埃及人需要外星人登陸地球?yàn)樗麄兘ㄔ旖鹱炙?/b>
I think thats the best part, you clearly did miss the joke. You see, if you’re planning on building anything in the US, be it a house or a building or say a pyramid, who would you have do it? (illegal) aliens
我認(rèn)為這是最棒的部分，但你顯然真的沒有理解這個(gè)笑話。
你看，如果你打算在美國(guó)建造任何東西，無論是房子、建筑還是金字塔，你會(huì)讓誰來做？
（非法）外國(guó)人
譯注：aliens 這個(gè)單詞有外國(guó)人的意思，也有外星人的意思。
Illegal aliens do it everyday, unfortunately the blocks are moved away before completion.
非法外國(guó)人每天都這樣做，不幸的是，這些立方體在完工前就被搬走了。
That’s only because some Karen called immigration…
那只是因?yàn)橐恍﹦P倫打電話給移民局……
I mean, your kids might be able to make one…but they’d need a few thousand classmates and a billion bucks or so, and they’d all be grown by the time they were done.
我的意思是，你的孩子也許能做一個(gè)……但他們需要幾千名同學(xué)和大約十億美元，而且當(dāng)他們完成時(shí)，他們都已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了。
You are looking at it wrong, more slave labor fewer bucks.
你錯(cuò)了，更多的奴隸勞工更少的錢。
Probably more ‘conscxted’ labour rather than slaves, and you've got to provide food, beer and shelter for them.
可能是更多的“招募”勞工而不是奴隸勞工，你必須為他們提供食物、啤酒和住所。
Your kids could make one provided you have about 30,000 kids.
如果你有30000個(gè)孩子，你的孩子可以做一個(gè)。
On top of being absurdly expensive for a country under sanctions. It requires a chemical process to bind it to an extremely dangerous element (which means you need lab facilities to do that), then passed through thousands of gas centrifuges in series, called a cascade (which means you have to build and power them, and fix or replace the ones that break), then you have to detach the uranium from that extremely dangerous chemical from before.
對(duì)于一個(gè)受制裁的國(guó)家來說，這是可笑的昂貴。
它需要一個(gè)化學(xué)過程將其與一種極其危險(xiǎn)的元素結(jié)合起來（這意味著你需要實(shí)驗(yàn)室設(shè)施來做到這一點(diǎn)），然后通過數(shù)千臺(tái)串聯(lián)的氣體離心機(jī)，稱為級(jí)聯(lián)（這意味著您必須建造并為它們供電，并修復(fù)或更換損壞的離心機(jī)），然后你必須將鈾從以前的極其危險(xiǎn)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)中分離出來。
That’s one of the (at least four) separation methods, yes.
Neither laser enrichment nor electromagnetic separation require fluorine.
是的，這是分離方法之一，但分離方法至少有4種。
激光富集和電磁分離都不需要氟。
UF6, yes?
UF6 （六氟化鈾），是嗎？
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That’s the gas that’s fed into the centrifuges, yes. You have to attach flourine to uranium to make this happen. Flourine reacts violently to just about everything. Flourine reacts with a noble gas (krypton).
是的，UF6 就是被送入離心機(jī)的氣體。你必須在鈾上加氟才能做到這一點(diǎn)。氟對(duì)幾乎所有東西都有強(qiáng)烈的反應(yīng)。氟與惰性氣體（氪）都能發(fā)生反應(yīng)。
This is the method called calutron, yes?
這就是所謂的 calutron （電磁同位素分離器）方法，是嗎？
Calutron’s the machine.
Calutron （電磁同位素分離器）就是那臺(tái)機(jī)器。
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No. Calutrons are a different method. Basically calutrons are based on different deflection of different isotopes by magnetic field, gas diffusion based on different diffusion rates through membranes, and centrifuges don’t work as most people are expect them to work: Zippe-type centrifuge - Wikipedia
不，Calutron是一種不同的方法。
基本上，Calutron 是基于磁場(chǎng)對(duì)不同同位素的不同偏轉(zhuǎn)，氣體擴(kuò)散則是基于通過膜的不同擴(kuò)散速率，離心機(jī)并不像大多數(shù)人期望的那樣工作。
鏈接：Zippe型離心機(jī)-維基百科
Gaseous diffusion is where it’s at now.
氣體擴(kuò)散就是現(xiàn)在使用的技術(shù)。
Gas defusion was the old method, the extremely expensive and slow method. Ultra centrifuges are much better.
氣體擴(kuò)散是老方法，極其昂貴且緩慢。超速離心機(jī)要好得多。
See my reply to Chris' answer. That was the method. There are quicker, much more efficient methods now
看看我對(duì) Chris 的回答。這就是方法。現(xiàn)在有更快、更有效的方法。
No. Gas centrifuges, calutrons and gas diffusion are 3 different methods.
不。氣體離心機(jī)、calutron 和氣體擴(kuò)散是3種不同的方法。
I'll just assume you mean to say fluorine.
我假設(shè)你說的是氟。
Flourine is the reason extracting U235 costs a lot of dough and you only get crumby yield.
氟就是你提取U235需要花費(fèi)大量金錢的原因。而且你只能得到碎米一樣的產(chǎn)量。
Wow ! Could you tell more about this reaction betwenn Fluorine and Kripton ??
