特级全黄一级毛片视频,国产午夜亚洲精品理论片不卡

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Anumakonda Jagadeesh
Excellent.
China has long history of inventions advancement in Science and Technology besides medicine and Renewable Energy.
List of Chinese Inventions

太好了。
除了醫(yī)學(xué)和可再生能源領(lǐng)域，中國(guó)在科學(xué)技術(shù)方面有著悠久的發(fā)明歷史。
中國(guó)發(fā)明清單

China has been the source of many innovations, scientific discoveries and inventions. This includes the Four Great Inventions: papermaking, the compass, gunpowder, and printing (both woodblock and movable type). The list below contains these and other inventions in China attested by archaeological or historical evidence.

中國(guó)是許多創(chuàng)新科技、科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的發(fā)源地。這其中包括四大發(fā)明:造紙術(shù)、指南針、火藥和印刷術(shù)(木版和活字)。下面的清單包含了四大發(fā)明以及其他被考古或歷史證明的發(fā)明。

The historical region now known as China experienced a history involving mechanics, hydraulics and mathematics applied to horology, metallurgy, astronomy, agriculture, engineering, music theory, craftsmanship, naval architecture and warfare. By the Warring States period (403–221 BC), inhabitants of the Warring States had advanced metallurgic technology, including the blast furnace and cupola furnace, while the finery forge and puddling process were known by the Han Dynasty (202 BC–AD 220). A sophisticated economic system in imperial China gave birth to inventions such as paper money during the Song Dynasty (960–1279). The invention of gunpowder during the mid 9th century led to an array of inventions such as the fire lance, land mine, naval mine, hand cannon, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket and rocket bombs with aerodynamic wings and explosive payloads. With the navigational aid of the 11th century compass and ability to steer at high sea with the 1st century sternpost rudder, premodern Chinese sailors sailed as far as East Africa. In water-powered clockworks, the premodern Chinese had used the escapement mechanism since the 8th century and the endless power-transmitting chain drive in the 11th century. They also made large mechanical puppet theaters driven by waterwheels and carriage wheels and wine-serving automatons driven by paddle wheel boats.

這片經(jīng)歷了包括力學(xué)、水力學(xué)、應(yīng)用于測(cè)時(shí)法的數(shù)學(xué)、冶煉學(xué)、天文學(xué)、農(nóng)業(yè)、工程學(xué)、音樂(lè)學(xué)、工藝學(xué)、造船和軍事學(xué)的歷史地區(qū)就是現(xiàn)在的中國(guó)。到了戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期(公元前403-221年)，居民已經(jīng)擁有了先進(jìn)的冶金技術(shù)，包括鼓風(fēng)爐和化鐵爐，而到了漢朝(公元前202 -公元220年)，人們已經(jīng)知道了精煉爐鍛造和灌鋼法。在帝制時(shí)期的中國(guó)的復(fù)雜經(jīng)濟(jì)體系催生了諸如宋代(960-1279)紙幣等發(fā)明。9世紀(jì)中期火藥的發(fā)明帶來(lái)了一系列相關(guān)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，如火槍、地雷、水雷、手銃、爆炸炮彈、多級(jí)火箭和帶有空氣動(dòng)力機(jī)翼和爆炸載荷的火箭炸彈。11世紀(jì)在航海指南針的幫助，前現(xiàn)代的航海員利用公元1世紀(jì)尾舵在有浪海上航行的技術(shù)，最遠(yuǎn)到達(dá)了東非。水力鐘表方面，前現(xiàn)代中國(guó)人從公元8世紀(jì)就開(kāi)始使用擒縱機(jī)構(gòu)，公元11世紀(jì)就使用無(wú)止無(wú)盡的動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)鏈進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)。他們還制作了大型的機(jī)械木偶劇院，由水車(chē)和馬車(chē)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，以及由槳輪船驅(qū)動(dòng)的機(jī)器酒保。

The contemporaneous Peiligang and Pengtoushan cultures represent the oldest Neolithic cultures of China and were formed around 7000 BC. Some of the first inventions of Neolithic China include semilunar and rectangular stone knives, stone hoes and spades, the cultivation of millet and the soybean, the refinement of sericulture, the building of rammed earth structures with lime-plastered house floors, the creation of pottery with cord-mat-basket designs, the creation of pottery tripods and pottery steamers and the development of ceremonial vessels and scapulimancy for purposes of divination. The British sinologist Francesca Bray argues that the domestication of the ox and buffalo during the Longshan culture (c. 3000–c. 2000 BC) period, the absence of Longshan-era irrigation or high-yield crops, full evidence of Longshan cultivation of dry-land cereal crops which gave high yields “only when the soil was carefully cultivated,” suggest that the plough was known at least by the Longshan culture period and explains the high agricultural production yields which allowed the rise of Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–c. 1050 BC). Later inventions such as the multiple-tube seed drill and heavy moldboard iron plough enabled China to sustain a much larger population through greater improvements in agricultural output.

