‘We’re only seeing the negative’: UK farmers on Brexit and losing the common agricultural policy
-In the third of our series looking at the impact of the Brexit trade deal, the Guardian talks to farmers about the difficulties they face

“我們只看到了消極的一面”：英國農(nóng)民對(duì)脫歐和失去共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策感到不滿
——在我們關(guān)于英國脫歐貿(mào)易協(xié)議影響的系列文章的第三篇中，《衛(wèi)報(bào)》與農(nóng)民談?wù)摿怂麄兠媾R的困難
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(Ian Rickman at his Gurnos farm in the village of Bethlehem, near Llandeilo, Wales.)

（伊恩·里克曼在他位于威爾士蘭代洛附近伯利恒村的Gurnos農(nóng)場(chǎng)。）
新聞：

Sitting in his 18th-century farmhouse in the uplands of Bethlehem, in the breathtaking western reaches of the Brecon Beacons, Ian Rickman ponders the damage Brexit has done to his future. Two years since the UK quit the EU, the future for mountain sheep-farmers such as him is full of economic precarity.

伊恩·里克曼坐在他位于伯利恒高地的18世紀(jì)農(nóng)舍里，思索著英國脫歐對(duì)他的未來造成的損害。英國退出歐盟兩年來，像他這樣的山區(qū)牧羊農(nóng)民的未來充滿了經(jīng)濟(jì)不穩(wěn)定。

He has lost unfettered access to his nearest export market, faces reduction in farm subsidies as the result of the loss of the common agricultural policy (CAP), and has been disadvantaged by trade deals giving access to the UK market to rival farmers from Australia and New Zealand.

他失去了通往最近出口市場(chǎng)的自由通道，由于失去了共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策，他面臨著農(nóng)業(yè)補(bǔ)貼的減少，而且由于貿(mào)易協(xié)議允許澳大利亞和新西蘭的競爭對(duì)手進(jìn)入英國市場(chǎng)，他處于不利地位。

“From a sheep farmer’s point of view, there’s no good outcome from those trade deals,” says Rickman.

里克曼說：“從牧羊農(nóng)民的角度來看，這些貿(mào)易協(xié)議沒有好的結(jié)果?！?/b>

“Their predominant international markets are China and the far east. Why give them access to the UK? At the moment we are fine, but if for some reason there were, God forbid, a Ukrainian-type situation in the far east and sanctions imposed overnight, they will use the huge access to our market,” he says.

“他們主要的國際市場(chǎng)是中國和遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)。為什么要讓他們進(jìn)入英國？目前我們還好，但如果出于某種原因，天知道，萬一遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)也出現(xiàn)了烏克蘭式的局勢(shì)，一夜之間就實(shí)施了制裁，他們將利用進(jìn)入我們市場(chǎng)的巨大渠道，”他表示。

It is a subject that jangles the nerves of farmers across Wales who see Brexit as all downside.

這是一個(gè)刺激威爾士農(nóng)民神經(jīng)的話題，他們認(rèn)為英國脫歐只會(huì)帶來負(fù)面影響。

“A great deal is something more beneficial to agriculture. At the moment we haven’t, we’re only seeing the negative,” says Rickman. “There’s no way you can dress those trade deals up as a as a good thing. I’ve heard farmers say the industry was more or less chucked under a bus.”

“好的協(xié)議對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)更有利。但目前還沒有，我們只看到了消極的一面。”里克曼說?！澳悴豢赡馨堰@些貿(mào)易協(xié)議包裝成一件好事。我聽農(nóng)民們說，這個(gè)行業(yè)或多或少受到了打擊?！?/b>

Guto Bebb, the managing director of the Farmers’ unx of Wales (FUW), says his counterparts in Australia are very pleased with the contingency they now have if the Chinese market were to be closed off.

威爾士農(nóng)民聯(lián)盟常務(wù)董事古托·貝布表示，如果中國市場(chǎng)被關(guān)閉，他的澳大利亞同行們對(duì)他們現(xiàn)在擁有的（進(jìn)入英國市場(chǎng)的）應(yīng)急措施非常滿意。

“But where’s our insurance policy after losing the single market? We don’t have one,” he says.

