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George Hu
Many people would talk about the Xuanwu Gate incident where Li Shimin killed his brothers, and in a few months seized the throne to become Emperor Taizong. But this did not happen in a vacuum. Let us go way back to what he did before that…

許多人會(huì)談到玄武門之變，李世民殺死了他的兄弟，并在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)奪取王位，成為唐太宗。但這并非憑空發(fā)生。讓我們回溯到他之前所做的事情……

Li Yuan was from a prestigious family serving the Sui Dynasty as governor to a region, and was also distantly related to the royal family.

李淵出身于一個(gè)在隋朝擔(dān)任地方總督的顯赫家族，并且與皇室有遠(yuǎn)親關(guān)系。

The Sui Dynasty at the time was falling apart. Li Shimin saw this opportunity, and tricked his father by getting him drunk and throwing him in bed with some of the Sui Emperor's concubines. When Li Yuan woke up horrified of his crime, Li Shimin convinced his father to rebel, otherwise he might be sentenced to death anyway.

當(dāng)時(shí)隋朝正在逐漸瓦解。李世民看到了這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，他設(shè)計(jì)讓他的父親喝醉，然后把他和隋朝皇帝的妃子們放在一起睡覺。當(dāng)李淵醒來后對(duì)自己的罪行感到恐懼時(shí)，李世民說服他的父親造反，否則他可能也會(huì)被判處死刑。

(This story was well known but might be false, it portrayed Li Yuan too cowardly. In reality, as an experienced governor, he wouldn't have been THAT easily manipulated by his own son.)

（這個(gè)故事廣為人知，但可能是假的，它把李淵描繪得過于懦弱。實(shí)際上，作為一位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的總督，他不會(huì)那么容易被自己的兒子操縱。）

Li Shimin was an excellent general, personally leading many campaigns himself while his father secured their home territory. His most prominent victory was defeating Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande’s alliance at the Battle of Hulao Pass (the same place where the fictional Lü Bu fought Liu/Guan/Zhang).

李世民是一位杰出的將軍，在他父親鞏固根據(jù)地的時(shí)候，他親自率領(lǐng)多次戰(zhàn)役。他最著名的勝利是在虎牢關(guān)之戰(zhàn)中擊敗了王世充和竇建德的聯(lián)軍（也是虛構(gòu)人物呂布與劉備、關(guān)羽、張飛戰(zhàn)斗的地方）。

(There was an orchestral ballad written for Li Shimin, named “Prince Qin’s Formation Breaker Song.” This was his title before becoming Emperor.)

（曾有一首為李世民創(chuàng)作的管弦樂歌謠，名為《秦王破陣樂》。這是他成為皇帝之前的頭銜。）

Because Li Shimin had huge popularity and support from the military, his older brother Li Jiancheng feared that their father, now Emperor Gaozu, might make Li Shimin his successor. So he too frequently requested to lead an army on campaigns (his main victory was against Liu Heita). He also build a relation with Li Yuanji, the third of the Li brothers.

因?yàn)槔钍烂裨谲娭袚碛袠O高的人氣和支持，他的哥哥李建成擔(dān)心他們的父親，現(xiàn)在的唐高祖，可能會(huì)立李世民為繼承人。所以他也經(jīng)常請(qǐng)求率軍出征（他的主要?jiǎng)倮菗魯×藙⒑陉Y）。他還與李氏兄弟中的老三李元吉建立了聯(lián)盟關(guān)系。
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Li Jiancheng was made Crown Prince after the Tang was founded, but he was always wary of Li Shimin. There was an incident where one of Li Jiancheng’s generals gathered and organised an army in his name, and attempt a coup. However, the plan was exposed, the rebellion was crushed, and the Emperor verbally promised Li Shimin that he would make Li Shimin his successor instead. But afterwards, the Emperor changed his mind again and just dismissed this incident as sibling rivalry without punishing Li Jiancheng.