幾乎處于同一時(shí)代的裴李崗文化和彭頭山文化形成于公元前7000年左右，是中國(guó)最古老的新石器時(shí)代文化。中國(guó)新石器時(shí)代第一批發(fā)明包括半月形和長(zhǎng)方形的石刀,石鋤、和石鏟，小米和大豆種植，細(xì)化養(yǎng)蠶,夯土結(jié)構(gòu)與石灰粉刷的地板，還創(chuàng)造了繩印紋陶器，三足陶鼎和陶船，禮器得到了發(fā)展，以及肩胛骨占卜術(shù)。英國(guó)漢學(xué)家白馥蘭認(rèn)為，在龍山文化時(shí)期(約公元前3000到公元前2000年)就對(duì)牛和水牛進(jìn)行了馴化飼養(yǎng)，沒(méi)有找到龍山時(shí)期的灌溉方式，也沒(méi)有找到當(dāng)時(shí)的高產(chǎn)作物，而且有完整的證據(jù)表明，龍山文化時(shí)期采用旱地谷類(lèi)作物的耕作方式，而只有“進(jìn)行耕種的土壤”才能出現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)谷類(lèi)作物，這表明龍山文化時(shí)期已經(jīng)開(kāi)始使用犁，這就解釋了為什么中華文明能在商朝(公元前1600年到公元前1050年)崛起。后來(lái)的發(fā)明，如多管播種機(jī)和重型犁板的鐵犁，使中國(guó)能夠通過(guò)更大的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量來(lái)維持更多的人口。

Neolithic cultures in Southern China, such as the Liangzhu, Majiabang, and Hemudu, were precursors of the Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, and Hmong-Mien speakers. They were collectively referred to as Baiyue or “barbarians”. They were the sites of early Neolithic advancements like rice cultivation and paddy field agriculture. The most advanced examples which might have represented the earliest true states are the Daxi and Qujialing cultures (possibly Hmong-Mien) of the Upper Yangtze; and the Hemudu, Majiabang and Liangzhu cultures of the Yangtze Delta (pre-Austronesian). These peoples moved further south in response to the Han expansion at around 200 BC. Pre-Austronesians, in particular, settled Taiwan from the Fujian region, then spread out rapidly into Island Southeast Asia, Micronesia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar.[16]

中國(guó)南方的新石器時(shí)代文化，如良渚、馬家浜、河姆渡等，是南島語(yǔ)、南亞語(yǔ)、侗臺(tái)語(yǔ)和苗瑤語(yǔ)的祖先。他們被統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為百越或“野蠻人”。這些地方是新石器時(shí)代早期先進(jìn)技術(shù)的遺址，這里有水稻種植和水田農(nóng)業(yè)。最先進(jìn)的例子，可能出現(xiàn)了最早的真正意義上的國(guó)家的是位于長(zhǎng)江上游的大溪和屈家?guī)X文化(可能是苗族和瑤族)；以及長(zhǎng)江三角洲的河姆渡、馬家浜和良渚文化(南島文明之前)。公元前200年左右，隨著漢人的擴(kuò)張，這些民族向南遷移。特別是南島人，從福建地區(qū)遷走，定居在臺(tái)灣，然后迅速擴(kuò)展到東南亞島嶼、密克羅尼西亞、美拉尼西亞島、波利尼西亞和馬達(dá)加斯加等地區(qū)。

For the purposes of this list, inventions are regarded as technological firsts developed in China, and as such does not include foreign technologies which the Chinese acquired through contact, such as the windmill from the Middle East or the telescope from early modern Europe. It also does not include technologies developed elsewhere and later invented separately by the Chinese, such as the odometer, water wheel, and chain pump. Scientific, mathematical or natural discoveries, changes in minor concepts of design or style and artistic innovations do not appear on the list.

我上面列舉的內(nèi)容是想說(shuō)明，發(fā)明創(chuàng)造在中國(guó)被認(rèn)為是科學(xué)技術(shù)中排在第一位的，因?yàn)檫@里面不包括中國(guó)人通過(guò)接觸獲得的外國(guó)技術(shù)，如中東的風(fēng)車(chē)或近代歐洲早期的望遠(yuǎn)鏡。也不包括其他地方開(kāi)發(fā)的技術(shù)，后來(lái)由中國(guó)人在這些技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上單獨(dú)的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，如里程表、水車(chē)和鏈?zhǔn)奖?。科學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)或自然發(fā)現(xiàn)、設(shè)計(jì)或風(fēng)格等小概念的變化和藝術(shù)的創(chuàng)新都不在清單上。

The Four Great Inventions are inventions from ancient China that are celebrated in Chinese culture and history for their significance and as symbols of ancient China’s advanced science and technology.

“四大發(fā)明”是中國(guó)古代的發(fā)明，因其重要性和作為中國(guó)古代先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)的象征而在中國(guó)文化和歷史上享有盛譽(yù)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

The Four Great Inventions are: Compass, Gunpowder, Papermaking, Printing

四大發(fā)明是:指南針、火藥、造紙、印刷術(shù)

These four discoveries had a profound impact on the development of civilization throughout the world. However, some modern Chinese scholars have opined that other Chinese inventions were perhaps more sophisticated and had a greater impact on Chinese civilization – the Four Great Inventions serve merely to highlight the technological interaction between East and West.