“但在失去單一市場(chǎng)后，我們自己的保險(xiǎn)政策在哪里呢？我們沒有，”他說。

A study by the statutory levy body the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board has concluded that New Zealand exports to the UK would rise by “about 13,000 tonnes (31%) if China imposed a 25% tariff on New Zealand lamb imports and 29,000 tonnes (69%) if there was an outright ban.”

法定征稅機(jī)構(gòu)農(nóng)業(yè)和園藝發(fā)展局的一項(xiàng)研究得出結(jié)論，如果中國對(duì)新西蘭羊肉進(jìn)口征收25%的關(guān)稅，新西蘭對(duì)英國的出口將增加約1.3萬噸（31%），如果完全禁止新西蘭羊肉進(jìn)口，那么新西蘭對(duì)英國的出口將增加2.9萬噸（69%）。

Energy prices for everyone are going through the roof, while at the same time the cost of selling to the EU, which represents 33% of the lamb export market, has also spiralled.

每個(gè)人的能源價(jià)格都在飆升，與此同時(shí)，向歐盟銷售羊肉的成本也在螺旋式上升，占羊肉出口市場(chǎng)的33%。

A cross-industry veterinary and environmental health group, the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Certification Working Group, estimated that the new requirement for export health certificates, signed off by a vet, added ￡60m to the cost of food exports to Europe in 2021.

一個(gè)跨行業(yè)的獸醫(yī)和環(huán)境衛(wèi)生組織——衛(wèi)生和植物衛(wèi)生認(rèn)證工作組估計(jì)，對(duì)出口衛(wèi)生證書由獸醫(yī)簽署的新要求，將使2021年出口到歐洲的食品成本增加6000萬英鎊。

“It hasn’t been doomsday, but it is a question of more and more problems being added to trade,” says Bebb. “Brexit barriers are so unnecessary and for so little gain.”

“這還不是世界末日，但這是一個(gè)被添加到貿(mào)易上的越來越嚴(yán)重的問題，” 貝布說?！懊摎W壁壘是如此不必要，而且收效甚微?！?/b>

Mountain sheep farming is a tough business, with many hill farmers unable to survive without subsidies, threatening not just livelihoods but the presence of a farmer as pastoral keeper of the land, which in Rickman’s case is part of one of Wales’s national parks.

山地牧羊是一項(xiàng)艱難的營生，許多山里人沒有補(bǔ)貼就無法生存，不僅威脅到生計(jì)，還威脅到農(nóng)民作為土地牧民的存在，就里克曼而言，他的土地是威爾士國家公園之一的一部分。

Before returning to the subject of Brexit, Rickman talks of the importance of sheep grazing the uplands to keep grasses down and minimising the risk of climate change wildfires with tinder dry detritus building up.

在回到英國脫歐的話題之前，里克曼談到了綿羊在高原上吃草，以減少草地的生長，并將氣候變化引起的野火的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降至最低的重要性。

Sitting in his kitchen, Rickman explains how his farming sector has been cushioned from the worst of Brexit as inflation has driven up the price of red meat.

里克曼坐在廚房里，解釋了他的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)是如何在英國脫歐最糟糕的情況下得到緩沖的，因?yàn)橥ㄘ浥蛎浲聘吡思t肉的價(jià)格。

Figures for 2020-21 show income from cattle and sheep farming in “l(fā)ess favoured areas” up 32% to ￡29,900. In other years it has been dangerously low – in 2017, the president of the FUW said it had dipped to ￡13,000, less than half the national average wage.

2020- 2021年的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在“不太受歡迎的地區(qū)”，牛羊養(yǎng)殖的收入增長了32%，達(dá)到2.99萬英鎊。在其他年份，工資一直處于危險(xiǎn)的低水平——2017年，英國勞工聯(lián)合會(huì)的負(fù)責(zé)人表示，工資已降至1.3萬英鎊，不到全國平均工資的一半。

Brexit, the government said, was about giving farmers “for the first time in 50 years [the] chance to do things differently”.

政府表示，英國脫歐是為了給農(nóng)民“50年來第一次以不同的方式做事的機(jī)會(huì)”。

George Eustice, then the environment secretary, asserted in 2020 that “it makes no sense to subsidise land ownership and tenure where the largest subsidy payments too often go to the wealthiest landowners”.

