精品人妻互换一区二区三区,欧美国产综合日韩一区二区,人人爽人人澡人人人人妻

Jonathan Kurtzman
A large part of American history is German immigration. Until the Irish arrived in the 1840’s, the while population of the colonies and then the USA were almost exclusively British-descended. As in, Andrew Jackson was a British citizen until he was in his teens. The large exception was Germans, mostly in the mid-Atlantic. I’ve read that as late as the 1880’s, when Italians, Jews, etc. started to arrive in numbers, the American population was 75% from the British Isles (meaning including Ireland).
We don’t see many German restaurants these days, but they were common. I mean explicitly that German visibility dropped dramatically, much apparently because of WWII.

德國移民在美國歷史上占據(jù)了重要地位。在19世紀40年代愛爾蘭人大量涌入之前，美國殖民地以及后來的美國人口幾乎全部是英國后裔。例如，安德魯·杰克遜在十幾歲之前一直是英國公民。一個顯著的例外是德國移民，他們主要集中在中大西洋地區(qū)。我讀到過，在19世紀80年代，當意大利人、猶太人等開始大量移民時，美國人口中有75%來自不列顛群島（包括愛爾蘭）。
如今，德國餐廳已不多見，但它們曾經(jīng)很普遍。我是想明確指出，德國文化的可見度大幅下降了，這在很大程度上似乎是因為第二次世界大戰(zhàn)。

But until we entered the war, the German-American population was mixed in their opinions. Not many wanted to believe Hitler was as evil as he turned out to be. This was, after all, before we knew about death camps and mass murders. And hatreds toward others was common then - or perhaps more open than it is now - so the hatred of the Nazi rulers against Jews didn’t necessarily stand out. Just look at the US with its Jim Crow laws.

在我們參戰(zhàn)之前，德裔美國人的觀點是多樣化的。很少有人愿意相信希特勒會像他最終表現(xiàn)出來的那樣邪惡。畢竟，當時我們還不知道集中營和大屠殺。當時，對其他群體的仇恨很常見，或許比現(xiàn)在更公開，所以納粹統(tǒng)治者對猶太人的仇恨并不一定顯得格外突出?？纯疵绹敃r的吉姆·克勞法就知道了。

Rudolf Hess participated in setting up a friends of Germany organizations that were openly pro-Nazi. They spent a few years trying to control the German-American population’s public attitudes by taking over their newspapers and demanding pro-Nazi public stances. In 1936, the two main one - which were both small - became the German-American Bund. This may have been in response to a Congressional investigation into pro-Nazi activities. The Bund was much more successful. They claimed something like a million members, which I doubt, and they held very well attended mass rallies at places like Boston Garden and Madison Square Garden.

魯?shù)婪颉ず账箙⑴c建立了一個公開支持納粹的德國之友組織。他們花了幾年時間試圖通過接管報紙和要求親納粹的公開立場來控制德裔美國人的公眾態(tài)度。1936年，兩個主要的組織——它們都很小——合并成了德裔美國人聯(lián)盟。這可能是對國會調(diào)查親納粹活動的回應。聯(lián)盟更加成功。他們聲稱成員有大約一百萬，我對此表示懷疑，但他們確實在波士頓花園和麥迪遜廣場花園等地舉行了大規(guī)模集會。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

The Bund evaporated when we entered the war, and the Bund’s leader, Fritz Kuhn, spent years in prison before being deported.
My point is that the US is not some perfect moral actor or judge. It is a country made up of people from other places. And a lot of those are from Germany. In fact, the largest self-reported ancestry group in the USA is German, with more than 40 million.

聯(lián)盟在我們參戰(zhàn)后就瓦解了，聯(lián)盟的領導人弗里茨·庫恩在被驅(qū)逐出境前在監(jiān)獄里待了好幾年。
我的觀點是，美國并非一個完美的道德典范或裁判。它是一個由來自不同地方的人組成的國家。其中很多人來自德國。事實上，美國最大的自我報告的祖先群體是德國人，人數(shù)超過4000萬。事實上，美國自我報告的最大規(guī)模的祖先群體是德國人，超過4000萬。

In 1939, before the death camps were known (before they generally existed), German-Americans were proud that Germany had recovered from defeat in WWI, and from the crippling Treaty of Versailles sanctions, and that Germany was now apparently prospering. Yes, the hate about the Jews bothered many, but they naturally focused on what they saw as the good parts. And like Jews, they likely thought the bad stuff would get better with time; they did not imagine the bad stuff would open the gates of hell.