四大發(fā)明對(duì)世界文明發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。然而，一些現(xiàn)代中國(guó)學(xué)者認(rèn)為，中國(guó)其他發(fā)明可能更復(fù)雜，對(duì)中華文明的影響更深遠(yuǎn)——四大發(fā)明只是突出了東西方之間的技術(shù)互動(dòng)。

After the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949, China reorganized its science establishment along Soviet lines. Although the country regressed scientifically as a result of government policies which led to famine during the Great Leap Forward and political chaos during the Cultural Revolution, scientific research in nuclear weapons and satellite launching still gained great success. From 1975, science and technology was one of the Four Modernizations, and its high-speed development was declared essential to all national economic development by D. Other civilian technologies such as superconductivity and high-yield hybrid rice led to new developments due to the application of science to industry and foreign technology transfer.

1949年中國(guó)成立后，中國(guó)按照蘇聯(lián)的路線(xiàn)重組了科學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)。......但是在核武器和衛(wèi)星發(fā)射方面的科學(xué)研究仍然取得了巨大成就。1975年開(kāi)始，科學(xué)技術(shù)現(xiàn)代化成了中國(guó)要實(shí)現(xiàn)的四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化之一，鄧宣布科學(xué)技術(shù)高速發(fā)展是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。其他民用技術(shù)，如超導(dǎo)和高產(chǎn)雜交水稻，由于應(yīng)用于工業(yè)和外國(guó)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓?zhuān)霈F(xiàn)了新的發(fā)展。

As the People’s Republic of China becomes better connected to the global economy, the government has placed more emphasis on science and technology. This has led to increases in funding, improved scientific structure, and more money for research. These factors have led to advancements in agriculture, medicine, genetics, and global change. In 2003, the Chinese space program allowed China to become the third country to send humans into space, and ambition to put a man on mars by 2030. In the 2000s and 2010s, China became a top scientific and industrial power in more advanced fields such as super computing, artificial intelligence, bullet trains, aeronautics, nuclear physics researches and other fields.

隨著中國(guó)與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的聯(lián)系日益緊密，政府將更多的中心轉(zhuǎn)移到了科技發(fā)展上。這就導(dǎo)致科技發(fā)展資金增長(zhǎng)，科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)改善，更多的資金被用于科學(xué)研究。這給中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)領(lǐng)域帶來(lái)了發(fā)展，并進(jìn)一步改變了世界全球。2003年，中國(guó)的太空計(jì)劃使中國(guó)成為第三個(gè)將人類(lèi)送入太空的國(guó)家，而且中國(guó)還計(jì)劃在2030年將人類(lèi)送上火星。21世紀(jì)前二十年里，中國(guó)成了超級(jí)計(jì)算、人工智能、子彈頭列車(chē)、航空學(xué)、核物理研究等先進(jìn)領(lǐng)域的強(qiáng)國(guó)。

In 2016, China became the country with the highest science output, as measured in publications. While the US had been the biggest producer of scientific studies until then, China published 426,000 studies in 2016 while the US published 409,000. However, the numbers are somewhat relative, as it also depends how authorship on international collaborations is counted (e.g. if one paper is counted per person or whether authorship is split among authors).

2016年，中國(guó)成為科學(xué)產(chǎn)出最高的國(guó)家。在此之前，美國(guó)一直是科學(xué)研究的最大國(guó)。中國(guó)2016年發(fā)表了42.6萬(wàn)篇論文，而美國(guó)發(fā)表了40.9萬(wàn)篇。然而，這些數(shù)字是相對(duì)的，因?yàn)橐踩Q于如何計(jì)算國(guó)際合作的作者身份如何確認(rèn)(例如，合著論文是每人算一篇，還是在所有作者共同分著作權(quán))。

China’s investment in research and development is expected to reach 2.5% of GDP, and the contribution of scientific and technological advances toward economic growth should come to reach 60%.

預(yù)計(jì)中國(guó)對(duì)研發(fā)的投資占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的2.5%，科技進(jìn)步對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到60%。

— The 13th Five-Year Plan of China (2016－2020)
The central government’s commitment is aimed at making China a leading power in science and technology by the middle of the century, or around the 100th anniversary of the People’s Republic of China.

——中國(guó)“十三五”規(guī)劃(2016-2020年)
在本世紀(jì)中葉，即中華人民共和國(guó)成立100周年前后，中國(guó)將成為世界科學(xué)技術(shù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力量。

—President address at a biennial conference of the country’s two top think tanks on May 31
Three-step goals: To develop China into an innovation-oriented country by 2020, to place China among top innovation-oriented countries by 2030, and to turn China into a technological innovation powerhouse by 2025.