時(shí)任環(huán)境大臣喬治·尤斯蒂斯在2020年斷言，“補(bǔ)貼土地所有權(quán)和使用權(quán)毫無意義，因?yàn)樽畲蟮难a(bǔ)貼往往流向最富有的土地所有者”。

Among the beneficiaries of CAP direct payments, which were made per hectare, were the Brexiter James Dyson, who received more than ￡5m from the EU, and the former Daily Mail editor Paul Dacre, who pocketed ￡88,000 for his Scottish Langwell estate in one year alone.

共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策按公頃直接支付的受益者包括脫歐派人士詹姆斯·戴森，他從歐盟獲得了500多萬英鎊；以及前《每日郵報(bào)》編輯保羅·戴克，僅一年時(shí)間，他在蘇格蘭朗威爾的莊園就獲得了8.8萬英鎊。
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But the National Farmers’ unx (NFU) and the FUW fear for the small farmers who are dependent on the CAP. MPs on the Welsh affairs committee expressed concern in 2022 “that around a fifth of Welsh farms had a farm business income of less than zero” with an average income of ￡26,000 per farm. Government research shows that the subsidy is the difference between profit and loss for 42% of farms in the UK.

但全國農(nóng)民聯(lián)盟和英國勞工聯(lián)合會(huì)擔(dān)心依賴共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策的小農(nóng)。威爾士事務(wù)委員會(huì)的議員在2022年表示擔(dān)心，“大約五分之一的威爾士農(nóng)場(chǎng)的農(nóng)場(chǎng)業(yè)務(wù)收入低于零”，每個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的平均收入為2.6萬英鎊。政府研究表明，有沒有補(bǔ)貼決定著英國42%的農(nóng)場(chǎng)是盈利還是虧損。

Launched in 1962 as a partnership between agriculture and society, the CAP was envisaged as an income support scheme after research showed farmers’ income was 40% lower than non-agricultural incomes.

共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策作為農(nóng)業(yè)和社會(huì)之間的伙伴關(guān)系于1962年推出，在研究表明農(nóng)民收入比非農(nóng)業(yè)收入低40%之后，被設(shè)想為一項(xiàng)收入支持計(jì)劃。

“I don’t get government support [EU subsidy] and then squirrel it away in my Swiss bank account or go off to Barbados. That doesn’t happen. That money goes straight out to the local businesses,” says Rickman, referring the vet, the mechanic, the feed supplier and the fence contractor. “Farming is the backbone of the rural economy.”

“我得不到政府的支持（歐盟補(bǔ)貼），然后把它存在我的瑞士銀行賬戶里，或者去巴巴多斯。這種情況不會(huì)發(fā)生。這些錢直接流向了當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)，”里克曼說，他指的是獸醫(yī)、機(jī)械師、飼料供應(yīng)商和圍欄承包商?！稗r(nóng)業(yè)是農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱?！?/b>
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Agriculture is a devolved competency and as Wales is still designing the replacement for the CAP, farmers such as Rickman are still getting direct payments.

農(nóng)業(yè)是一個(gè)權(quán)力下放的領(lǐng)域，并且由于威爾士仍在設(shè)計(jì)共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策的替代方案，像里克曼這樣的農(nóng)民仍能獲得直接補(bǔ)貼。

But Wales has accused Westminster of a political sleight of hand when carving up the amounts across the four nations of the UK.

但威爾士指責(zé)威斯敏斯特在英國的四個(gè)聯(lián)合國家分配這筆款項(xiàng)時(shí)耍了政治花招。

The FUW has calculated Wales will be ￡225m down over the life of the current parliament on the basis that it had not yet used up all of the EU funding.

英國勞工聯(lián)合會(huì)計(jì)算出，在本屆議會(huì)任期內(nèi)，威爾士將減少2.25億英鎊，因?yàn)樗€沒有用完所有的歐盟資金。

“It is political games. We take the view that the Westminster government is guilty of breaching a manifesto promise that it would match spending pound for pound,” says Bebb.

“這是政治游戲。我們認(rèn)為，威斯敏斯特政府違反了宣言中的承諾，即它將匹配每一英鎊的支出，”貝布說。

“Just because some of the money has not been spent does not mean it has not been allocated to a project. We’ve had a bypass near me open recently that was funded by the EU in 2020. You are allowed overhangs if projects take time to get up and running and completed,” he adds.