1939年，在集中營被知曉之前（當時它們甚至還沒有普遍存在），德裔美國人對德國從一戰(zhàn)的失敗和《凡爾賽條約》的嚴厲制裁中恢復過來，并且現(xiàn)在似乎正在繁榮發(fā)展感到自豪。是的，對猶太人的仇恨讓很多人感到不安，但他們自然地專注于他們認為是好的方面。就像猶太人一樣，他們可能認為隨著時間的推移，壞的事情會變好；他們沒有想象到壞的事情會打開地獄之門。

To Americans in the 1930’s, Germany was as much a part of ‘our’ history as other countries in Europe. Yes, we were tied to Britain because we were a British colony, but it’s not like the British were our friends. That’s a fairly recent ‘invention’, one motivated mostly by Britain’s decline as a world power and thus its need to declare a ‘special relationship’ with the US. We fought the British. Twice. And the British almost supported the South in the Civil War - or at least didn’t exactly help the North win. Why should we leap to the aid of Poland? Why should we care about Britain? Because they oppressed Jews? Like the US didn’t oppress black people? I could leave it at that, but the US also had quotas and other restrictions for Jew, including many places refusing to allow Jews to live there. To be blunt, we look highly moral in WWII because the other side was that immoral, not because we were actually moral.

在20世紀30年代的美國人眼中，德國和歐洲其他國家一樣，也是“我們”歷史的一部分。是的，我們與英國有關聯(lián)，因為我們曾是英國殖民地，但這并不意味著英國人是我們的朋友。這種“特殊關系”是一個相對較新的“發(fā)明”，主要是由于英國作為世界大國的地位下降，因此需要宣布與美國建立“特殊關系”。我們與英國打過兩次仗。而且在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中，英國幾乎支持南方——或者至少沒有確切地幫助北方獲勝。為什么我們要急于援助波蘭？為什么我們要關心英國？因為他們壓迫猶太人？難道美國沒有壓迫黑人嗎？我可以就此打住，但美國也有針對猶太人的配額和其他限制，包括許多地方拒絕允許猶太人居住。直白地說，我們在二戰(zhàn)中看起來很有道德，是因為對方那么不道德，而不是因為我們真的有道德。

Charles Fletcher
The US experience in in the first World War was a disaster. The US joined the allies and contributed to the win at the cost of over 100,000 soldiers lives and then saw every single thing used as a justification for the war thrown out by the allies when the war was over.
20 years later there's s new war with largely the same combatants. So, what's the argument for US direct involvement this time? Most of the US was of the mind, it's horrible, but, it's over there.

美國在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中的經(jīng)歷是一場災難。美國加入?yún)f(xié)約國，為勝利付出了超過10萬名士兵的生命代價，然而戰(zhàn)后，協(xié)約國卻將所有用于戰(zhàn)爭的理由都拋諸腦后。
20年后，又爆發(fā)了一場新的戰(zhàn)爭，參戰(zhàn)方大多與第一次世界大戰(zhàn)相同。那么，這次美國直接參與戰(zhàn)爭的理由是什么呢？大多數(shù)美國人認為，戰(zhàn)爭固然可怕，但它發(fā)生在遙遠的地方。

Also I'd point out that only 2 countries in Europe declared war on Germany prior to their actually being invaded by Germany. They were Britain and France. The rest, in the questioner's words "dithered".

此外，我還要指出，在德國實際入侵之前，只有兩個歐洲國家對德國宣戰(zhàn)，那就是英國和法國。其余國家，用提問者的話來說，都在“猶豫不決”。

EDIT:
Forgot to mention, along with the majority of European nations that DID NOT declare war on Germany until invaded, there were at least 2 that were significant suppliers to the German war machine - the USSR and Sweden. Oddly enough, the same people who given the US trouble for not joining in sooner seem to ignore those who actually aided the German war effort.