唐朝建立后，李建成被立為太子，但他一直對(duì)李世民心存戒備。曾發(fā)生過這樣一件事：李建成手下的一位將軍以他的名義聚集并組織了一支軍隊(duì)，企圖發(fā)動(dòng)政變。然而，計(jì)劃敗露，叛亂被鎮(zhèn)壓，皇帝口頭上答應(yīng)李世民將立他為繼承人。但之后，皇帝又改變了主意，只是將此事視為兄弟鬩墻，并未懲罰李建成。

In another later time, Emperor Gaozu felt the brothers would never truly resolve their hatred. He told Li Shimin that he would like to take his army to the east capitol Luoyang, and be a Regent Prince or governor. If this were to happen, the nation could potentially be split into a West Tang owned by Li Jiancheng and an East Tang owned by Li Shimin. But eventually he changed his mind on that idea too.

在后來的某個(gè)時(shí)候，高祖皇帝覺得兄弟倆的仇恨永遠(yuǎn)無法真正化解。他告訴李世民，他想率軍前往東都洛陽，擔(dān)任攝政王或總督。如果那樣的話，國(guó)家可能會(huì)分裂成由李建成控制的西唐和由李世民控制的東唐。但最終，他改變了主意。

There were also incidents where Li Jiancheng attempted to assassinate Li Shimin as well, such as gifting him with a wild horse to make him fall, and another time he invited Li Shimin for a drink and poisoned his cup. However, some of these stories were questionable. For example, some historians questioned whether Li Shimin would even trust his brother enough to have a drink with him at this time, and how he somehow “vomited litres of blood” yet survived.

也發(fā)生過李建成試圖暗殺李世民的事件，例如送給他一匹烈馬想讓他摔下來，還有一次他邀請(qǐng)李世民喝酒并在酒里下毒。然而，其中一些故事是值得懷疑的。例如，一些歷史學(xué)家質(zhì)疑李世民當(dāng)時(shí)是否會(huì)信任他的哥哥到和他一起喝酒，以及他如何“吐出幾升血”卻活了下來。

Eventually, Li Jiancheng’s plan was to nominate Li Yuanji out on a military campaign, and for Li Shimin’s best soldiers and generals to be assigned to his command. When Li Shimin was without his best soldiers, they could assassinate him. Li Shimin’s followers, most notably Yuchi Jingde and Zhangsun Wuji, urged him to take action, and that they would eventually be killed too if Li Shimin were killed. So Li Shimin agreed and set this plan. They reported to the Emperor that Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji were “having inappropriate relations” with some concubines. The Emperor ordered the two to come to the palace and explain themselves.

最終，李建成的計(jì)劃是讓李元吉率軍出征，并將李世民最精銳的士兵和將領(lǐng)調(diào)到李元吉的指揮下。當(dāng)李世民身邊沒有精銳部隊(duì)時(shí)，他們就可以暗殺他。李世民的追隨者，尤其是尉遲敬德和長(zhǎng)孫無忌，敦促他采取行動(dòng)，并說如果李世民被殺，他們最終也會(huì)被殺。所以李世民同意并制定了這個(gè)計(jì)劃。他們向皇帝報(bào)告說李建成和李元吉與一些妃子有“不正當(dāng)關(guān)系”?；实勖钏麄兌诉M(jìn)宮解釋。

When the two Princes came to the palace, they were ambushed by Li Shimin and his soldiers at the Xuanwu Gate, and were killed in action after a fight. He then sent Yuchi Jingde to the Emperor’s quarters, told him that the two Princes attempted a rebellion, and the Emperor would be kept under his protection (a high context threat). Emperor Gaozu reluctantly accepted this, and in 3 days, passed power to Li Shimin, and in 3 months, officially abdicated the throne. Li Shimin was thus crowned as Emperor Taizong.