“只是因?yàn)橐恍╁X沒有花出去，并不意味著它沒有分配到一個(gè)項(xiàng)目上。最近在我附近開通了一條旁路，它是由歐盟在2020年資助的。如果項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)、運(yùn)行和完成都需要時(shí)間，那么你就可以允許延期。”

In Scotland, there is a similar gripe. The country reckons it will lose out on approximately ￡93m between 2021-25.

在蘇格蘭，也有類似的抱怨。該國估計(jì)，在2021年至2025年期間，它將損失約9300萬英鎊。

A Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) spokesperson said: “The 2019 manifesto commitment maintains the annual farming budget of ￡2.4bn until 2024-25, with all reductions from farmers’ direct payments being reinvested back into the sector.”

英國環(huán)境、食品和農(nóng)村事務(wù)部發(fā)言人表示：“2019年的宣言承諾將在2024-25年之前保持24億英鎊的年度農(nóng)業(yè)預(yù)算，農(nóng)民直接支付的所有削減都將重新投資到該領(lǐng)域?！?/b>

They added that the CAP “did nothing to improve food production or food security and gave half the budget to the largest 10% of landowners”. The replacement scheme would “support the choices” and incentivise better farming, they said.

他們補(bǔ)充說，共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策“沒有改善糧食生產(chǎn)或糧食安全，而是把一半的預(yù)算給了10%最大的土地所有者”。他們說，替代計(jì)劃將“支持選擇”并激勵(lì)更好的農(nóng)業(yè)。

In England, the phasing out of the CAP is well under way with a new environmental land management scheme (ELMs) that will prioritise better practices in farming and environmental protection with financial incentives for moves such as reduction in fertiliser use or the maintenance of moorlands.

在英格蘭，隨著一項(xiàng)新的環(huán)境土地管理計(jì)劃的實(shí)施，共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策的逐步淘汰工作正在順利進(jìn)行，該計(jì)劃將優(yōu)先考慮農(nóng)業(yè)和環(huán)境保護(hù)方面的更好做法，并對(duì)減少化肥使用或維護(hù)沼地等行動(dòng)提供財(cái)政激勵(lì)。

Defra figures show that the phasing out of the CAP is already affecting farm incomes even though the replacement scheme is still sketchy.

環(huán)境、食品和農(nóng)村事務(wù)部的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策的逐步淘汰已經(jīng)影響到了農(nóng)業(yè)收入，盡管替代方案仍然很粗略。

The progressive phasing out of the CAP has left farmers at least 20% down this year and they will be short by 50% of the previous EU subsidy in 2024 with the remaining money due to be reinvested in farming under the “public money for public goods” policy. By 2028 the practice of subsidising farmers per acre in England will have been eliminated, the government says.

共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策的逐步取消使農(nóng)民今年至少減少了20%，到2024年，他們將缺少之前歐盟補(bǔ)貼的50%，剩余資金將根據(jù)“公共資金用于公共產(chǎn)品”政策重新投資于農(nóng)業(yè)。政府稱，到2028年，英國將取消每英畝補(bǔ)貼農(nóng)民的做法。

“Farmers in England are now receiving less support, quite significantly less, so that will impact incomes,” says Nick von Westenholz, the director of trade and business strategy at the NFU.

全國農(nóng)場(chǎng)主聯(lián)合會(huì)貿(mào)易和商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略主管尼克·馮·韋斯頓霍爾茲表示：“英國農(nóng)民現(xiàn)在得到的支持越來越少，非常少，這將影響他們的收入。”

“Most farmers still don’t know what it is that they’ll be signing up to in future years, or what they’ll have to do to meet the requirements of any new scheme,” he adds.

他補(bǔ)充說：“大多數(shù)農(nóng)民仍然不知道他們?cè)谖磥韼啄陮⒑炇鹗裁磪f(xié)議，或者他們必須做些什么才能滿足任何新計(jì)劃的要求?！?/b>

Under the plan in England, direct payments will be phased out completely by 2028. In its places, under ELMs, is a countryside stewardship scheme and the sustainable farming incentive (SFI) scheme.

根據(jù)英國的計(jì)劃，直接支付將在2028年完全取消。在環(huán)境土地管理計(jì)劃之下，有一個(gè)農(nóng)村管理計(jì)劃和可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)激勵(lì)計(jì)劃。

Defra says about 32,000 farmers have already signed up to the countryside stewardship scheme, up 90% since Brexit was signed off in 2020.