編輯：
差點忘了提，除了那些直到被入侵才對德國宣戰(zhàn)的大多數(shù)歐洲國家外，至少還有兩個國家是德國戰(zhàn)爭機器的重要供應者——蘇聯(lián)和瑞典。奇怪的是，那些批評美國沒有早點參戰(zhàn)的人，似乎對那些實際幫助德國發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭的國家視而不見。

Straight talking truths ·
because the US supported the policy of isolation. and they were also afraid of a new great depression, because they had not fully recovered from the first one. but it turned out the opposite, the war has stimulated the economy

美國支持孤立主義政策，而且他們也擔心新的經(jīng)濟大蕭條，因為他們還沒有從第一次大蕭條中完全恢復過來。但結(jié)果恰恰相反，戰(zhàn)爭反而刺激了經(jīng)濟。

Gary Stein
Why did America dither about joining the WW2?
The U.S. Did not dither, as soon as we were attacked by Japan we declared war on Japan and after Germany declared war on us we returned the favor. No other nation, except Germany and the other Axis powers, entered WW2 without first being attacked so we were neither late nor early based on that standard.
Prior to being attacked we supplied the U.K. And USSR with arms.

為什么美國在加入二戰(zhàn)的問題上猶豫不決？
美國并沒有猶豫不決，日本襲擊我們后，我們立即對日本宣戰(zhàn)，德國對我們宣戰(zhàn)后，我們也予以回擊。除了德國和其他軸心國，沒有其他國家在被攻擊之前就加入二戰(zhàn)，所以按照這個標準，我們既不算晚，也不算早。
在被攻擊之前，我們向英國和蘇聯(lián)供應武器。

Nor was anywhere near a majority of the American population pro-NAZI as one misguided answer to your question claims was the case. There was a tiny pro-Germany movement in the US during the period from Hitler's rise to power to his declaration of war on the US after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor known as the German-American Bund but its membership never exceeded 10,000 hardly the majority claimed. Yes some American industrialists supported Hitler during his early days in power but again this was a small minority.

而且，美國人口中支持納粹絕對不是多數(shù)，就像對你的問題的一個錯誤回答所聲稱的那樣。在希特勒掌權(quán)到他在珍珠港事件后對美國宣戰(zhàn)期間，美國有一個小的親德運動，叫德裔美國人聯(lián)盟，但其成員從未超過1萬人，遠非所聲稱的多數(shù)。是的，一些美國工業(yè)家在希特勒掌權(quán)初期支持他，但同樣這只是少數(shù)。

Dave Wright
The U.K. And France declared war after Germany invaded Poland.

英國和法國是在德國入侵波蘭后才宣戰(zhàn)的。

Gary Stein
Yes and the UK and France had mutual defense treaties with Poland an attack on the poles was an attack on them. Also other then sporadic shelling across the French German border no real combat took place until Germany invaded France.

是的，英國和法國與波蘭簽訂了共同防御條約，對波蘭的攻擊等同于對他們的攻擊。除了偶爾的法德邊境炮擊外，直到德國入侵法國之前，都沒有發(fā)生實質(zhì)性的戰(zhàn)斗。

Dave Wright
Norway?

挪威呢？

Gursimar Singh
Also dont forget the influence of concentration camps on the USA. The mistreatment of the jews also played a major role for the US to enter a war it had no business being in

也不要忘記集中營對美國的影響。對猶太人的虐待也在美國卷入一場它本不該卷入的戰(zhàn)爭中發(fā)揮了重要作用

Gary Stein
As far as the decision makers of the time thought, the mistreatment of the Euorpean Jewish population by the NAZIS was not a major reason to declare war on Germany.