兩位親王來到宮門時(shí)，在玄武門遭到了李世民及其士兵的伏擊，并在戰(zhàn)斗中陣亡。然后他派尉遲敬德去皇帝的寢宮，告訴皇帝兩位親王企圖叛亂，皇帝將受到他的保護(hù)（一種高情商的威脅）。高祖皇帝無奈地接受了這一點(diǎn)，三天后將權(quán)力移交給李世民，三個(gè)月后正式退位。李世民因此登基為唐太宗。
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Of particular note, it was generally agreed that Li Shimin did censor or exaggerate some parts of this incident, such as the claim that Li Jiancheng poisoned him. Also, some historians argued that Li Jiancheng was not as bad or incompetent as described in the history books…but Li Yuanji definitely was. There was also a story where he challenged Yuchi Jingde to a spear duel and lost, then wanted to pay Yuchi Jingde to serve him instead, then when he refused, Li Yuanji sent an assassin for him. Yuchi Jingde however just left the door open and kept his spear by his side, and scared the assassin away. Also, there were speculation that if the two Princes did successfully eliminate Li Shimin, Li Yuanji would then backstab his brother at first opportunity.

尤其值得注意的是，人們普遍認(rèn)為李世民確實(shí)審查或夸大了一些事件的細(xì)節(jié)，例如他聲稱李建成毒害他的說法。此外，一些歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為，李建成并不像史書上描述的那樣糟糕或無能……但李元吉肯定是的。還有一個(gè)故事說他與尉遲敬德挑戰(zhàn)長(zhǎng)矛決斗并輸了，然后想收買尉遲敬德為他效力，當(dāng)尉遲敬德拒絕后，李元吉派了一個(gè)刺客去殺他。然而，尉遲敬德敞開大門，把長(zhǎng)矛放在身邊，嚇跑了刺客。還有人猜測(cè)，如果兩位親王成功除掉李世民，李元吉會(huì)在第一時(shí)間背叛他的哥哥。

Also, Wei Zheng, who would eventually become one of Emperor Taizong’s trusted advisor, actually served Li Jiancheng originally. After this coup, Li Shimin interrogated him and asked if he was involved with Li Jiancheng’s plotting. Wei Zheng gave him the most gangster answer ever:

此外，后來成為唐太宗最信任的顧問之一的魏徵，最初實(shí)際上是為李建成效力的。政變后，李世民審問他，問他是否參與了李建成的陰謀。魏徵給了他一個(gè)最“黑幫”的回答：

“Yes, and he would’ve gotten away with it, if he had actually listened to me.”

“是的，如果他當(dāng)時(shí)聽了我的話，他就成功了。”

And to set a good example, Li Shimin did actually spare him and say it was all in the past now.

為了樹立一個(gè)好榜樣，李世民確實(shí)饒了他，并說一切都過去了。

Yevgeniy Leto
I am highly suspicious of the historical record of the Xuanwumen coup. Li Shimin made sure that the narrative is in favor of him. As the saying goes, history is written by the victor.

我非常懷疑玄武門政變的歷史記載。李世民只是想確保描述對(duì)他有利。正如俗話所說，歷史是勝利者書寫的。
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George Hu
It happened semi-often in many prestigious families. Even in Dream of the Red Chamber and Thunderstorm. In fact even Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) died indirectly due to this, his first grandson was actually born from an affair between his son and one of his concubines. He suffered from a heat-stroke induced madness, and clawed his own face off yelling “I have no face to see the Emperor in death!” This was rarely mentioned due to his heroic status.
Edit: I made a mistake, Zheng Jing had an affair with Lady Chen, who was not his father's concubine. She was the wet nurse (servant who breastfeed) of his baby brother. Although this was considered an inappropriate relationship (Zheng Jing supposedly had a fetish for middle-aged women), I'm not sure if it would be considered incest? Meh.