——5月31日，兩會(huì)
“三步走”目標(biāo):到2020年進(jìn)入創(chuàng)新型國(guó)家,到2035年左右進(jìn)入創(chuàng)新型國(guó)家前列,到2050年要成為世界科技強(qiáng)國(guó)。

— Outline of the National Strategy of Innovation-Driven Development released by the Ministry of Science and Technology on May 23
China is now decisively the second-largest performer of research and development.

——科技部23日發(fā)布的《國(guó)家創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略綱要》
如今，中國(guó)在研發(fā)方面已穩(wěn)居全球第二。

Aerospace Probe

航空航天探測(cè)器

Tiangong II, launched on Sept 15, 2016

天宮二號(hào)于2016年9月15日發(fā)射

The space lab is 10.4 meters high, 3.35 meters in diameter and weighs 8.6 metric tons. It has two cabins – one acts as the astronauts’ living quarters and the other contains solar panels, storage batteries, propellant and engines.

太空實(shí)驗(yàn)室高10.4米，直徑3.35米，重8.6噸。實(shí)驗(yàn)室有兩個(gè)艙室，一個(gè)是宇航員的生活區(qū)，另一個(gè)包含太陽(yáng)能電池板、蓄電池、推進(jìn)劑和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。

Its major tasks are to accommodate astronauts’ medium-length stay in it and test life-support technologies, to demonstrate in-orbit refueling and repair plans and to conduct experiments pertaining to space sciences.

實(shí)驗(yàn)室的主要任務(wù)是供宇航員中長(zhǎng)期停留和測(cè)試生命支持技術(shù)，演示在軌補(bǔ)充燃料、修理計(jì)劃和進(jìn)行有關(guān)空間科學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)。

Shenzhou XI, launched on Oct 17 and returned on Nov 18, 2016

神舟十一號(hào)于2016年10月17日發(fā)射，11月18日返回

It carries astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong to dock with Tiangong II on Oct 19. Astronauts conduct medical experiments and space science experiments such as raising silkworms and planting vegetables in space.

10月19日，神舟十一號(hào)搭乘航天員景海鵬和陳冬與天宮二號(hào)對(duì)接。宇航員進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)和太空科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，如在太空中養(yǎng)蠶和種植蔬菜。

The Shenzhou XI-Tiangong II mission was China’s sixth manned spaceflight and is expected to pave the way for a permanent space station, which the country plans to start building in 2018 and put into service in about 2022.

神舟十一號(hào)和天宮二號(hào)工程是中國(guó)第六次載人航天飛行，預(yù)計(jì)將為建立永久性空間站鋪平道路。中國(guó)計(jì)劃在2018年開(kāi)始建造永久性空間站，并在2022年左右投入使用。

SJ-10 retrievable satellite, launched on April 6 and recovered on April 18, 2016

實(shí)踐十號(hào)可回收衛(wèi)星，于2016年4月6日發(fā)射，4月18日回收

Long March 5, heavy-lift two-stage rocket, launched on Nov 3, 2016

2016年11月3日，長(zhǎng)征五號(hào)重型兩級(jí)運(yùn)載火箭發(fā)射升空

The 57-meter-tall rocket has a liftoff weight of 870 metric tons, and a maximum payload capacity of 25 tons to low Earth orbit and 14 tons to geosynchronous transfer orbit.

該火箭高57米，發(fā)射重量870噸，近地軌道最大載荷25噸，地球同步轉(zhuǎn)移軌道運(yùn)載能力為14噸。

Long March 5 will enable China to put its future manned station into space and send unmanned probes to Mars. It is scheduled to carry the Chang’e-5 lunar probe around 2017.

有了長(zhǎng)征五號(hào)，中國(guó)就能將未來(lái)的載人空間站送入太空，并向火星發(fā)射無(wú)人探測(cè)器。長(zhǎng)征五號(hào)火箭將搭載嫦娥五號(hào)于2017年前后發(fā)射。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Five memorable moments

五個(gè)難忘的時(shí)刻
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First satellite – Dongfanghong-1, on April 24, 1970 Fifth nation to join the “space club”
First manned spacecraft (2003) Yang Liwei, 38, spends 21 hours in orbit
Third country ever to send a human into space
First spacewalk by Zhai Zhigang, 42, (2008)
Third country to leave footprint in the universe
First space lab Tiangong-1 (2011)

第一顆衛(wèi)星——東方紅一號(hào)，1970年4月24日，第五個(gè)加入“太空俱樂(lè)部”的國(guó)家
第一艘載人飛船(2003年)楊利偉，38歲，在軌飛行21小時(shí)
第三個(gè)將人類(lèi)送入太空的國(guó)家
第一次太空行走，翟志剛，42歲(2008年)
第三個(gè)在宇宙中留下足跡的國(guó)家
第一空間實(shí)驗(yàn)室天宮一號(hào)(2011)