在當時的決策者看來，納粹對歐洲猶太人的迫害并不是對德國宣戰(zhàn)的主要原因。

Kelly La Rue
Why did America dither about joining the WW2?
America has a history of not being especially interested in the politics of either Europe or Asia but after Wilson took us into WWI we became especially isolationist. Americans believed we lost a lot of young men in WWI helping sort out Europe's propensity for slaughtering one another in order to end all wars. What did we get?
Twenty years later they're at it again.

為什么美國在加入二戰(zhàn)的問題上猶豫不決？
美國歷來對歐洲或亞洲的政治不太感興趣，但在威爾遜將我們卷入一戰(zhàn)后，我們變得更加孤立主義。美國人認為，我們在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中失去了許多青年，幫助歐洲人解決他們互相殘殺的傾向，以期結(jié)束所有戰(zhàn)爭。那么，我們到底得到了什么呢？
20年后，他們又開始了。

FDR believed we needed to be part of the conflict but the general public was completely against it. After Hitler invaded France an awareness we were likely to be pulled in began to surface but we still didn't want to go to war.
Japan made the decision for us with the brilliantly planned attack on Pearl Harbor. Unfortunately the Gods of war did not smile on Japan. Bad luck and a bumbled execution left us a force to be reckoned with.

羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)認為我們需要參與這場沖突，但公眾完全反對。希特勒入侵法國后，我們意識到可能會被卷入，但仍然不想?yún)?zhàn)。
日本通過精心策劃的珍珠港襲擊為我們做出了決定。不幸的是，戰(zhàn)爭之神并沒有對日本微笑，日軍運氣不佳和執(zhí)行不力讓我們成為了一支不可小覷的力量。

Dave Wright
Why did America dither about joining the WW2?
The US intervention in World War I was not only an a pragmatic response to unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman telegram it was also idealistic. German diplomacy was badly flawed. Promising Mexico parts of the US if they declared war on the US was pretty unwise. Publishing the Zimmerman telegram was probably the intelligence coup of the century. The assessment of senior German officers of the possible US contribution to the war was frankly dismissive. Thus Germany was prepared to provoke US intervention in World War I and did so.

為什么美國在加入第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時猶豫不決？
美國參與第一次世界大戰(zhàn)，不僅是對德國無限制潛艇戰(zhàn)和齊默爾曼電報的務實回應，還帶有理想主義色彩。德國的外交策略極為失敗。德國向墨西哥承諾，若墨西哥對美宣戰(zhàn)，德國將支持其奪取美國領土，這種做法也極為不明智。而齊默爾曼電報的曝光，無疑是20世紀最成功的間諜行動之一。坦率地說，德國高級軍官對美國可能對戰(zhàn)爭做出的貢獻的評估是不屑一顧的。因此，德國不惜冒險，最終引發(fā)了美國在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中的參戰(zhàn)。

So the success of the Allies in World War I established the US as a major military power and made a nonsense of the suggestion that she could be ignored by major European powers. The US intervention could have been presented as a military success with the US claiming its place at the centre of the world stage. However, President Wilson had presented it as something much more. The US coming to the aid of democracies and fighting autocracy. He wished to break up the old Central European empires establish democracy and give the right of self determination to repressed ethnic groups. This was to prove more challenging than expected the Poles yes, the Czechs yes but what about the Kurds, the Irish or the Basques. He also proposed a League of Nations to curb aggression and promote peaceful dialogue. Here he would be thwarted by opposition in Congress, his own ill health and the attitude of his exhausted allies. The First World War was viewed by many Americans as American idealism frustrated by European cynicism, a simplistic but persuasive view.

第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中，協(xié)約國的勝利確立了美國作為主要軍事強國的地位，也讓歐洲主要大國試圖忽視美國的企圖變得荒謬。美國的參戰(zhàn)本可以被看作是一場軍事上的勝利，美國借此在世界舞臺上占據(jù)中心地位。然而，威爾遜總統(tǒng)卻賦予了它更深遠的意義：美國援助民主國家，對抗專制。他希望打破舊的中歐帝國，建立民主制度，并賦予受壓迫的民族群體以自決權(quán)。然而，這一目標比預期更具挑戰(zhàn)性：波蘭人和捷克人或許可以實現(xiàn)自決，但庫爾德人、愛爾蘭人或巴斯克人呢？此外，威爾遜還提出了成立國際聯(lián)盟的設想，以遏制侵略行為，促進和平對話。但他在這一問題上卻遭遇了重重阻礙：國會的反對、自身健康狀況不佳以及盟友們的疲憊與消極態(tài)度。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)被許多美國人視為美國理想主義被歐洲犬儒主義挫敗的象征，這種觀點雖然簡單，但卻極具說服力。