哇！你能詳細(xì)介紹一下氟和氪之間的反應(yīng)嗎？？
Under extreme circumstances krypton will combine with fluorine to form krypton difluoride. The bond energy is the weakest of any fluorine compound, and the reaction forming it is endothermic. It’s not often that can be said about the reactions of elemental fluorine.
在極端情況下，氪會(huì)與氟結(jié)合形成二氟化氪。鍵能是所有氟化合物中最弱的，形成它的反應(yīng)是吸熱的。對(duì)于氟而言，產(chǎn)生這樣的反應(yīng)并不常見。
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Fluorine is some seriously *scary* stuff!
氟是一種非?？膳碌臇|西！
Great answer. Remember in Iran’s case that they had the centrifuges in place to extract the U235 and there was ingenious malware that caused them to spin just a little bit off.
The technicians had to keep replacing the failed centrifuges because of Stuxnet…
An Unprecedented Look at Stuxnet, the World's First Digital Weapon
很好的回答。
請(qǐng)記住，在伊朗的案例中，他們有離心機(jī)來提取U235，并且有巧妙的惡意軟件導(dǎo)致他們稍微偏離了軌道。
由于超級(jí)工廠病毒，技術(shù)人員不得不不斷更換故障的離心機(jī)……
鏈接：前所未有的超級(jí)工廠病毒，世界上第一個(gè)數(shù)字武器
A nice documentary was made about it “zero days” a must watch.
有一部關(guān)于它的精彩紀(jì)錄片叫《零日》是必看的。
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Also the main reason it’s so hard is that the centrifuge has to spin at an insanely high speed. I think around 90,0000 RPM and these things are not small like a turbo charger. The outermost points of it are traveling at close to mach 2.
Making something that travels at mach speeds through the air is already hard enough, but having it mounted would be even harder. And since it’s much heavier than lead it would be slinging around a lot of weight.
They are big enough that they are ultra sensitive to balance, it’s has to be pretty much perfect. I heard that if you touch the part that spins, the oils from your skin will ruin it by throwing it out of balance, and if the balance isn’t perfect it will fly apart.
And then the bearings that it rides on also have to be pretty amazing.
I’m sure there are other components that are also extremely difficult to implement as well
此外，它如此困難的主要原因是：離心機(jī)必須以極高的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)。我認(rèn)為大約是900000轉(zhuǎn)/分，這些東西不像渦輪增壓器那么小。它的最外點(diǎn)以接近2馬赫的速度行進(jìn)。
制造在空氣中以馬赫速度飛行的東西已經(jīng)足夠困難了，但將其安裝起來會(huì)更加困難。而且由于它比鉛重得多，所以會(huì)有很大的重量。
它們非常大，對(duì)平衡非常敏感，它必須非常完美。我聽說，如果你觸摸旋轉(zhuǎn)的部分，皮膚上的油脂都會(huì)讓它失去平衡，從而破壞它，如果平衡不完美，它就會(huì)飛離。
然后，它所依靠的軸承也必須非常驚人。
我確信其他的組件也極難實(shí)現(xiàn)。
And even If any country has the resources to do this, the nuclear powers would decide If that country is allowed or not to have nuclear weapons and embargo or even invade It If they don't. It is a way to maintaining power in the hands of those who developed It first.
就算任何其他國(guó)家有資源這樣做，核大國(guó)也會(huì)決定是否允許該國(guó)擁有核武器，要不要實(shí)施禁運(yùn)，甚至要不要入侵該國(guó)。
這是將權(quán)力掌握在最先開發(fā)核武器的人手中的一種方式。
Well, there are a lot of technical difficulties to be encountered when devising a nuclear core. A simple example is that, upon the starting of a chain reaction the core heats up and expands. The U-235 atoms move apart and the chances of fission decrease. One has to keep this in mind while designing explosive cores.
嗯，設(shè)計(jì)核芯時(shí)會(huì)遇到很多技術(shù)困難。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子是，在鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)開始時(shí)，核心會(huì)加熱并膨脹。鈾-235原子會(huì)分散，裂變的可能性降低。在設(shè)計(jì)炸藥芯時(shí)，必須牢記這一點(diǎn)。
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I love the moon analogy. It's still prohibitively expensive and dangerous to go to the moon.
我喜歡月球的比喻。登上月球仍然非常昂貴和危險(xiǎn)。
Thank you! So many people don’t understand this.
Realistically though, of far more concern is a dirty bomb.
非常感謝。很多人都不明白這些。
然而，現(xiàn)實(shí)地說，更令人擔(dān)憂的是臟彈。
Its not like anyone was going to allow Iraq and Iran to get nuclear bombs. Iran tried to make them but then america stopped them and had put heavy restrictions on Iran so she doesn’t dare make one. Iraq never bothered making one as it was not an enemy of america. The Americans merely accused Iraq of having them, after destroying Iraq they found none.
沒有人會(huì)允許伊拉克和伊朗獲得核彈。伊朗試圖制造這些武器，但后來美國(guó)阻止了它們，并對(duì)伊朗施加了嚴(yán)格的限制，所以她不敢制造。伊拉克從來沒有費(fèi)心制造過，因?yàn)樗皇敲绹?guó)的敵人。美國(guó)人只是指責(zé)伊拉克擁有這些武器，在摧毀伊拉克后，他們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何武器。