Preparation to put a permanent manned space station into service around 2022

預(yù)計(jì)于2022年左右中國(guó)永久性的載人空間站投入使用

First lunar “soft” landing – lunar probe Chang’e-3 (2013)
With lunar rover “Yutu” (Jade Rabbit) for surveying the moon’s geological structure and surface substances and looking for natural resources

首次月球“軟著陸”——月球探測(cè)器嫦娥三號(hào)(2013年)
利用月球車(chē)“玉兔”探測(cè)月球的地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)和表面物質(zhì)，尋找自然資源

Ambitious plans

雄心勃勃的計(jì)劃

2017 – Send lunar probe Chang’e 5 to land on the moon and return with lunar samples.
2020 – Complete aerospace projects currently under way, including manned space programs, lunar probes, the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and the Gaofen observation satellite program. China also intends to send an unmanned probe to Mars that is expected to orbit and land on the Red Planet and conduct scientific research.
2025 – Will complete construction of national civilian space infrastructure.
2036 – Plan to send astronauts to the moon under its manned lunar exploration program. To date, only the United States has successfully landed astronauts on the moon.

2017年，發(fā)射月球探測(cè)器“嫦娥五號(hào)”登陸月球，并帶回月球樣本。
2020年，全面建成進(jìn)行中的航天工程，包括載人航天、探月工程、北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、高分觀測(cè)衛(wèi)星等。中國(guó)還計(jì)劃向火星發(fā)射無(wú)人探測(cè)器，預(yù)計(jì)將繞火星軌道運(yùn)行并降落在火星上進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究。
2025年，完成國(guó)家民用航天基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。
2036年，根據(jù)載人探月計(jì)劃，計(jì)劃將宇航員送往月球。迄今為止，只有美國(guó)成功地將宇航員送上月球。

World’s first quantum communication satellite

世界上第一顆量子通信衛(wèi)星

Micius, the world’s first quantum communication satellite developed by China, was launched into space on Aug 16, 2016.
The 631-kilogram satellite, named after the ancient Chinese philosopher and scientist Micius, operates 500 kilometers above Earth for at least two years.

2016年8月16日，中國(guó)研制的世界首顆量子通信衛(wèi)星“墨子號(hào)”發(fā)射升空。
這顆631公斤重的衛(wèi)星以中國(guó)古代哲學(xué)家和科學(xué)家墨子的名字命名，在距離地球500公里的上空運(yùn)行至少兩年。

The satellite is dedicated to quantum science experiments, and it will serve as evidence that China is leading the world to achieve satellite-earth quantum communication.
Taking a big step in building a space-based quantum communication network that would be virtually uncrackable.

這顆衛(wèi)星致力于量子科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，將成為中國(guó)引領(lǐng)世界，實(shí)現(xiàn)星地量子通信的證據(jù)。
這在建立幾乎不可破解的太空量子通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)上邁出了一大步。
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World’s longest quantum communication network

世界上最長(zhǎng)的量子通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)

China will complete and put into service the world’s longest quantum communication network stretching 2,000km from Beijing to Shanghai in the second half of this year.
Government agencies and banks in cities along the route can use it first. By 2030, the Chinese network would be extended worldwide.

中國(guó)將于今年下半年建成并投入使用世界最長(zhǎng)的量子通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)從北京延伸至上海，全長(zhǎng)2000公里。
沿線(xiàn)城市的政府機(jī)構(gòu)和銀行可以首先使用。到2030年，中國(guó)的量子通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)將擴(kuò)展到世界各地。

In 2012, China built the world’s first metropolitan area quantum network in Hefei, lixing 46 nodes to allow real-time voice communications, text messages and file transfers.

2012年，中國(guó)在合肥建成了世界上第一個(gè)城域量子網(wǎng)絡(luò)，連接了46個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了實(shí)時(shí)語(yǔ)音通信、短信和文件傳輸。

Breakthrough

突破

Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), or Tianyan, is the world’s largest of its kind, overtaking Puerto Rico’s Arecibo Observatory, which is 300 meters in diameter. FAST’s large hemispheric surface is made up of 4,450 1.3-millimeter-thin reflecting panels, each weighing 427 to 482.5 kilograms. It is 10 times more sensitive than the steerable 100-meter telescope near Bonn, Germany.

直徑500米的球面望遠(yuǎn)鏡(FAST)，或稱(chēng)“天眼”，是世界上同類(lèi)望遠(yuǎn)鏡中最大的，超過(guò)了波多黎各直徑300米的阿雷西博天文臺(tái)。FAST巨大的半球表面由4450個(gè)1.3毫米薄的反射板組成，每個(gè)反射板重427到482.5公斤。天眼的靈敏度是德國(guó)波恩附近100米望遠(yuǎn)鏡的10倍。
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Scientific application

科學(xué)應(yīng)用

FAST can detect weak radio signals from the outer space, even beyond our own solar system and will be helpful in areas such as large-scale physics of the universe and understanding the nature of dark matter.
It will also contribute to the international search for intelligent extraterrestrial life and could also be used to track spacecraft involved in China’s space program.
It is capable of identifying gravitational waves, detecting radio emissions from the outer reaches of space and listening for signs of intelligent extraterrestrial life.