In the UK and the US there was also a powerful "never again" movement with isolationist and pacifist overtones. American mothers played a powerful role in the isolationist movement between the wars. When war came in 1939 the Atlantic Ocean removed the threat of German invasion. Therefore especially in those parts of the US remote from the sea the war in Europe was geographically remote .... nothing we need to worry about. Of course there were Americans of German extraction but the majority of Americans did not want to see their soldiers die in a remote foreign war. FDR supported the British with armaments and eventually had US ships, one of which was sunk by a U boat, escorting convoys to the UK. The US dithered because it's people hated the idea of a war but also hated what the Nazis were doing. By providing supplies and finance via Lend Lease they kept the British in the war.

在英國和美國，還存在著一個強大的“不再重蹈覆轍”運動，帶有孤立主義和和平主義的色彩。美國母親在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)之間的孤立主義運動中發(fā)揮了重要作用。1939年戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)時，大西洋阻隔了德國入侵的威脅。因此，特別是在美國那些遠離海洋的地區(qū)，歐洲的戰(zhàn)爭在地理上顯得非常遙遠，似乎與美國毫無關系。當然，也有德裔美國人，但大多數(shù)美國人并不希望看到他們的士兵在一場遙遠的外國戰(zhàn)爭中喪生。羅斯福總統(tǒng)通過租借法案向英國提供武器裝備，并最終派遣美國艦船護送前往英國的船隊，其中一艘被德國潛艇擊沉。美國之所以猶豫不決，是因為它的人民既討厭戰(zhàn)爭的想法，又痛恨納粹的所作所為。通過租借法案提供物資和財政支持，美國讓英國得以繼續(xù)留在戰(zhàn)爭中。

Dennis Weidner
Actually the economy by 1939-40 was finally improving. There was no huge cuts in the military budget. The Unites States had very low military budgets, except during the Civil War and World War I. After World War I, the United Stares simply returned to its traditional low levels of military spending. Actually President Roosevelt during the New Deal actually increased military spending with most of the money going to the Navy and Air Force. The three carriers that won the battle of Midway were part of New Deal naval spending bills.

實際上，到1939-1940年，美國經(jīng)濟終于開始好轉(zhuǎn)。當時并沒有對軍事預算進行大幅削減。除了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，美國的軍事預算一直維持在較低水平。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)之后，美國恢復了傳統(tǒng)的低水平軍事開支。實際上，在羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)推行新政期間，軍事開支實際上是有所增加的，其中大部分資金都流向了海軍和空軍。贏得中途島海戰(zhàn)的三艘航空母艦正是新政期間海軍開支計劃的一部分。

And it is simply not true that the United States had no intention of getting involved with a war with Japan. We were much more advertise in the Pacific than Europe. The various actions taken against Japan were clearly leading to War. The oil embargo was a virtual declaration of war and the United States which had broken the Japanese diplomatic (purple) code knew it and were fully aware of Japanese intentions. . At the Time of Pearl Harbor, the Flying Tigers were already on the way to China.

而且，說美國沒有意圖與日本開戰(zhàn)，這完全是不正確的。美國在太平洋的卷入程度遠比在歐洲要深。美國針對日本采取的一系列行動，明顯是在走向戰(zhàn)爭。石油禁運幾乎等同于宣戰(zhàn)，而美國已經(jīng)破譯了日本的外交密碼（紫色密碼），完全清楚日本的意圖。在珍珠港事件發(fā)生時，“飛虎隊”已經(jīng)在前往中國的途中了。

為什么美國在加入二戰(zhàn)時猶豫不決？（二）

為什么美國在加入二戰(zhàn)時猶豫不決？（二）