環(huán)境、食品和農(nóng)村事務(wù)部表示，約有3.2萬名農(nóng)民簽署了農(nóng)村管理計(jì)劃，比2020年英國脫歐簽署后增加了90%。

The SFI scheme is still being piloted with new details to be announced in January.

可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)激勵(lì)計(jì)劃仍在試點(diǎn)階段，新的細(xì)節(jié)將于2023年1月公布。

Farmers have expressed concern that the administration and resource needed to participate in the scheme reduce its attractiveness.

農(nóng)民們已經(jīng)表達(dá)了參與該計(jì)劃所需的管理和資源會(huì)降低其吸引力的擔(dān)憂。
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“If the payments don’t make business sense, you will find farmers won’t sign up to the scheme,” says Von Westenholz.

“如果支付沒有商業(yè)意義，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)民不會(huì)簽署該計(jì)劃，”馮·韋斯滕霍爾茨說。

For the NFU, which was vocal about the need to maintain trade and animal welfare standards, Brexit is still causing uncertainty for farm businesses six years after the referendum.

英國全國農(nóng)場(chǎng)主聯(lián)合會(huì)曾直言需要維持貿(mào)易和動(dòng)物福利標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但在公投六年后，英國脫歐仍在給農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)帶來不確定性。

“Brexit was always going to lead to considerable change for farm businesses in the UK, with the end of free movement of labour and the CAP and a restructuring of our trading relationship with the EU and the rest of the world. But more than six years on from the referendum there is still massive uncertainty as to what that change actually looks like,” says Von Westenholz.

“脫歐總是會(huì)給英國的農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)帶來巨大的變化，勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng)和共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策的結(jié)束，以及我們與歐盟和世界其他地區(qū)貿(mào)易關(guān)系的重組。但是公投已經(jīng)過去6年多了，這種改變到底是什么樣子，仍然存在很大的不確定性。”

And while trade deals with big agricultural exporterssuch as Australia and New Zealand have been struck, thus increasing competition in the domestic market, “associated plans for increasing our exports and improving competitiveness appear to still be in the development phase”, he says, “while at the same time trade in agricultural products with our nearest neighbours in Europe has reduced dramatically”.

他表示，盡管與澳大利亞和新西蘭等大型農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口國達(dá)成了貿(mào)易協(xié)議，從而加劇了國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的競爭，但“增加我們出口和提高競爭力的相關(guān)計(jì)劃似乎仍處于發(fā)展階段，而與此同時(shí)，與我們最近的歐洲鄰國的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易已大幅減少”。

“None of this is inevitable, but it does need political will, compromise and long-term planning to resolve,” says Von Westenholz.

“這些都不是不可避免的，但確實(shí)需要政治意愿、妥協(xié)和長期規(guī)劃來解決，” 馮·韋斯滕霍爾茨說。

Regarding claims that British farming was being put at risk by trade deals, a Defra spokesperson said the “interests of our farmers and food producers is a priority of our trade policy and our trade deals are delivering on this. Our negotiations will continue to support farmers.”

關(guān)于貿(mào)易協(xié)議將英國農(nóng)業(yè)置于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之中的說法，環(huán)境、食品和農(nóng)村事務(wù)部發(fā)言人表示：“我們的農(nóng)民和食品生產(chǎn)商的利益是我們貿(mào)易政策的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)，我們的貿(mào)易協(xié)議正在實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。我們的談判將繼續(xù)支持農(nóng)民?！?/b>
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處


In December, the environment secretary, Thérèsa Coffey, promised that the next batch of SFI payments, to be unveiled in the new year, would be easier and more beneficial to farmers.

去年12月，英國環(huán)境大臣特蕾莎科·菲承諾，將于明年公布的下一批可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)激勵(lì)計(jì)劃補(bǔ)貼將對(duì)農(nóng)民更容易、更有利。

She pledged to have the “full range” of replacement supports in place by 2024, which would work whether “you are a commoner, upland farmer, or small family farm”.

她承諾，到2024年，將提供“全方位”的替代支持，無論“你是平民、山地農(nóng)民還是小型家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)”，都將發(fā)揮作用。