FAST可以探測(cè)到來(lái)自外太空的微弱無(wú)線(xiàn)電信號(hào)，甚至可以探測(cè)到太陽(yáng)系之外的信號(hào)，這將有助于研究宇宙的大規(guī)模物理現(xiàn)象和了解暗物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)。
還能幫助國(guó)際社會(huì)探索外星智能生命，還被用于追蹤中國(guó)太空計(jì)劃中的航天器。
可以識(shí)別引力波，探測(cè)來(lái)自外層空間的無(wú)線(xiàn)電發(fā)射，并監(jiān)聽(tīng)外星智能生命的跡象。

Construction and cost
With an investment of 1.2 billion yuan ($185 million), this gigantic project started in 2011, 17 years after it was proposed by Chinese astronomers.

建設(shè)和成本
這個(gè)耗資12億元人民幣(1.85億美元)的巨型項(xiàng)目始于2011年，從中國(guó)天文學(xué)家提出計(jì)劃到完成用時(shí)17年。

Artificial Intelligence and Super Computing

人工智能和超級(jí)計(jì)算

Three-year ‘Internet Plus’ artificial intelligence plan
China will speed up the development of its artificial intelligence (AI) sector and create a market worth more than 100 billion yuan ($15.26 billion) over the next three years.

三年“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”人工智能計(jì)劃
中國(guó)將加快人工智能領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展，并在未來(lái)三年創(chuàng)造價(jià)值超過(guò)1000億元(152.6億美元)的市場(chǎng)

By 2018, China shall build platforms for fundamental AI resources and innovation and make breakthroughs on basic core technology to be in line with global AI technology and industries by 2018.

到2018年，搭建基礎(chǔ)人工智能資源和創(chuàng)新平臺(tái)，突破基礎(chǔ)核心技術(shù)，與全球人工智能技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)接軌。
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The country will cultivate and develop emerging artificial intelligence industries, promote innovation in intelligent products and enhance the intelligence level of terminal products.
The program will involve key projects such as intelligent home appliances, smart automobiles, intelligent unmanned systems, intelligent wearable devices and robots(Chinadaily.com).

培育和發(fā)展新興人工智能產(chǎn)業(yè)，推動(dòng)智能產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新，提升終端產(chǎn)品智能化水平。
該項(xiàng)目將涉及智能家電、智能汽車(chē)、智能無(wú)人系統(tǒng)、智能可穿戴設(shè)備和機(jī)器人等重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。

Two Robot hit on social media

兩個(gè)機(jī)器人在社交媒體上引起熱議

Robot Monk
Buddhist monasteries are often associated with tradition and the ancient past but one located 30 kilometers northwest of Beijing’s Zhongguancun – China’s innovation hub – has become famous for looking to the future with its use of cutting-edge technology and for its latest recruit, a robot.

和尚機(jī)器人
佛教寺廟往往與傳統(tǒng)和古代聯(lián)系在一起，但位于中國(guó)創(chuàng)新中心北京中關(guān)村西北30公里處的一座寺廟，因使用前沿技術(shù)和最新招募的機(jī)器人來(lái)展望未來(lái)而聞名。

‘Jia Jia’
A new interactive robot, named Jia Jia, looking like a real woman, was showcased at the 2016 China (Shanghai) International Technology Fair from April 21 to 23.

佳佳
4月21日至23日，在2016中國(guó)(上海)國(guó)際科技博覽會(huì)上，一款名為“佳佳”的新型互動(dòng)機(jī)器人亮相。
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Supercomputing – TaihuLight
The research team of the Sunway TaihuLight, a Wuxi-made supercomputer, was announced as the winner of the 2016 ACM Gordon Bell Prize in Salt Lake City on Nov 17, 2016.

超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)——太湖之光
2016年11月17日，美國(guó)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)戈登·貝爾獎(jiǎng)在鹽湖城揭曉，無(wú)錫制造的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)神威太湖之光的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)獲得了該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。

The prize is known as the equivalent of the Nobel Prize for the field of high-performance computing applications. This is the first time Chinese researchers have been awarded the prize.

該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)被稱(chēng)為高性能計(jì)算應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。這是中國(guó)研究人員首次獲得該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。

The supercomputer is launched on June 20, 2016, and can perform a staggering 93 petaflops/s (quadrillions of calculations per second). Its processors and technology all designed in China.

這臺(tái)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)于2016年6月20日發(fā)布，其運(yùn)算速度達(dá)到驚人的93千萬(wàn)億次每秒(每秒千萬(wàn)億次計(jì)算)。計(jì)算機(jī)的處理器和技術(shù)都是在中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)的。

Renewable Energy in China
China is the world’s leading country in electricity production from renewable energy sources, with over double the generation of the second-ranking country, the United States. By the end of 2018, the country had a total capacity of 728 GW of renewable power, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. China’s renewable energy sector is growing faster than its fossil fuels and nuclear power capacity.