這在許多顯赫的家庭中半經(jīng)常發(fā)生。甚至在《紅樓夢(mèng)》和《雷雨》中也有。事實(shí)上，鄭成功（國(guó)姓爺）也間接死于此，他的第一個(gè)孫子實(shí)際上是他兒子和他的一個(gè)妾所生的。他患上了中暑引起的瘋狂，抓破了自己的臉，喊著“我死后無顏見先帝！”由于他的英雄地位，這件事很少被提及。
注：我犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，鄭經(jīng)與陳夫人有染，但她不是他父親的妾。她是他的弟弟的乳母（負(fù)責(zé)哺乳的仆人）。雖然這被認(rèn)為是不正當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系（據(jù)說鄭經(jīng)迷戀中年婦女），但我不知道這是否會(huì)被認(rèn)為是亂倫？嗯。

Yugan Talovich
Taizong was a fascinating, brilliant character. His father, Li Yuan, a powerful military leader in the Sui dynasty, took advantage of the decay and collapse of the Sui to establish his power base (later historians assigned him a passive role, but that does not bear scrutiny). His second son, Li Shimin, had a talent for strategy, and was plotting campaigns and leading armies in his teens.

太宗是一位令人著迷、才華橫溢的人物。他的父親李淵是隋朝一位強(qiáng)大的軍事領(lǐng)袖，他利用隋朝的衰落和崩潰來建立自己的權(quán)力基礎(chǔ)（后來的歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為他扮演的是被動(dòng)角色，但這經(jīng)不起推敲）。他的第二個(gè)兒子李世民在戰(zhàn)略方面很有天賦，十幾歲時(shí)就開始策劃戰(zhàn)役并率領(lǐng)軍隊(duì)。

He was also extremely lucky. One battle did not go well for him and he was running away for his life. Finally he was exhausted and he figured he had a good enough lead, so he found a place to lie down and sleep a bit. Just as the enemy were catching up with him, a snake bit a rabbit (or something, I forget exactly what) next to the sleeping Shimin and roused him from his sleep. He escaped to fight another day.

他也極其幸運(yùn)。有場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役失利后，他正拼命逃亡，最終精疲力竭，覺得已甩開追兵足夠遠(yuǎn)，便找了地方躺下小憩。就在追兵即將趕上時(shí)，一條蛇咬了只野兔（具體細(xì)節(jié)記不清了），動(dòng)靜驚醒了睡夢(mèng)中的世民，使他得以逃脫，日后得以卷土重來。
His contribution to establishing the Tang was invaluable, which caused a conflict of interest, since he was the second son, not the heir apparent. To make a long story short, Shimin ambushed the heir at the Hsuanwu /Xuanwu Gate and killed him: fratricide. Their father, the emperor, had been enjoying himself on a boat in his pond, and was taken by surprise but accepted the turn of events. (This is followed by a really weird part that I don’t understand: ‘世民跪而吮上乳 Shimin knelt down and sucked on the emperor’s teat.’ ) He retired gracefully and Taizong ascended to the throne.
他對(duì)建立唐朝的貢獻(xiàn)無可限量，這引發(fā)了利益沖突——身為次子而非儲(chǔ)君的他，最終在玄武門設(shè)伏誅殺了兄長(zhǎng)（骨肉相殘）。當(dāng)時(shí)他們的皇帝父親正在池塘中泛舟取樂，面對(duì)變故雖始料未及，卻也只能接受現(xiàn)實(shí)。（接著發(fā)生了令人費(fèi)解的記載："世民跪而吮上乳"）最終高祖禪位，太宗順利登基。

Taizong had always had a wide range of talent; he was an excellent author and calligrapher. He attracted the best talent and respected their abilities. Wei Cheng/Zheng in particular did not care a bit about what Taizong thought, he called the shots as he saw them. One time Taizong was playing with a new hunting falcon when Wei Cheng’s arrival was announced. Wei would not approve of the Emperor spending too much time or energy on hunting instead of governing, so Taizong thrust the falcon inside his clothes so Wei wouldn’t find out. By the time Wei was finished, the poor falcon had been smothered.

太宗一直以來都才華橫溢；他是一位優(yōu)秀的作家和書法家。他吸引了最優(yōu)秀的人才，并尊重他們的能力。尤其是魏徵，他一點(diǎn)也不在乎太宗的想法，他按照自己的想法行事。有一次太宗正在玩一只新獵鷹，這時(shí)有人通報(bào)魏徵來了。魏徵不會(huì)贊同皇帝把太多時(shí)間和精力花在打獵上而不是治理國(guó)家，所以太宗把獵鷹塞進(jìn)衣服里，以免被魏徵發(fā)現(xiàn)。等魏徵說完話，可憐的獵鷹已經(jīng)被悶死了。

(Taizong’s calligraphy)

（太宗的書法）

Pk Leong
The sucking part might be to remind his father that he was the only son left . So li yuen had no choice but to accept the fact .