中國(guó)的可再生能源
中國(guó)是世界上使用可再生能源發(fā)電最多的國(guó)家，發(fā)電量是排名第二的美國(guó)的兩倍多。截至2018年底，全國(guó)可再生能源發(fā)電能力728千兆瓦，主要來(lái)自水電和風(fēng)電。中國(guó)可再生能源行業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)速度超過(guò)了化石燃料和核能的產(chǎn)能。
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Although China currently has the world’s largest installed capacity of hydro, solar and wind power, its energy needs are so large that in 2015 renewable sources provided only 24% of its electricity generation, with most of the remainder provided by coal power plants. In 2017, renewable energy comprised 36.6% of China’s total installed electric power capacity, and 26.4% of total power generation, the vast majority from hydroelectric sources. Nevertheless, the share of renewable sources in the energy mix had been gradually rising in recent years.

盡管中國(guó)目前擁有世界上最大的水電、太陽(yáng)能和風(fēng)能裝機(jī)容量，但其能源需求如此巨大，2015年可再生能源僅占發(fā)電總量的24%，其余大部分由燃煤電廠提供。2017年，可再生能源占中國(guó)電力裝機(jī)容量的36.6%，占發(fā)電總量的26.4%，其中絕大部分來(lái)自水力發(fā)電。然而，可再生能源在能源結(jié)構(gòu)中所占的比例近年來(lái)已逐漸上升。

China sees renewables as a source of energy security and not just only to reduce carbon emission China’s Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution issued by China’s State Council in September 2013, illustrates the government’s desire to increase the share of renewables in China’s energy mix Unlike oil, coal and gas, the supplies of which are finite and subject to geopolitical tensions, renewable energy systems can be built and used wherever there is sufficient water, wind, and sun

中國(guó)認(rèn)為可再生能源不光是能減少碳排放，而且是能源安全的一個(gè)來(lái)源。中國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院在2013年9月發(fā)布的《大氣污染防治行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》為了預(yù)防和控制空氣污染，這說(shuō)明政府希望增加可再生能源在中國(guó)能源結(jié)構(gòu)中的比重。石油、煤炭和天然氣的供應(yīng)是有限的，受地緣政治緊張局勢(shì)影響，而可再生能源的建造和使用不受限制，只需要有足夠的水,風(fēng),和光照。

As Chinese renewable manufacturing has grown, the costs of renewable energy technologies have dropped dramatically. Innovation has helped, but the main driver of reduced costs has been market expansion. In 2015, China became the world’s largest producer of photovoltaic power, with 43 GW of total installed capacity. From 2005 to 2014, production of solar cells in China has expanded 100-fold. However, China is not expected to achieve grid parity – when an alternate source of energy is as cheap or cheaper than power purchased from the grid—until 2022. In 2017, investments in renewable energy amounted to US$279.8 billion worldwide, with China accounting for US$126.6 billion or 45% of the global investments.

隨著中國(guó)可再生能源制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，可再生能源技術(shù)的成本大幅下降。創(chuàng)新對(duì)此有所幫助，但降低成本的主要?jiǎng)恿κ鞘袌?chǎng)擴(kuò)張。2015年，中國(guó)成為全球最大的光伏發(fā)電生產(chǎn)國(guó)，總裝機(jī)容量達(dá)43千兆瓦。從2005年到2014年，中國(guó)的太陽(yáng)能電池產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)了100倍。然而，在2022年之前，中國(guó)預(yù)計(jì)不會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)電網(wǎng)平價(jià)——即一種與電網(wǎng)提供的電力價(jià)格一樣或者更便宜的替代能源。2017年，全球可再生能源投資2798億美元，其中中國(guó)占1266億美元，占全球投資的45%。

Wind Power
China has the largest wind resources in the world and three-quarters of this natural resource is located at sea. China aims to have 210 GW of wind power capacity by 2020. China encourages foreign companies, especially from the United States, to visit and invest in Chinese wind power generation. However, use of wind energy in China has not always kept up with the remarkable construction of wind power capacity in the country.

風(fēng)力發(fā)電
中國(guó)擁有世界最大的風(fēng)能資源，其中四分之三的自然資源位于海上。中國(guó)的目標(biāo)是到2020年風(fēng)電裝機(jī)容量達(dá)到2.1億千瓦。中國(guó)鼓勵(lì)外國(guó)公司，特別是美國(guó)公司，到中國(guó)參觀和投資風(fēng)力發(fā)電。然而，中國(guó)的風(fēng)能利用并沒(méi)有與該國(guó)引人注目的風(fēng)力發(fā)電能力建設(shè)同步。
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In 2008 China was the fourth largest producer of wind power after the United States, Germany, and Spain. At the end of 2008, wind power in China accounted for 12.2 GW of electricity generating capacity. By the end of 2008, at least fifteen Chinese companies were commercially producing wind turbines and several dozen more were producing components. Turbine sizes of 1.5 MW and 2 MW became common. Leading wind power companies were Goldwind, Dongfang, and Sinovel. China also increased the production of small-scale wind turbines to about 80,000 turbines (80 MW) in 2008. Through all these developments, the Chinese wind industry appeared unaffected by the global financial crisis, according to industry observers.

2008年，中國(guó)是世界第四大風(fēng)能生產(chǎn)國(guó)，僅次于美國(guó)、德國(guó)和西班牙。2008年底，中國(guó)風(fēng)電裝機(jī)容量達(dá)12.2千兆瓦。到2008年底，至少有15家中國(guó)企業(yè)開(kāi)始商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)，另有幾十家企業(yè)生產(chǎn)零部件。1.5兆瓦和2兆瓦的渦輪機(jī)已經(jīng)很普遍。行業(yè)領(lǐng)先的風(fēng)力發(fā)電公司是金風(fēng)、東方和華銳風(fēng)電。2008年，中國(guó)還將小型風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)的產(chǎn)量提高到約8萬(wàn)臺(tái)(80兆瓦)。行業(yè)觀察人士表示，就目前行業(yè)發(fā)展來(lái)看，中國(guó)風(fēng)電行業(yè)似乎沒(méi)有受到全球金融危機(jī)的影響。

By 2009 China had total installed windpower capacity up to 26 GW. China has identified wind power as a key growth component of the country’s economy.

到2009年，中國(guó)的風(fēng)力發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量已達(dá)到2600千兆瓦。中國(guó)已經(jīng)將風(fēng)力發(fā)電確定為國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵組成部分。
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As of 2010, China has become the world’s largest maker of wind turbines, surpassing Denmark, Germany, Spain, and the United States. The initial future target set by the Chinese government was 10 GW by 2010, but the total installed capacity for wind power generation in China had already reached 25.1 GW by the end of 2009.

2010年，中國(guó)已經(jīng)超過(guò)丹麥、德國(guó)、西班牙和美國(guó)，成為世界上最大的風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)制造商。中國(guó)最初設(shè)定的2010年風(fēng)電裝機(jī)容量目標(biāo)是1000萬(wàn)千瓦，但到2009年底，中國(guó)風(fēng)電總裝機(jī)容量已達(dá)到2510萬(wàn)千瓦。

In September, 2019, Norwegian energy firm Equinor and state-owned China Power International Holding (CPIH) announced their plan to cooperate in developing offshore wind in China and Europe.

2019年9月，挪威能源公司Equinor和國(guó)有的中國(guó)電力國(guó)際控股宣布了在中國(guó)和歐洲合作開(kāi)發(fā)海上風(fēng)能的計(jì)劃。

Solar Power
China produces 63% of the world’s solar photovoltaics (PV). It has emerged as the world’s largest manufacturer as of June 2015.

太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電
中國(guó)生產(chǎn)了世界上63%的太陽(yáng)能光伏電池。截至2015年6月，中國(guó)已成為全球最大的制造商。

Following the new incentive scheme of Golden Sun announced by the government in 2009, there are numerous recent developments and plans announced by industry players that became part of the milestones for solar industry and technology development in China, such as the new thin film solar plant developed by Anwell Technologies in the Henan province using its own proprietary solar technology. The agreement was signed by LDK for a 500 MW solar project in the desert, alongside First Solar and Ordos City. The effort to drive the renewable energy use in China was further assured after the speech of the Chinese pr...ent given at the UN climate summit on 22 September 2009 in New York, pledging that China would adopt plans to use 15% of its energy from renewable sources within a decade.

政府2009年宣布金太陽(yáng)新激勵(lì)方案后，有許多最近的進(jìn)展和計(jì)劃宣布的行業(yè)參與者,成為里程碑的一部分在中國(guó)太陽(yáng)能產(chǎn)業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展,如新薄膜太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電廠Anwell技術(shù)發(fā)達(dá)的河南省使用自己的專(zhuān)有的太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)。LDK與First solar和鄂爾多斯市簽署了該協(xié)議，將在沙漠地區(qū)建設(shè)一個(gè)500兆瓦的太陽(yáng)能項(xiàng)目。努力推動(dòng)可再生能源的使用在中國(guó)進(jìn)一步向演講后2009年9月22日在聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候峰會(huì)在紐約,承諾,中國(guó)將采取計(jì)劃用十年內(nèi)15%的能源來(lái)自可再生能源。

China has become a world leader in the manufacture of solar photovoltaic technology, with its six biggest solar companies having a combined value of over $15 billion. Around 820 MW of solar PV were produced in China in 2007, second only to Japan
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India

中國(guó)已經(jīng)成為世界太陽(yáng)能光伏技術(shù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，6家最大的太陽(yáng)能公司的總價(jià)值超過(guò)150億美元。2007年，中國(guó)的太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電量約為820兆瓦，僅次于日本。

什么推動(dòng)中國(guó)科技領(lǐng)域遙遙領(lǐng)先 ？（評(píng)論上）

什么推動(dòng)中國(guó)科技領(lǐng)域遙遙領(lǐng)先？（評(píng)論上）