吮吸的部分可能是為了提醒他的父親，他是唯一的兒子了。所以李淵別無選擇，只能接受這個(gè)事實(shí)。

Yugan Talovich
That could be. This is, as far as I can recall, the only time anybody was recorded sucking on his father’s teat. As an unabashed modern person, I have to say it’s kind of gross.

有可能。據(jù)我所知，這是唯一一次有人被記錄吸吮他父親的乳頭。作為一個(gè)毫不掩飾的現(xiàn)代人，我不得不說這有點(diǎn)惡心。

Pk Leong
His advisers did considered this point before they decided to act . Betting on the fact that he would be the only son left . If Li yuen killed li Si Min then he won’t have any sons to inherit the throne . So the old man was caught in a catch 22 situation n better to retire instead of seeing more killings . The daughter supported Li Si Min .

他的顧問們?cè)跊Q定行動(dòng)之前確實(shí)考慮到了這一點(diǎn)。他們賭定他會(huì)是唯一的兒子。如果李淵殺了李世民，他就沒有兒子繼承王位了。所以這個(gè)老人陷入了兩難境地，與其看到更多的殺戮，不如退位。女兒支持李世民。

wangjc
Taizong made a serious mistake, elevating a girl that become Wu Zetian.

太宗犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤，提拔了一個(gè)后來成為武則天的女子。
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Yugan Talovich
He didn’t really elevate her, he just accepted her into the haram because her father was influential. He didn’t like her, because she was so harsh. I wouldn’t really blame him.
But think how different history would be if she had stayed home and married some (unlucky) common person!

他其實(shí)并沒有特別抬舉她，只是因?yàn)樗赣H位高權(quán)重，才將她納入后宮。他并不喜歡她，因?yàn)樗珡?qiáng)勢(shì)了。我倒也不愿責(zé)怪他。
但試想一下，如果她當(dāng)初留在家中，嫁給某個(gè)（倒霉的）平民，歷史將會(huì)多么不同！

Frank Peterson
Regardless of what one thinks of Wu Zetian and her reign, she represents a fascinating period in Chinese history, arguably the peak of Buddhist cultural influence in China.

無論人們?nèi)绾慰创鋭t天和她的統(tǒng)治，她都代表了中國(guó)歷史上一個(gè)引人入勝的時(shí)期，可以說是佛教文化在中國(guó)影響力的頂峰。

Yugan Talovich

I’ve never heard it, but I doubt it. 達(dá)摩 Damo (Bodhidarma, Daruma), who founded the Shaolin monastery, lived a couple centuries before the Tang, but I don’t know of accurate records saying that the monks practiced martial arts at that time. ~assuming the story says the monk kept him safe by means of martial arts.

From what I can think of right now, Damo was noted during his lifetime, but during the Tang, the Shaolin Temple was not particularly prominent.
I’m afraid that’s the best I can do for now. Can you give me a source for that story?

我從未聽說過，但我對(duì)此表示懷疑。達(dá)摩（菩提達(dá)摩）是少林寺的創(chuàng)始人，生活在唐朝之前幾個(gè)世紀(jì)，但我不知道是否有準(zhǔn)確的記載說當(dāng)時(shí)的僧侶練習(xí)武術(shù)。~假設(shè)這個(gè)故事說僧侶通過武術(shù)保護(hù)了他。
就我目前所知，達(dá)摩在世時(shí)雖有名望，但到唐朝時(shí)少林寺并不特別受重視?？峙逻@就是我能提供的全部信息了。能否告知這個(gè)故事的出處？

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外網(wǎng)熱議：唐太宗是如何統(tǒng)治唐朝的？

外網(wǎng)熱議：唐太宗是如何統(tǒng)治唐朝的？